Bacteria And Its Effects On Humans

Bacteria And Its Effects On Humans
INTRODUCTION
Bacteria has always been one of the most important organisms in the field of molecular genetics,
according to scientists. More specifically, Escherichia coli remains one the most famous types of
bacteria due to the general harm it causes on hosts. E.coli lives in the intestines of humans and
animals, and even though it does not trigger any problems most of the time, certain strains can cause
food poisoning. What makes those types of bacteria even more interesting from a research point
view, but dangerous when talking about their effect on humans, is the ability to develop antibiotic
resistance. Bacteria in general, and E.coli in particular, have small circular DNA molecules called
plasmids, which are separate from the bacterial chromosome. Those plasmids carry one or a few
genes and usually encode for proteins that serve as a protection from one or more antibiotic. A
particular strain of E.coli carries the plasmid pAMP. This particular plasmid confers resistance to
ampicillin, a penicillin–like antibiotic.
Is E.coli/pAMP really resistant to ampicillin? Answering this question was the main goal of this
experiment, by comparing the growth of two E.coli cultures: the wild type, which also represents the
control group, and the strain with the pAMP plasmid. Each of the two cultures was transferred to an
LB only plate and LB–ampicillin plate to keep track of the growth characteristics of the two E.coli
types, and eventually, be able to accept or refute the hypothesis
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Physical And Metabolic Characterization Of Unknown Soil...
Physical and Metabolic Characterization of Unknown Soil Organism The purpose of this exercise
was to isolate an unknown microbe and try to correctly identify its genus if not species using a
variety of physical and chemical tests. The first step in the isolation of a bacteria species is the
collection of the soil sample. The site where the sample was collected from was just outside the
Biomedical Engineering Building in a planter near Dean Keeton street that contained one tree and
little to no other plant growth. The sample was taken using sterile cotton swabs and was streaked
onto two nutrient agar (NA) plates and two ACT plates (which isolate actinomyces bacteria) in a
cross hatch fashion to optimize space for bacteria growth. The ACT plates are not used for this part
of the lab and are not relevant to the isolation and characterization of the unknown soil microbe. The
NA plates were allowed to incubate at room temperature for 3 days. After this incubation period, the
resulting growth appeared to be of the same few species. There were 5 or so distinct colonies
repeated all over the plate, some with irregular borders, some that grew filamentous strands, and
some that were more uniform and distinct. A small pink punctiform colony was originally targeted
to be streaked out, indicated in Figure 1. Streaking out is an important technique in microbiology
because isolated colonies are of interest in experiments and studies. The isolated colony, barring
mutations, will arise

Personal Narrative: Streaking In Pain
It was around two in the morning and my throat started to close I was streaking in pain. I called my
mom because she was at work and I told her to take me to the hospital. She rushed home right away.
She ran around the house so fast trying to get everything I needed to go to the hospital that my head
started to spin. When we got in the car we was at the hospital in a blink of an eye.When the doctor
came in with the bad news my world stopped.He barked I needed surgery to have my tonsils out of I
would die of heart failure soon. The day of surgery I was so terrified my heart was beating out of my
chest,my stomach was is in a big while. I grew white when I heard the doctor open the door. I told
my mom "I love you."

Streaking Lab Report
Lab Three: Streaking and Spreading Plates
Introduction
In this laboratory experiment, we was introduce to an introduction to streaking and spreading of
bacteria in agar plates such that single cells can be isolated from one another, each cell can
reproduces to form a visible colony composed of genetically identical clones. Streaking and
spreading bacteria is to obtain individual colonies is usually the first step in genetic manipulation of
microorganisms.
Materials
Petri dishes
Metal transfer loop
Bunsen burner
Test tube rack
Glass spreader
Alcohol
E. coli
Methods
Streaking Procedure
1. The petri dish was labeled.
2. The metal transfer loop was sterilized before obtaining the specimen.
3. The culture was opened and the specimen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The spreader was placed in contact with the inoculum on the surface of the plate and was positioned
to allow the inoculum to run evenly along the length of the spreader. The even pressure was applied
to the spreader and the plate was spun by hand.
3. After the spread plate was permitted to absorb the inoculum for 10 minutes, they were inverted
and incubated.
Results
Streaking and spreading bacteria over the surface of the plate diluted the amount of bacteria diluted
until the individual cells were streak and spread of the surface of the plate. From theses, individual
cell a single colony arises. All cells in the colony genetically identical. However, the streaking and
spreading was not quite properly performed, but there were some visible colonies that arise.
Discussion
In order to obtain well–isolated discrete colonies, the quadrant streak and spread technique was
used. This allowed dilution of the original microbial material over the entire surface of the plate. As

the original sample was diluted by streaking and spreading it, over successive quadrants the number
of organism decreases. Usually by the third or fourth quadrant only a few organism were transferred
on the by the inoculating loop and theses produce a few isolated

Isolation of Pure Cultures by Dilution Techniques and Gram...
Isolation of Pure Cultures by Dilution Techniques and Gram Staining Method
Results
Table 1. Gram stain reaction and cellular features of the culture.
Gram staining methods were applied on the given mixture of Bacillus cereus,
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and then examined microscopically. Results were
recorded in Table 1.
Gram Reactions Cell shapes Cell Ends and Arrangement Size Distinctive Characters Predicted
Bacteria
Bacteria 1 Gram positive (purple) Cocci Rounded, clusters, singly Small – Staphylococcus aureus
Bacteria 2 Gram negative (pink) Rods (shorter than B. cereus) Rounded, regular, pair, clusters
Medium – Escherichia coli
Bacteria 3 Gram positive (purple) Long rods Rounded, irregular, groups, chains Large ... Show more
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A complex between crystal violet and iodine (CV–I) is formed within the cell. The structure that
determines the Gram reaction is the cell wall structure and not that shape. Bacillus cereus and
Staphylococcus aureus are stained purple in the Gram staining as they have a high amount of
peptidoglycan which forms the outer layer of the cell. This thick peptidoglycan layer is able to trap
the purple CV–I complex even after alcohol treatment. Escherichia coli is stained pink in the Gram
staining and it is a Gram–negative bacteria. Gram–negative bacterias usually have a thin
peptidoglycan layer compared to Gram–positive bacterias. The peptidoglycan layer is located
between the plasma membrane and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide and this outer
layer is dissolved during the alcohol treatment which results in a loss of the CV–I complex, hence
the pink safranin counterstain is trapped by the peptidoglycan layer (ASM, 2004). Gram staining
allows us to observe the characteristics and cell size, shape and arrangement. For Bacillus cereus,
endospores were also viewed during microscopic observation. During Gram staining, the most
crucial step in determining the outcome is the decolourisation by alcohol step. If alcohol is applied
too long, the alcohol may wash all the CV–I complex that is trapped in peptidoglycan layer.
Therefore, alcohol is only applied for 30 seconds

Photon-Induced Near-Electron Microscopy Essay
Photon–induced near–field electron microscopy (PINEM), a key UEM technique, is based on the
photon–electron interaction [83]. The basic principle of PINEM can be explained as follows: in free
space, an electron cannot absorb a quantum of electromagnetic energy because of the lack of
energy–momentum conservation. However, in the presence of the nanostructure, the inelastic
coupling between the free electrons and photons takes place [138, 139] due to the deceleration of the
scattered photons and the stratification of the energy–momentum conservation condition. The
coupling leads to gain/loss of photon quanta by electrons in the electron packet, which can be
resolved in the electron energy spectrum [83, 140–142] This spectrum consists of ... Show more
[143]. The author imaged the photo–induced surface plasmonic standing wave on a metallic
nanowire (Ag nanowire) (Fig. 13b). Also, he demonstrated the control of the spatial interference of
the excitation plasmonic field. Also, the cross–correlation images of the excited surface plasmon
were obtained by control the relative delay between the driver laser pulse and the electron pulse.
Worth notes, the enhancement of the temporal resolution in UEM to tens of femtoseconds [19]
might allow eventually to image the plasmonic dynamics and its evolving in time and space.
On the other hand, the indirect PINEM imagining (spectral mapping) enabled the envisage of
excited surface plasmon on a subparticle scale [144]. This has been done by focusing the electron
beam onto a single nanoparticle and record PINEM spectra at each spot on the particle surface then
scan across the vicinity of the particle. This was repeated at different relative delay between the
electron and optical pulse to obtain series of spectral mapping image as shown in Fig. 13c. PINEM
has been also used to study the coherent quantum control of the free electron population state as
demonstrated by Feist et al. [148]. This has been done by controlling the photo–induced Rabi
oscillations in the populations of electron momentum states via changing the intensity of the optical
driving field (Fig. 13d).
This work was conducted on a conical gold tip, the interaction of the electron and

What Is 5. 5 Antimicrobial Agar Diffusion Assay
5.5 Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial agar diffusion assay was performed according to disc diffusion method against
four bacterial strains; Bacillus subtilis , Shigella flexneri, Escherichia Coli ,Enterobacter cloacae and
four species of fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus niger and
Pencillium Species.Potato Dextrose Agar for fungus and NAM(Nutrient agar media) for bacteria
was prepared according to the accurate composition and immediately after autoclaving, it was
cooled in a 45 – 50°C.The freshly prepared and cooled medium was poured into petri plates. The
agar medium was cooled to room temperature unless the plate is used the same day; and stored in a
refrigerator (4°c).
5.5.1 SPREADING OF BACTERIAAND FUNGUS ON THE PLATES
100 µL of bacteria and fungus from freshly prepared culture was taken in the pipette and poured in
the middle of the respective petri plate. Remove excess inoculum by lightly pressing the swab
against the tube wall at a level above that of the liquid.Using a cotton swab that has already put in
UV light, the bacteria and fungus was spread evenly on the surface of the plate so that bacteria and
fungus were spread in each corner of the plate and dried for 4–5 minutes Inoculate the agar by
streaking with the swab containing the inoculum. Rotate the plate by 60° and repeat the rubbing
procedure. Repeat two times. This will ensure an even distribution of the inoculum. Allow the
surface of the medium to dry for

E. Coli Experiment
Introduction
In the experiment we conducted there were many method in which we could have used to help us
manipulate and identify bacterium on different agar plates. First part of the experiment involved the
manipulation of the bacterial growth where we used different streaking methods to see which
method was best suited to give me colonies. We have used 2 types of bacteria Escherichia coli (E.
coli) and Yakult (Lactobacillus casei). E. coli is a bacteria that is rod shaped, Gram negative and is a
genus of enterobacteriacae, the rate of its growth varies on if the right conditions are met which
include the right PH, temperature, energy source and nutrient. Yakult consists of probiotic bacteria
which is good bacteria that is beneficial to our digestive system and in each bottle of ... Show more
MacConkey agar is a selective agar which is a good medium to use for E. coli since it does not
contain bile salt and crystal violet, it contains a PH indicator which gives it colour red, it is also a
disaccharide known as lactose. Lactose is a sugar molecule that is derived from Galactose and
glucose . MRS agar was developed by de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe who decided it was best to have
a different media which can be used for cultivating bacteria, this media is nonselective and
lactobacillus can grow on it, they found out that acetate and citrate helps the growth of lactobacillus
(De MAN, ROGOSA, and SHARPE, 1960). Gram staining was first used by Hans Christian Gram
who devised this method to help identify bacteria, Gram positive bacteria have a bigger
peptidoglycan and smaller lipid content in comparison to Gram negative bacteria. This was first
tested in 1882 and later published in 1884, it the most common technique used by microbiologist.
Being able to manipulate bacteria gives us an advantage to understand its structure, function, time
taken to asexually reproduce etc. This information can be used to either coming close to curing the
bacteria or changing the bacteria to

Persuasive Essay : Dream Children By Gail Godwin
Storytelling has been used for all of human existence to pass down ideas and morals. Writing was
just the next step in allowing additional individuals to have access to the multitude of new stories
being created. When different people read the same story, they are able to glean different things
from it. This is due to the fact that people read the stories on different levels and with differing
viewpoints. Upon the first reading of "Dream Children", by Gail Godwin, a reader may view the
story as a timeless, boring love story. However, if a reader dives into the story from a feministic
approach, one sees a deeper plot where Mrs. McNair is imprisoned by societal norms and longs for
an understanding of her feelings and desires. In 1976, when the short story was written, the second
feminist wave was taking place. This movement focused on equality in the workplace, with the
success of having The Equal Credit Opportunity Act being passed two years prior to the release of
the short story and the first marital rape law enacted in Nebraska the same year. Godwin intertwined
the latter law, by mentioning how the McNairs "lay tenderly together on these weekends, like
childhood friends.... their mutual sorrow like a sword between them" (431). It is known that not all
husbands were as kind to their wives as now socially expected. Godwin uses the word "tenderly",
which demonstrates that feelings are still present between the two, but also hints that not all
marriages were tender. Just like

Development of an Equation
Development of an Equation Maggie Purpose: Investigate a chemical reaction using lab procedures
and observations. Then, find a pattern of reactivity and explain the findings using a chemical
equation and particle diagram. Procedure: Refer to: Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State
University. "Development of an Equation." General Chemistry 1210 Laboratory Manual. Vol. 2013–
2014. Plymouth: Hayden–McNeil. 32–35. Data/Results: Part A: In the potassium iodide solution, I
think there were potassium atoms as well as iodine atoms. In the lead nitrate solution, I think there
were lead and nitrate ions. The potassium atoms and the lead atoms can be classified as cations,
since they are metals. The iodine atoms and the nitrate ion can be ... Show more content on
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Clear liquid solution above precipitate. | 1:1 | Tube 4 | Powdery, yellow precipitate formed at the
bottom. Much more than tube 3. Noticeable streaking of precipitate along sides of test tube. Clear
liquid solution above precipitate. | 1:2 | Tube 5 | Powdery, yellow precipitate formed at the bottom.
Most precipitate formed out of all test tubes. A lot of streaking of the precipitate along sides of the
test tube. Clear liquid solution above precipitate. | 1:3 | Testing of Supernatant | Observations |
Inferences: Which ions were in the supernatant? List cations and anions. | Tube 1 | The solution was
clear with lead nitrate, but turned a yellow cloudy color with the potassium iodide. | Pb2+ (lead)–
cationsNO3– (nitrate)–anions | Tube 2 | The solution was clear with lead nitrate, but turned a yellow
cloudy color with the potassium iodide. | Pb2+ (lead)–cationsNO3– (nitrate)–anions | Tube 3 | The
solution was clear with lead nitrate, but turned a yellow cloudy color with the potassium iodide. |
Pb2+ (lead)–cationsNO3– (nitrate)–anions | Tube 4 | The solution was clear with both the lead
nitrate and the potassium iodide. | Pb2+ (lead)–cationsNO3– (nitrate)–anions | Tube 5 | The solution
was a little yellow with the lead nitrate, and a little less yellow with the potassium iodide. | K+
(potassium)I– (iodine) | Discussion/Conclusion: In part A, the first step was to obtain 5 drops of
potassium iodine and 5 drops of lead nitrate and put them into a test

Bad Choices In The Life Of Michael O Brien
It is very important to make good choice in life. You should always think before you do and go over
all alternative options rather than making a poor choice. Bad choices can reflect heavily on your life
while good choices won't do any harm. Try and make the best choice in every scenario for yourself
and for the good of everyone. One bad choice can cause your life to turn around dramatically in the
span of a few minutes. This is a photo of a streaker named Michael O'Brien, who is currently on a
rugby field getting apprehended by officials that are trying to cover up his nudity. His white body
contrasts the officials black coats who are standing right behind him. One of the officials is using
their own hat to cover up Michael's genitals while others are holding him back. The officials are
laughing and smiling in the photo, which means they think his stunt was humourous even though it
was a criminal offence. In the foreground you can see what appears to be a referee and a flag right
next to him. In the background you can see a man rushing towards Michael with a jacket to cover
him up. The man has a facial expressions of urgency and awe. Also in behind the man is the crowd,
which is out of focus, but a few faces of fans where in the crowd. The few faces showed ... Show
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If he were to do this stunt today, it would not even be a big deal and if he got arrested he would be
released from jail the same day. Before the photo was taken, there was a rugby game that was
currently being played. You can tell he did this while play was going on or during a whistle, rather
than the intermission because the crowd in the background was really full. He most likely sat near
the front, for easier access onto the field rather than climbing through bunches of people, naked.
When he got on the field the officials probably had to chase him because I have seen videos of
people streaking and they are often not easy to

Isolation Lab Report
The first objective of this lab was to isolate and observe endospore–forming bacteria. This objective
was completed in Period 1 of the lab, which was the isolation of Bacillus Cereus [1]. When
beginning a lab, the first step is to always sterilize your workspace, in this case with a 70% ethanol
solution. Beginning a lab by sterilizing the workspace is necessary because there are
microorganisms present on the workspace that could influence the results of the lab. Furthermore, a
70% ethanol solution is more effective as a sterilizing agent than a stronger solution, for instance
100% ethanol. This may be counterintuitive, but while a 70% ethanol solution destroys the cell wall
and cell membrane by degrading their proteins and dissolving their lipids, 100% ethanol would
coagulate the protein on contact, then the protein will prevent the alcohol ... Show more content on
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Next, using proper inoculation technique, which is heating the loop with a Bunsen burner until it is
red hot and cooling it in the edge of the medium agar, grab a small but barely visible amount of
Bacillus Cereus and drop it into the nutrient agar slant. Heating the tube in an 80–degree Celsius
water bath should kill all of the vegetative bacterial cells in the sample, but the endospores within
the sample should remain since they are resistant to heat. Once the sample has cooled, these
endospores will be able to germinate to form vegetative cells. After cooling the beaker with the
sample with ice, using proper inoculation techniques once again, use the 13– streak technique as
used in Exercise 1.4 to streak the plate, then store the plate inverted at 37–degrees Celsius. The 13–
streak technique is used isolate a bacterium into a pure culture from a mixed population [12]. Using
a sterilized and cooled loop, take a small quantity of cell material and spread over the first quadrant
by streaking the plate using three parallel

Streaking Research Paper
Streaking Method
Samantha Walthall
Dr. Gerald McShepard
BIO 411–01
Summer 2016 Abstract When you hear the word "Bacteria" you automatically assume the worst;
you would conclude that it means something is contaminated or can be harmful. But in all actuality
that is not the case. Bacteria is used in laboratories every single day. It can be used to create
medicines and vaccines and can even be found naturally occurring in our food and environment. To
change the stigma that comes with bacteria, it had to be studied and researched and one of those
methods of research would be the streaking method. Streaking, created by Robert Koch, is a
technique used to isolate a pure stain of species of microorganism . Samples are taken from the
resulting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This procedure describes the use of a mixed broth culture, where the culture contains many different
bacterial species. The specimen streaked on a plate could come in a several of forms, such as solid
or liquid samples and cotton or foam swabs. Material containing possibly infectious agents should
be handled in the lab using proper bio safety procedure. Remove the test tube cap; Insert the loop
into the culture tube and remove a loopful of broth. Replace the cap of the test tube and place it back
into the test tube rack. The lid of the agar plate has to be opened just enough to streak the plate with
the inoculation loop. Be mindful of the amount of agar and the length of time the agar is exposed to
the environment during the streaking process. Also avoid talking over the plates, this keeps the plate
from becoming contaminated. Loosen the cap of the bottle containing the inoculum. Hold an
inoculation loop in your right hand and flame the loop and allow it to cool. Lift the test tube
containing the inoculum with your left hand. Dip the loop into the broth and lightly touch a colony
with the loop. Sightly lift the lid of the Petri dish containing the solid medium. Place a loopful of the
culture on the agar surface. Flame the loop and cool it for 5 seconds by touching an unused part of
the agar surface close to the ouster partition of the plate, and then drag it rapidly several times across
the surface of area1. Remove the loop and close the Petri dish. Reflame and cool the loop, and turn
the petri dish 90° then touch the loop to a corner of the culture in area1 and drag it several times
across the agar in area 2, hitting the original streak only a few times. The loop should never enter
into area 1 again. Remove the loop and close the Petri dish. Reflame and cool the loop and again
turn the dish 90° anticlockwise. streak area 3 in the same way as area 2, hitting last area several
times. Remove the

Unknown Bacteria Lab Report
Introduction The purpose to this lab was to isolate and identify two unknown bacteria from a mixed
culture provided to us by our instructor. This study was done by applying all of the methods that
have been instructed on thus far in microbiology laboratory class. Each test performed, provided us
with some key information about the unknown microbes in question and how the bacteria function.
Materials and Methods Over a two week period, eight prepared types of test media were provided to
identify the assigned unknown mixed cultures. Not all of these tests were performed on every
culture, as some were used only for gram positive or gram negative bacteria. The tests performed
and what constituted a positive or negative test are as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the final test, two drops of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were placed on the isolated colony of the
BHIA medium, observed immediate formation of bubbles, as O2 was produced indicating a positive
test for catalase. Final lab day four; the test media were collected for explanation and interpretation,
the results are as listed: Gram Negative Enterobacteriaceae DrySlide test card Positive (+) slide took
on a pink color Enterotube II –identification system Glucose Positive (+) color changed from red to
yellow Lysine Positive (+) color changed from yellow to purple Ornithine Negative (–) no color
change H2S Negative (–) no color change Indole Positive (+) Adonitol Negative (–) no color change
Lactose Positive (+) color changed from red to yellow Arabinose Positive (+) color changed from
red to yellow Sorbitol Positive (+) color changed from red to yellow Dulcitol Negative (–) no color
change Phylalanine– Negative (–) no color change deaminase Urea Negative (–) no color change
Citrate Negative (–) no color change *Unknown 041 Gram Negative is Escherichia coli Gram
Positive Cocci BHIA (color) White BHIA(colony size) Small Catalase Positive (+)formation of
bubbles observed DNase Negative (–) no visible reaction to HCL MSA (growth) Positive

Determining Unknown in Microbiology Lab
Determining an Unknown Through Deferential Stains and Biochemical Tests Introduction There are
many reasons for knowing the identity of microorganisms. The reasons range from knowing the
causative agent of a disease in a patient, so as to know how it can be treated, to knowing the correct
microorganism to be used for making certain foods or antibiotics. This study was done by applying
all of the methods that have been learned so far in the microbiology laboratory class for the
identification of unknown bacteria. The identification process can be completed with a series of
deferential stains and biochemical tests. Creating a dichotomous key helps to limit the amount of
biochemical tests done on an unknown organism and by observation ... Show more content on
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The enzyme urease breaks urea down into NH3 and CO2. An orange broth containing urea is used
for this test and needs to be inoculated with the gram negative bacteria. A pink color in the medium
indicates a urease–positive organism, an orange or yellow is negative. The IMViC test is a series of
different tests that differentiate between enterics. One is the Indole test. This test tells whether the
bacterium possesses tryptophanase which is the enzyme that breaks down tryptophan into indole.
The agar contains tryptic soy broth so if the bacterium contains tryptophanase, indole is produced.
This production of indole is seen by adding Kovac's reagent which causes a red ring to be seen at the
top of the tube. The citrate test is also used to see which kind of products the bacteria make. It uses a
green agar slant that contains sodium and ammonium phosphate. Bromythymol blue dye is late
added as an indicator. Inoculation of the slant with a needle using a zig–zag then stab technique was
used with the gram positive bacterium. Conversion of the medium to blue is a positive citrate result.
All plates, slants, and broths were incubated at 37°C for 24‐48 hours. Results Test Unknown 16
Unknown 16 Gram Stain + – Color Yellow Yellow Shape Rod Rod Lactose n/a + Indole n/a –
Urease n/a + Citrate + + Key: (+) = Positive Test (–) = Negative Test N/A = Not Used for
Determination Discussion The gram

Streak Plate Essay
Student: Yi–Ren Wang
Course: BIO–205 BD2 Microbiology
Instructor: Dirk VandePol
Date: 6/21/2013
Streak Plate Isolation for Obtaining Pure Culture
1. When an agar plate is inoculated, why is the loop sterilized after the initial inoculation in put on?
Ans: We use agar plate to inoculate microbes by zipping the loop on the agar several times. We
streak on the agar plate four time, propose is to isolate the unknown bacteria. Therefore, the first
time to streak on the plate, there are million of bacteria on the loop. For that reason, we need to
sterilize the loop before next streaking. Then we can get small group of colonies out from the large
group of colonies to observe and distinguish the unknown bacteria.
2. Define ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. Why is necessary to isolate individual colonies from a mixed growth?
Ans: Every individual colony in a mixed growth might present different bacteria. We isolate them to
help us effectively to determine on their differences.
7. Why was blood agar, rather than a nutrient agar plate used for the culture from your mouth?
Ans: Because in a blood agar contains more nutrient than a nutrient agar. In our mouth it could have
more different species bacteria that blood agar will be a great place for them to grow.
8. Are a large number of microorganisms found in the mouth a cause for concern? Explain.
Ans: In my opinion, it might not necessary to worry about microorganisms in our mouth. There are
some of them are harmless bacteria, and keep balance in our mouth. Therefore, depending on the
species we may take more concern.
9. How do microorganisms find their way into the mouth?
Ans: there are a lot of ways microbe can go inside our mouth, such as eating food, drinking water,
putting fingers on mouth. All of them could covered with microorganisms to pass through to our
mouth.
Date Collection

Nutrient Agar Blood Agar
Describe
Nutrient Agar: We use a mixed culture on this nutrient agar. As the simple we use, there are two
different colonies. First of all, small circular size and light white color. Secondly, large and flat ring
size

Passion for College Students
Passion – College Students for Their Schools College students traditionally show pride towards their
respective school. What makes students so enthusiastic for their school? In Laura Randall's "Things
You Only Do in College" and David Berreby's "It Takes a Tribe" both writers explore college culture
but come up with decidedly different results. Randall argues that college students' traditions are
embarrassing to the university, and students should be focusing on schoolwork not traditions; but
Berreby suggests traditions are for the pride which students have for their school. In this essay I
argue that students are passionate for their school, and the traditions they participate in are for the
pride they have for the school. Randall ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this quote he is saying there are many students who apply to colleges for name recognition.
However, when they get to the university or college they will participate in the traditions. Not every
student at Penn State knows the fight song or the alma mater. However, when they go to a football
game or any other sporting event they will be standing proudly singing that same fight song or alma
mater. Berreby states that "They'll learn contempt for that rival university, Oklahoma to their Texas,
Sacramento State to their U.C. Davis, Annapolis to their West Point" (Berreby, 207). This quote is
saying the students will also learn who the rival university is, and they will build a hatred for them,
and root against them every chance they get. He also talks about some of the bigger rivalries
between colleges. Oklahoma and Texas have been rivals for years, but in the public eye society view
this rivalry for sports. No one thinks about whose graduates succeed more after college. Society's
views on rivalries deal with sports, and college students live off their sports teams. If the teams do
well then the campus is always more lively, but if the teams lose there is a down feeling all
throughout the campus. For example, before Penn State played Michigan in football this year there
was a huge anticipation for the game. Most of my

Lab Report : Streaking Tryptic Soy Agar Plate ( SY )
For this particular assignment, I was given a slant with an unknown bacteria by my lab instructor.
There were several procedures performed to identify the unknown bacteria. The first procedure was
streaking tryptic soy agar plate (TSY). The purpose of streaking is to identify the bacteria in a
sample presenting a pure culture of colony morphologies. After several hours of incubating the
streaked plate, visual isolated colonies were present. The steps to streaking are as follows; Flaming
an inoculation loop with a Bunsen burner until red hot, then allow to cool before taking the
unknown bacterial sample. Streaking four quadrants onto the TSY medium plate by dragging the
loop gently through first quadrant then sterilizing the loop by flaming it again. This procedure was
continued into the third and fourth quadrant. The second procedure performed was the bacteria
smear. The motive of the smear is to have the bacteria ready for a stain after it has been heat fixed
on a slide. These steps conclude by first labeling the slide with the my initials, flaming the
inoculated loop, then allowing the loop to cool before spreading the unknown bacteria on slide after
instilling a drop of distilled water. This process took about 10 minutes for the wet surface to dry
before heat fixing. Heat fixing is when a bacteria smear is smeared on a slide and dried at room
temperature before passing a slide through a hot flame of a Bunsen burner. Soon after the slide had
been heat fixed and

Were You Alive In The 1970's
Were you alive in the 1970's? If so, you were alive in a crazy time, where everyone's outlooks and
way of life changed dramatically. The book The Great Funk by Thomas Hines, shows how the
1970's were overall more focused on the individual and finding out who you truly were as a person.
The 1970's was a time of immense creativity and experimentation in regards to our consciousness,
the human body, and the way of life in the home. These changes came after, and were caused by
many failed aspirations in the 1960's. A change in consciousness was a huge aspect of life that
changed in the 1970's. This change of consciousness came about as a result of everyone trying to
reach a higher state of enlightenment and consciousness. People were looking into the fragments of
the past, trying to make sense of the world. In other words, ... Show more content on
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One big change that came was the introduction of the gay community. The gay liberation made itself
visible to the public by marching through New York, and San Francisco, and many other places. The
Gays were a huge change in the 1970's that came about by the newly changed and raised
consciousness that aroused in the 1970's. Now coming out of the closet wasn't the only thing that a
new outlook on life changed. Drugs also became liberally used and almost universal during the
1970's. For most, drugs were a way that people expanded their consciousness and approached
spirituality. "Developing consciousness was energizing. Its promise of hidden personal potential led
not merely to vague spiritual yearnings, but also to very real career ambitions." Expanded
consciousness could be raised at home, in the form of fast growing marijuana plants. Marijuana was
the drug of choice for most to reach a higher consciousness, and in the minds of the users, getting
high and reaching this different state of mind was the key to linking different parts of life together,
and opening doors for new opportunities in life. Others didn't see the

The Nature Of The Poetry Of Percy Shelley's Mutability
Shelley Percy is one of the most highly regarded Romantic poets of the 19th century. Many of
Shelley's poem tell about the nature of the human condition. In many of his poems Shelley use
elements of nature (seashells, the wind, the ocean, etc.) to discuss truths about the human condition.
Percy Shelley examines the one consistent characteristic of being human in his poem "Mutability".
In his poem "Mutability" Shelley shows the fragility and unpredictability of the human condition.
The poem opens with the speaker comparing humans to "clouds that veil the midnight moon" (Line
1). The clouds move radiantly across the sky and cover the light of the moon. The words "speed",
"gleam", "quiver" and "streaking" personify the cloud image. Shelley describes the cloud's actions
as a metaphor for human actions, "How restlessly they speed, and gleam, and quiver, / streaking the
darkness radiantly!" (Lines 2–3). He believes that humans go through life with speed, not taking
time to rest; like clouds at night, we do not last forever. Shelley's use of the word of "veil" instead of
"covers" creates a sense of purposefully hidden light. In lines three to four of the poem the
wondrous sight is eventually extinguished by the darkness, "– yet soon/ Night closes round, and they
are lost forever." By using this image of the night Shelley shows the cycle of change and
demonstrates human morality. The speaker is pointing out that humans have short lives on Earth and
regardless of how radiantly we may shine, we are like clouds at night that are overshadowed.
In the second stanza Shelley describes the frailty of human existence. In lines five through nine
humans are describes as "forgotten lyres, whose dissonant strings/ Give various response to each
varying blast,/ To whose frail frame no second motion brings/ One mood or modulation like the
last." Shelley uses this as a metaphor that expands on the concept of human morality. In this stanza
humans are compared to "forgotten lyres" saying that we will be forgotten when we are dead and
gone. The different moods of the stanza are created by the different sounds of the lyre. Humans are
being compared to instruments with beautifully melodies have been forgotten. Shelley is saying that
once

Organisms Of Two Unknown Bacterial Cultures Essay
Introduction The objective of this experiment is to identify the organisms of two unknown bacterial
cultures. Students must identify the species of the unknown bacteria by utilizing the techniques and
information learned in previous laboratory exercises. These techniques include streaking for
isolation, Gram staining, and specific biochemical tests. Students are given a map known as a
dichotomous key, a guide in determining the identity of their unknown sample.
Identifying microbes using a series of biochemical tests, like those performed by students, is used in
a clinical settings for several important reasons other than taxonomy. It is used to determine
susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs, gain information for future treatments, identify pathogens in
terms of their potential danger, aid epidemiologists in tracing sources of infections, and to
accumulate data of interest to those studying infectious diseases (Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., &
Case, C. L., 2016).
Results
The first steps to identifying the two unknown microorganisms in tube 33 & 34 is to perform a
Gram Stain, prepare a MacConkey Agar plate, and subculture each unknown on to a Blood Heart
Infusion Agar slant.
Table 1.1: Gram Staining result for unknown 33
PURPOSE REAGENT OBSERVATION RESULT
Identify and classify bacteria as gram negative or gram positive. Crystal violet, Iodine, alcohol, &
Safranin Pink rod rod–shaped bacterium Gram Negative Bacilli
Table 1.2: Gram Staining result for unknown 34
PURPOSE

Light Field Characterization Essay
Light Field Characterization
The field synthesis is only completed by sampling the synthesized transients. For that we have opted
"Attosecond streaking" technique3,4 for sampling the synthesized transients, which gives an access
to the field of the synthesized waveform. For this sampling technique, the generation of isolated
EUV attosecond pulse is essential. The sampling takes place at the focus of these transients where
the planned experiment takes place in order to attain high intensities. The isolated EUV attosecond
pulse is generated by focusing (f~ –35 cm) the light transients generated at the exit of the
synthesizer apparatus into a quasi–static gas cell, a thin nickel tube (~2mm inner diameter), filled
with neon gas and kept at a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can stand for weeks and allow for having the same synthesized light transient on the sampling
and experiment point for a long period of time. The driving radiation travels through the gas cell is
transmitted around the margins of the Zr disc to create an annular beam. The beam profiles of the
four channels pulses are not affected by these wires.
The multilayer coated mirror, together with the high pass Zr filter, comprise a band pass filter of
width centered at , leading the isolation of a single attosecond pulse4,7. A double mirror module
comprising a concave multilayer coated inner and metallic Al–coated outer mirror (12.5 cm) focuses
the light transients and the EUV attosecond probe into a second neon gas nozzle placed near the
entrance of a time–of–flight (TOF) spectrometer. The striking spectrogram is recorded and the
electric field of the synthesized waveform is retrieved. The compression of the two octaves
supercontinuum led to the generation of subcycle transient generated by the four–channel
synthesizer, carried at central wavelength , has τFWHM pulse duration of ~ 1.7 fs as shown in
Figure 6.
Attosecond light field synthesis
The ultrabroadband of the supercontinuum light source spans over

E. Coli Lab Report
Escherichia coli, or E. coli, is a common bacterium that can be found in diverse environments all
over the planet, including the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. Many of these strains of
E. Coli are essential mechanisms in the digestive tract, while others are pathogens that can cause
complications in urinary and intestinal tracts. (Payne & Sparks) In research, E. Coli is commonly
used as a model organism, meaning they are widely studied by scientists for a variety of purposes
due to their experimental advantages. E. Coli is comparatively simple, and there are many
advantages to studying these prokaryotic cells in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology.
E. Coli has this simplicity and is relatively easy to propagate in a lab environment. Their genome
has been completely sequenced and many things we know about DNA, protein synthesis, and gene
linkage have been derived from studies regarding this particular organism. (Cooper)
Certain E. Coli strains are also known to show resistance to bacteria killing antibiotics. This
resistance is due to the plasmids, or small round DNA molecules, in the bacteria that carry the
resistant genes. R Plasmids (resistance plasmids) are widely studied and bestow resistance to factors
that inhibit growth of the organism. R plasmids code for proteins that can ... Show more content on
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Coli. The first standard E. Coli has no resistance plasmid while the second strain contains a
resistance plasmid with genes protecting it from ampicillin. This standard E. Coli and pAMP
(plasmid–Ampicillin) E. Coli were each streaked across plates containing the antibiotic and
containing growth supportive Lurithea Broth. The purpose of this lab was to test their growth in
each medium. Our hypothesis was that while the ampicillin resistant E. Coli would show growth in
both LB and LB–AMP plate, the standard E. Coli would only grow in the LB plate for it contains no
resistant plasmids against the

One Punch Man
Being a comic book and manga reader, I always fell in love with the plot, read the words and skim
through the drawings without stopping to think about the symbolism of the drawings on the pages.
While reading McCloud's "Understanding Comics" and observing Molly Bang's theories on shapes
and lines, my mind has opened a broader understanding of what is right in front of me, when I'm
reading a manga or a comic book. To begin with, in chapter four, McCloud talks about how some
artists use lines, multiple images or streaking to show motion. In the manga One Punch Man the
artist Yusuke Murata shows Saitama's movement for the "serious hop" attack with streaking and
multiple images, to show the different ways Saitama is approaching his opponent. Also, you can
imply Molly Bang's theory on diagonal shapes that show tension or motion in which Yusuke uses
both (Look at picture #1). You can see how under Saitama there are also pointy edges that go
diagonally so one can feel threatened as Molly Bang said. Also you can clearly see the many
silhouettes of Saitama to show his special attack much clearer.
Second, Molly Bang and Scott McCloud both touch base with color. How the darker color is
associated with evil like in this picture (Look at picture #2). You can see the dark circles under his
eyes and how the gang ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
McCloud points out how manga really stands out in this category because they mix realism with
cartoon features in humans because you can better find details of the character or the villain. For
example in One Punch Man, every single page goes from cute cartoony Saitama to Marvel also calls
me a superhero! Which I find pretty amazing and it helps the story line flow more together since this
manga is about an ordinary man with superpowers (Look at pictures 3 and

Phage Lab Report
The purpose of the following experiment was to isolate and analyze a novel phage from the
environment [3]. Initially, the phage was extracted from the environment through an enrichment
procedure [3]. The first enrichment was successful producing a two cloudy plaques which were
theorized to be temperate phage. It was theorized to be a temperate phage due to the cloudy
appearance of the phage plaque. The two streaking procedures that followed did not result in any
visible phage. This could have been due to two possibilities, either a flawed lab technique or the
phage that had originally been enriched had died off. In order to determine whether the phage had
died an additional enrichment was conducted. The second enrichment resulted in no visible phage
plaques. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to investigate the phage further, an EM image was taken allowing additional discoveries
involving the physical structure of the phage. The length of the tail was four times as long as the
diameter of the isometric capsid. This lead to the conclusion that WG belongs to the siphoviridae
family of phage. To confirm the phage obtained belonged to the siphoviridae family it was
compared to another siphoviridae phage named Rosebush [1]. Rosebush also had a long tail in
comparison to the diameter of its' capsid, thus providing additional evidence that WG belongs to the
siphoviridae family. The fact that WG is siphoviridae tells us that it is a very common form of phage
[2]. "The siphoviridae family makes up 90% of all known mycobacteria" [2]. Also, "siphioveridae
phage contain a double–stranded DNA with an average genome size of 50 kb" [6]. Following the
EM image lab, two gels were ran utilizing two different samples of the phage (E1 & E2). The E2/E3
gel displayed that the phage's DNA contained well over 10,000 base pairs. The number of base pairs
leads to the conclusion that WG contained a large amount of genomic

Mix Culture Streak Plate Kitchen Lab Microbiology Essay
Introduction–
The purpose of this experiment is to obtain isolation of individual species of particles from the
mixed culture. This is completed through the isolation technique of streak plate. The objective of
this experiment is to replicate the technique of streak plate but on a much larger scale. Because it is
on a larger scale the particles are able to be visually observed as they are isolated using the streaking
technique as the experiment is conducted. The benefits of the streaking technique is when a cultures
has multiple species they are able to be more easily identified once they have been isolated. This
experiment is much like the experiments completed on an agar plate but on one a much larger scale
and where techniques ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The particles were even more narrowed down in this final streak allowing for further separation of
each individual particle. The streaking utensil was cleaned using the particle remover and returned
to the utensil storage area. And the other items collected for this lab were cleaned and returned to
their storage areas.
Results–
The particles that were collected for the lab were very concentrated prior to being mixed into the
medium. Once the particles where mixed into the medium they was a decreased in their
concentration as the medium allowed for separation by filling the spaces between them. Once the
first streak was made it was slightly less concentrated and this allowed for the particles to be spread
out over the surface. The concentration of particles that were spread with each streak continued to
decrease. In the final streak, as seen in picture 7, the particles were separated almost to the point of
being able to individually identify each color of particle. Much as the same results that you might
see with a mixed culture that was completed in a lab and final results reviewed under a microscope.
Discussion–
The conclusion that was made from this experiment was that as the streaking is completed the
consistency as well as the concentration degrees allowing for a more accurate identification of the
individual particles. The results lead me to this conclusion because as the streaks were completed
the

Gram Negative Lab Report
I. The most difficult part of the experiment was separating the Gram positive from the Gram
negative. I knew my Gram negative was rod–shaped and my Gram positive was coccus–shaped. I
had to spend 2 days streaking many plates trying to isolate my two bacteria. The morphology of
both were very similar and it was difficult to tell the difference until I was able dilute the colonies by
streaking TSA plates multiple times.
II. I achieved an isolated Gram negative bacteria because I modified the four–quadrant streak style
and time. I believe that my Gram negative bacteria were a fast grower and would over grow the
Gram positive. On the 4th day I was able to successfully isolate my Gram negative, and proceeded
to run the SIM test and the TSI test as instructed. Both tests produced black precipitants, indicating
sulfur reduction. This narrowed down my possible Gram negative bacteria to four bacteria. As I
continued to analyze the SIM test the results showed motility, which was confirmed by my TA and
indole production. With this test I was able to narrow it down to 2 bacteria. I think did another Gram
stain to confirm no contamination, once confirmed, I decided to do ... Show more content on
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From one of my modified streak plates I was able to successfully isolate my Gram positive bacteria.
By my 6th plate, there was a distinction between my Gram positive and Gram negative in
morphology. To make sure it was absolutely pure I continued to streak it two more times. Once I had
a pure plate, I Gram stained it twice to confirm that it was a pure Gram positive coccus. Once it was
pure I proceeded to do the catalase test, the bacteria produced bubbles, indicating a positive result.
From there I was able to narrow down my unknown to a possible of 4 bacteria. By analyzing my
matrix I was able to determine that by doing an Oxidase test, it would eliminate Micrococcus luteus.
However, the oxidase test turned positive, allowing me to confirm that my unknown Gram positive
bacteria was Micrococcus

Coke Machine Button
My bacterium was swabbed off of a coke machine button. I decided to swab this particular spot
because I believed there would be numerous bacteria found there since I see people everyday
punching a button to get a cool beverage during breaks in between classes every day. To my
surprise, there was only one colony that grew on the agar we had smeared it on. This was very
surprising to me because I was sure there would be more bacteria growing on the machine rather
than only one colony. The bacteria I was working with occupied a very small amount of space on the
agar. The tiny spot, in which I called my bacteria, appeared to be an off white or creamy color and
had much of a sticky looking texture to it, although I did not touch it. It was also very glossy and the
colony was in a circular shape but only took up as much space as a small tick would. After going
through all of the fun steps of gram staining, with the critical steps of inhibiting crystal violet,
Potassium Iodide, Alcohol, and Safranin, the bacteria on my slide turned out to be much of a faded
color of pink. Thereafter, I was then told that I had messed up terribly by pouring an excessive
amount of alcohol onto my slide and it was then realized it was meant to be a dark purple color.
With it being the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Sugar Fermentation experiment I ended up with three negatives, being Mannitol, Sorbitol, and
Arabinose, and four positives, Lactose, Glucose, Sucrose, and Maltose. In the Litmus milk project,
my bacteria turned out to be top neutral with reduction in the bottom. I had no coagulation, no
peptonization, negative for Acid, and negative for Alkaline. A few other tests indicated I was
positive for Arginine and Lysine, but I had tested negative for Bile Esculin. The bacterium tested
was positive for all of the salts as well as for the TSI agar and the

A Study On Nutrient Agar
Nutrient Agar To observe the colony morphology, the original unknown culture was streaked for
isolation on nutrient agar using the quadrant streaking technique, inverted, and incubated at 37° C
for 48 hours. This allowed for observation of the colony morphology. Separation of Gram–positive
and Gram–negative The original unknown culture was streaked for isolation on Columbia CNA agar
and MacConkey agar using a quadrant streak, inverted, and placed in a 37° C incubator for 48 hours.
CNA agar contains a mix of colistin and nalidixic acid, as well as sheep blood. If there is poor or no
growth on CNA agar, then the organism was inhibited by colistin and nalidixic acid and is Gram–
negative. However if there is good growth, the organism was not inhibited by colistin and nalidixic
acid, and is Gram–positive. MacConkey agar contains bile salts and crystal violet. If there is poor
growth or no growth, the organism was inhibited by crystal violet and/or bile, and is Gram–positive.
If there is good growth, the organism was not inhibited by crystal violet or bile, and is Gram–
negative. Gram Stain This protocol was performed once using the culture on the Columbia CNA
agar, and once using the culture on the MacConkey agar. The Gram stain uses crystal violet as a
primary stain, ethanol–acetone as a negative stain, and safranin as a counterstain. A small amount of
the culture was heat–fixed to a glass microscope slide. The culture was flooded with methylene blue,
and allowed to sit for one

Shielding In Radiography
As I rotated through computed tomography (CT), I noted that radiologic technologists do not utilize
in–plane shields as they do in radiography. Because shielding is emphasized so much in
radiography, and because computed tomography is based on the same physics, I wondered why a
technologist could not shield the areas that were not of interest. When I asked, some would say that
they do not shield because streaking would show on the image and it would mess up their machine.
Others told me that shields actually increase dose to the patient. A few technologists mentioned that
shielding has to be done correctly, but it can be done. How can so many people not be in agreement
about a principle that is fundamental to their work? How can shielding a patient in CT be any
different than shielding in radiography? I was determined to find a conclusive reason for shielding in
every CT exam.
Why we shield patients from ionizing radiation
Interactions within the body There are two reactions that happen in the human body when ionizing
radiation within the diagnostic range (30–150 kilovolt peak) is ... Show more content on
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160. This is quite a significant jump from 1987, when the NCRP Report No. 93 stated that a mere
11% was attributed to "medical imaging with ionizing radiation."1 (pp169–170CT) In 2012, Kyle
Morford and his colleagues reported that "over the past decade CT has increased from 4% to 11% of
all diagnostic imaging studies."2 (p45) This increase in number of scans come with an increase in
patient dose. When a chest CT is performed, a patient gets a dose of 8 mSv. When a radiographic
exam of the chest is done in two projections, the dose is around 0.02mSv. Of course, there are
patient factors and contrast administration to consider, but the difference between the two modalities
is roughly 400% increase.3 (p705) Knowing this, why is shielding not practiced in computed

Bacteriophage Phage
There are three different types of phages that each have two different life–styles, lytic and
temperate. The phage that is mostly studied is mycobacteriophages. A phage was successfully
chased, and was found to be a lytic phage. This was done by the process of colleting a soil sample
and then performing enrichment, streak test, titers, harvest assays, spot titers, and preparing of an
EM grid to ultimately see the phage that has been chased throughout the semester. This phage was
also a myoviridae and named Stubby.
INTRODUCTION:
A bacteriophage, or phage, is a class of virus, and they are the most abundant life form on earth with
approximately 1031 phages worldwide. Phages are parasitic viruses specific to bacteria that can only
replicate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first lab preformed was a harvest assay. First a plaque was picked from the last titer assay. This
plaque was then added to an epindorf tube with 100 microliters of phage buffer in it. A serial
dilution was then done to 10 ^–3, 10 microliters of each dilution was added to. 0.3 milliliters of M.
Smegmatis. The solution was then incubated at room temperature for fifteen minutes. Then 4.5
milliliters of top agar was added to each tube and plate onto petri dishes. Next the most diluted plate
was flooded with 4 milliliters of phage buffer, incubated at room temperature for two hours. The
plate was then inverted in order to collect one milliliter of liquid collected on the plate's top, which
was then placed in an epindorf tube. From that epindorf tube 10 microliters of it was then added to
90 microliters of phage buffer and vortexed. A serial dilution was then completed to 10 ^ –4. Each
dilution was then added its own tube with 0.3 milliliters or M. Smegmatis. To those tubes 4.5
milliliters of top agar was then added to each and each were plate on to their own petri dish. The
10^–3 and 10^ –4 plates from the previous harvest assay were used in the next harvest assay. Both
plates, the 10^–3 and 10^–4, were flooded with 4 milliliters of phage buffer each. These plates were
then incubated for two hours. After the two hour incubation period the

Summary Of Lab 2 Isolation Of Microorganisms
LAB 2: Isolation of Microorganisms
11 October, 2016
20 September, 2016
Melvin Espinoza–Rosa
INTRODUCTION
Microorganisms usually live in environments where there are a variety of different types of
microbes. In this lab, Isolation of Microorganisms we inoculated bacteria in different types of
medias which were described as selective media and differential media. Selective media permits
specific organisms to grow on top of having ingredients that do not allow the growth of any
organism that is not desired. In comparison, differential media does not hinder or boost the growth
of specific organisms. In its place it includes ingredients that aid in telling one type from another in
comparing bacteria. Differential media elements ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through proper sterile technique and inoculation, I was able to capture maximum success in plate
streaking for selective or differential medias and isolation of bacterium. In order for this lab to be an
overall success the sterile technique, inoculation, and plate streaking were to be done with patience
making it the much harder task in this lab. Observing the final plates for differential or selective, as
well as for isolation were quite difficult to figure out as well. The media that I had more trouble in
differentiating through the variety of characteristics and morphology was Sheep Blood Agar (SBA).
Figuring out specific colonies was difficult due to beta hemolysis which is seen as a zone of clearing
around the colonies. The easiest to distinguish of all three medias was obviously the Tryptic soy
agar (TSA). Being the general growth media, we knew what we were expecting which was to see all
three bacteria to grow thus making the media not selective nor differential. We knew in the case of
Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) that it could be selective or differential. Through the experiment we were
able to notice which bacteria were salt tolerant and those that weren't. In conclusion it was easily
noticeable that S. aureus was able to ferment mannitol being very salt tolerant while the other
bacteria struggled to prosper in

An Unknown Disease Caused By Microorganisms
Introduction Whenever there is an unknown disease caused by microorganisms, tests are usually
made in order to identify the organism causing the disease. There are several tests that need to be
made and they include tests such as performing a gram stain, streaking a plate to isolate colonies,
inoculating a broth culture, inoculating API strip, and performing oxidase and catalase tests. Having
knowledge on how to identify these tests are of high importance in the medical field so it would be
to the advantage of those individuals who know how to examine microorganisms and be able to
identify it by correctly performing tests on organisms. To begin with, a good way to get exposed to
tests that will be needed by people entering the medical field would be to perform practice test like
being assigned an Unknown that students could identify by performing tests. The Unknown that was
assigned to me for example was Unknown #22. In order to identify Unknown #22 I had to perform
several test and make sure that all the results matched with each other to be sure that I had
performed my tests right. The goal of my experiment is to learn how to properly perform tests on an
Unknown organism and be able to identify it. By learning to identify a specific microorganism and
performing various testing techniques I will be able to identify a microorganism if required when I
am working in the medical field. When a microorganism is identified, the doctors' job is made easier
because they are able to

An Experimental Investigation On A Bacterial Outbreak
This is an Extended Experimental Investigation on a bacterial outbreak in a workplace. The key
ideas and concept, is based around health and disease with the prevention of bacteria being the key
purpose. The intention of the EEI is to develop a scenario which can be modified to demonstrate and
test different variables, these variables include, water, soap, anti–bacterial soap and Dettol's effect
on the chosen bacterial outbreak. The chosen bacteria is, Staphylococcus Epidermidis and its effect
in an aeroplane scenario. Once the experiment is conducted the results will be used to confirm the
hypothesis, answer significant questions and examine various theories and principals involved in the
scenario.
1.2 The Scenario
Lana Lane, an aeroplane hostess for Quantas, was recently infected with the bacteria called
Staphylococcus Epidermidis. She is a carrier of bacteria and has it on her skin. Lana Lane, is a
member of the well–known terrorist group called Isis and a server for food and drinks. This is close
to perfect for the bacteria to spread from Lana to the surrounding passengers. This transfer of the
bacteria will be through skin to skin contact (hands). Luckily on the aeroplane there was four types
of hand wash, water, soap, disinfectant soap (anti–bacteria) and Dettol hand sanitiser. With this
equipment and knowledge, is it possible for Lana Lane to effectively stop or prevent the spread of
the bacteria through the use of the hand washing solutions provided? Can results be

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Case Study
On January, 2010 A 94 year old patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was administered in the
University hospital. The patient died 21 days after being admitted. The patient died from a urinary
tract infection. The microbe was responsible for her death was the unknown # 12; it was resistant to
the antibiotics administered to her: ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, erthanem, and
imipenem. Reportedly the microbe is only susceptible to cefoxitin, cafepoime, meropenem, colistin,
and tigecycline. Unknown # 12 is commonly acquired at hospital setting and usually spread by
hospital co–workers hand, reported by the article "Klebsiella Pneumoniae in Healthcare Settings."
The microbe is determined to be a gram negative bacteria with rod–shaped cells. Infections from
different cases were caused by the invasion from any part of the body may it be from a human or an
animal body. The infection from such a disease leads to diseases such as yeast infection, etc. The
microbe can be transmitted through skin contact and by contact with contaminated ... Show more
This is due to the unknown #12 being a gram negative bacteria with rod–shaped cells, etc. The gram
staining gave more information on the cell arrangement as it being a single bacillus. Plate streaking
at the NA plate was next and in so the microbes pigment and colony morphology was displayed as
translucent to white creamy pigment and round convex. The streaking of the EMB, another plate
gave more info as it displays a light purple, in so interpreting the organism is not inhibited by eosin
and methylene blue. The IMVIC test is one the most recommended in ways that it differentiate gram
negative microbes. It has four tests within it, but this test only focused on two. The outcome of the
test was inaccurate in ways that the Methyl red test didn't give any accurate result while the VP test
remained accurate. In so moved to the final

Lab Report Identifying Unknown Bacteria
Introduction:
Having a hands–on academic experience of the different techniques for instance aseptic technique
and procedures like gram staining is important characteristics for understanding the concept of
learning to identify a type of bacteria. During this lab report each student would be using a variety
of lab techniques and process/procedures from the lab course taught from the professor and learned
from students this semester. To include, by performing the multiple test with three types of medias
the students should be able to administer the methods to identify the unknown bacteria. With the
information from results and extra notes assist the students to identifying the unknown bacteria.
Lastly the benefits from this type of hands–on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the results of the first media student should choose a different media that could give a result
easy to determine any decolorization or change to media. Next choice of media was Triple Sugar
Iron Agar in a test tubes. The procedure is performed by taking a sterile needle and stabbing the butt
of the agar, then streaking the slant of the agar with a fish tale pattern all the way up and out. After
the test tube is incubated up to twenty–four hours the test tube is observed.
The last and final test of media is the citrate utilization test. The method of inoculation for this test is
taking a sterile needle and streaking the slant of agar with a fish tale pattern from the bottom to the
top. Later once the citrate test tube is incubated over night the agar can be looked at for results.
Results
Bloody Red with a Swiss (Carter 2017)
The decolorization around the colonies is an olive greenish color which results to be alpha
hemolysis Sunnyside at TSI (Carter 2017)
As seen above the entire agar is yellow top and butt. The Dirty Ocean (Carter 2017)
For the result of the citrate test if the agar changed to a royal blue it would be considered positive,
but it stayed green which results as

The Effect Of Liquid Tested On The Area Of Inhibition
Discussion:
The inclinations of the results were that the, the more Dettol added to the ratio to water, the more
beneficial to increasing the area of inhibition. This is because the more Dettol is in the formula, the
more antiseptic the formula begins as the Dettol is the active ingredient that kills the germs and a
higher concentration of Dettol increases the area of inhibition.
I reason that the method is valid to an extent aside from a few minor omissions and possible flaw;
having a sterile airflow in the lab would do no qualm and allow the results to be better untouched.
Undertaking more trials in order to surface a broader spectrum of results to obtain a more precise
average would also add more depth to the end results.
The flaw with the design of this experiment subsists that the liquid tested (Dettol Surface Cleaner) is
in fact disinfectant and not a steriliser, meaning that although it kills most germs (therefore being a
disinfectant), it does not kill all germs (therefore not being a steriliser) as it has deficiencies in its
sporicidal properties because it's killing 'techniques' are cell dehydration, membrane disruption, and
protein coagulation, these along with Hydrophilic Viruses (viruses which are mixed with another
liquid, eg; water) also can also be resistant. Although E. Coli is hydrophobic, if any air transmitted
viruses were to settle on the agar, the results would be extremely altered.
Conclusion:
My hypothesis lined up with the results, but as there

Streaking Allows Bacteria Colonies To Grow Well Separate...
1 Streaking allows bacteria colonies to grow well separated from each other. The aim of the
procedure is to obtain single isolated pure colonies.
2 Only 1 bacterial cell is needed to start a colony. The cells use binary fission to divide, the
microbes' DNA splits to form a new cell and this process repeats until there are billions of cells.
3 The members of the colony are genetically identical because binary fission produces two identical
daughter cells.
4 Autotroph: An autotroph or producer, is an organism that produces complex organic compounds
from simple substances present in its surroundings, generally using energy from light or inorganic
chemical reactions.
Photrophic autotroph: An organism that manufactures its own food from inorganic substances using
light for energy. Green plants, certain algae, and photosynthetic bacteria are photropic autotroph.
Chemotrophic autotroph: In addition to deriving energy from chemical reactions, they can
synthesize all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide.
Heterotroph: An organism that is dependent on complex organic substances for ... Show more
All it takes is one single cell to start a pure bacterial colony. This lab allows researchers to observe
isolated highly concentrated samples of bacteria, to view their traits and to isolate pure colony
samples for use in future experiments. Unfortunately successful isolation was not achieved in this
lab. Possible sources of error could be that the streaking was too close together resulting in an
unsuccessful isolation, the loop was not flamed adequately which permitted carryover of bacteria
from one sector to the next or forgetting to let the loop cool before touching the agar. To expand this
lab, researchers could collect a single colony from an agar plate and grow it inside a nutrient tube to
observe the oxygen nutrient requirements for that specific sample of

Bacteria And Its Effects On Humans

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