This document summarizes key concepts in bacterial genetics including the central dogma of DNA replication and recombination, genetic elements like plasmids and transposons, methods of genetic transfer like conjugation, transduction, and transformation, causes of mutation, DNA repair mechanisms, genetic engineering, and genetic control of metabolic functions through operon regulation.

1. BACTERIAL GENETICS Submitted To :- DEPT OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY SUBMITTED BY :- ALOK BHARATI RVM/08-32 DEPT OF AGB

2. CENTAL DOGMA

3. RECOMBINATION

5. GENETIC ELEMENTS Plasmids Bacteriophage Transposons

6. GENETIC TRANSFER Conjugation Transduction Transformation

7. CONJUGATION Bacterial "sex" or mating Exchange of genetic information through a hollow tube, the pilus, from the F+ donor cell to the F- recipient bacterial cell

9. TRANSDUCTION

11. TRANSFORMATION Natural - Streptococcus pneumoniae expresses DNA-binding proteins on the cell surface when in stationary phase growth conditions. This natural competent state allows uptake of "naked DNA" In vitro (Ca 2+ heat shock, PEG, electroporation); artificially induced competence due to increased membrane permeability

13. MUTATION CAUSES : Spontaneous -point (error) - deletion - insertional sequence element (IS) Induced (mutagen) - indirect (requires DNA replication) - direct (affects transcription or translation) - repair-induced (error prone)

16. REPAIR Direct Repair - enzymatic removal of damages like pyrimidine dimers and alkylated bases Excision Repair is removal of damaged DNA segments followed by synthesis of a new DNA strand Postreplication Repair is the retrieval of missing information by genetic recombination when both DNA strands are damaged Error-Prone Polymerase - induced as a "last resort" before bacterial cell death

17. GENETIC ENGINEERING

18. GENETIC CONTROL OVER METABOLIC FUNCTION The Operon Repressor Regulation Inducible Regulation

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