1. Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection while traveling around the world on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836.
2. In 1859, Darwin published On the Origin of Species, which introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over successive generations through a process of natural selection, in which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce at a higher rate.
3. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was highly controversial at the time due to its conflict with religious beliefs, but it established the modern framework of evolutionary biology and revolutionized scientific thought.
This is a brief overview of the type of zoogeographic distributions of animals, such as cosmopolitan, discontinuous, endemic, isolated, and bipolar distributions.
Introduction to zoogeography and types of distributionMuhammad Yousaf
This document contain smart definitions about zoogeography and tells about the distribution and its types. This is studied in Master classes of zoology in AWKUM.
This is a brief overview of the type of zoogeographic distributions of animals, such as cosmopolitan, discontinuous, endemic, isolated, and bipolar distributions.
Introduction to zoogeography and types of distributionMuhammad Yousaf
This document contain smart definitions about zoogeography and tells about the distribution and its types. This is studied in Master classes of zoology in AWKUM.
migration is the movement of animal from one place to another and the migration is occured in all group of animals it include mammals invertebrates amphibians reptiles fishes birds...
TO FOLLOW THESE SLIDES you will learn about the adaptive radiations involve in evolution .
yo will learn about the parallel adaptations and its types
speciation role in the evolution
factors
key innvations
to imrove the article involving examples
Founder events
Adaptive plasticity
process of adaptive radiation
Factors promote adaptive radiations
Factors underlying adaptive radiations
defined by 0.S OSBORN
ecological space
geological
climatological
Islands
examplrs: 1.Darwin Finches 2.Cichlid fish genome -adaptive evolution, Stanford scientists
3.Anolis Lizards
Factors promote adaptive radiations
1.Generally speaking, adaptive radiations occur when new, unoccupied ecological niches become accessible to a founder population.
This can happen after a mass extinction during which the previous occupiers of those niches died out.
t can also happen when a colonizing species arrives at an island. (For instance the ancestor of the honeycreepers in Hawaii, or of Darwin's "finches" in the Galapagos)
Honey creeper
Change feeding habitat
At least 56 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers known to have existed, although all but 18 of them are now extinct.
Lack of competition. When a species enters an adaptive zone, it is poorly equipped to compete with species that have become adapted to the same niche.
For example, mudskippers are fish that are making a living on land, but they are marine fish and they don't have to compete against frogs and salamanders, which are restricted to fresh water. That is why we don't see freshwater mudskippers.
process of adaptive radiation
Ecological Release Colonization of species.
Taxon cycle
Habitat varying as population expand- species dispersal.
Adaptive plasticity Phenotypic plasticity(behavior change)
Property of an individual or genotype that may be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral with regard to an individual's fitness.
The particular way an individual's (or genotype's) phenotype varies across environments can be described as a reaction norm (Single genotype-phenotypic expression)
Speciation in adaptive radiation Founder events
There are few places left on the planet where the impact of people has not been felt. We have explored and left our footprint on nearly every corner of the globe. As our population and needs grow, we are leaving less and less room for wildlife.
Wildlife are under threat from many different kinds of human activities, from directly destroying habitat to spreading invasive species and disease. Most ecosystems are facing multiple threats. Each new threat puts additional stress on already weakened ecosystems and their wildlife.
Darwin theory of evolution was the first insight for understanding life on earth. To get more information about Darwin and his work; contact myassignmenthelp.net
This slide share shares the almost unnoticed part of our profession the wild life: the primates.Its a little attempt to lighten up our mates ' The Primates' hidden behind the shadow of negligence. Sakina Rubab, DVM.
The extinction of a large number of species within a relatively short period of geological time thought to be due to factors such as a catastrophic global event or widespread environmental change that occurs too rapidly for most species to adapt
In this Presentation, I tried to give an overview of Five Mass Extinctions happened till now.
Natural selection is the gradual, non-random process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution. The term "natural selection" was popularized by Charles Darwin who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, what we now call selective breeding.
migration is the movement of animal from one place to another and the migration is occured in all group of animals it include mammals invertebrates amphibians reptiles fishes birds...
TO FOLLOW THESE SLIDES you will learn about the adaptive radiations involve in evolution .
yo will learn about the parallel adaptations and its types
speciation role in the evolution
factors
key innvations
to imrove the article involving examples
Founder events
Adaptive plasticity
process of adaptive radiation
Factors promote adaptive radiations
Factors underlying adaptive radiations
defined by 0.S OSBORN
ecological space
geological
climatological
Islands
examplrs: 1.Darwin Finches 2.Cichlid fish genome -adaptive evolution, Stanford scientists
3.Anolis Lizards
Factors promote adaptive radiations
1.Generally speaking, adaptive radiations occur when new, unoccupied ecological niches become accessible to a founder population.
This can happen after a mass extinction during which the previous occupiers of those niches died out.
t can also happen when a colonizing species arrives at an island. (For instance the ancestor of the honeycreepers in Hawaii, or of Darwin's "finches" in the Galapagos)
Honey creeper
Change feeding habitat
At least 56 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers known to have existed, although all but 18 of them are now extinct.
Lack of competition. When a species enters an adaptive zone, it is poorly equipped to compete with species that have become adapted to the same niche.
For example, mudskippers are fish that are making a living on land, but they are marine fish and they don't have to compete against frogs and salamanders, which are restricted to fresh water. That is why we don't see freshwater mudskippers.
process of adaptive radiation
Ecological Release Colonization of species.
Taxon cycle
Habitat varying as population expand- species dispersal.
Adaptive plasticity Phenotypic plasticity(behavior change)
Property of an individual or genotype that may be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral with regard to an individual's fitness.
The particular way an individual's (or genotype's) phenotype varies across environments can be described as a reaction norm (Single genotype-phenotypic expression)
Speciation in adaptive radiation Founder events
There are few places left on the planet where the impact of people has not been felt. We have explored and left our footprint on nearly every corner of the globe. As our population and needs grow, we are leaving less and less room for wildlife.
Wildlife are under threat from many different kinds of human activities, from directly destroying habitat to spreading invasive species and disease. Most ecosystems are facing multiple threats. Each new threat puts additional stress on already weakened ecosystems and their wildlife.
Darwin theory of evolution was the first insight for understanding life on earth. To get more information about Darwin and his work; contact myassignmenthelp.net
This slide share shares the almost unnoticed part of our profession the wild life: the primates.Its a little attempt to lighten up our mates ' The Primates' hidden behind the shadow of negligence. Sakina Rubab, DVM.
The extinction of a large number of species within a relatively short period of geological time thought to be due to factors such as a catastrophic global event or widespread environmental change that occurs too rapidly for most species to adapt
In this Presentation, I tried to give an overview of Five Mass Extinctions happened till now.
Natural selection is the gradual, non-random process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution. The term "natural selection" was popularized by Charles Darwin who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, what we now call selective breeding.
This ppt is created by Shrey Saxena of Cambridge school. this PPT contains everything about DARWIN.
~His Childhood
~about his Journey on BEAGLE
~THEORY of EVOLUTION
------------for Queries contact me @--------
d.cool24@yahoo.com
Evolution and Its ProcessesFigure 1 Diversity of Life on Eart.docxturveycharlyn
Evolution and Its Processes
Figure 1: Diversity of Life on Earth
The diversity of life on Earth is the result of evolution, a continuous process that is still occurring.
“wolf”: modification of work by Gary Kramer, USFWS; “coral”: modification of work by William Harrigan, NOAA; “river”: modification of work by Vojtěch Dostál; “protozoa”: modification of work by Sharon Franklin, Stephen Ausmus, USDA ARS; “fish” modification of work by Christian Mehlführer; “mushroom”, “bee”: modification of work by Cory Zanker; “tree”: modification of work by Joseph Kranak
Chapter Outline
1. Discovering How Populations Change
2. Mechanisms of Evolution
3. Evidence of Evolution
4. Speciation
5. Common Misconceptions about Evolution
Introduction
All species of living organisms—from the bacteria on our skin, to the trees in our yards, to the birds outside—evolved at some point from a different species. Although it may seem that living things today stay much the same from generation to generation, that is not the case: evolution is ongoing. Evolution is the process through which the characteristics of species change and through which new species arise.
The theory of evolution is the unifying theory of biology, meaning it is the framework within which biologists ask questions about the living world. Its power is that it provides direction for predictions about living things that are borne out in experiment after experiment. The Ukrainian-born American geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky famously wrote that "nothing makes sense in biology except in the light of evolution" (Dobzhansky 1964, 449). He meant that the principle that all life has evolved and diversified from a common ancestor is the foundation from which we understand all other questions in biology. This chapter will explain some of the mechanisms for evolutionary change and the kinds of questions that biologists can and have answered using evolutionary theory.
Discovering How Populations Change
By the end of this section, you will bbe able to:
· Explain how Darwin’s theory of evolution differed from the current view at the time.
· Describe how the present-day theory of evolution was developed.
· Describe how population genetics is used to study the evolution of populations
The theory of evolution by natural selection describes a mechanism for species change over time. That species change had been suggested and debated well before Darwin. The view that species were static and unchanging was grounded in the writings of Plato, yet there were also ancient Greeks that expressed evolutionary ideas.
In the eighteenth century, ideas about the evolution of animals were reintroduced by the naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon and even by Charles Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. During this time, it was also accepted that there were extinct species. At the same time, James Hutton, the Scottish naturalist, proposed that geological change occurred gradually by the accumulation of small changes from pr.
I: Evolution
If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.
-- Sir Isaac Newton
1
Theories in Science
In the context of scientific inquiry, a theory is:
A conceptual framework supported by a large body of evidence
Broader in scope than a hypothesis. A theory ties information together and leads to specific testable hypotheses
In other words, a theory is a big deal in science, NOT a synonym for guessing
2
2
3
(This used to be a joke, but I’m not laughing anymore.)
3
Historical Overview
What can explain both the unity and diversity of life on Earth?
Organic evolution: genetically based change over time. It acts on individuals in the present, but only manifests in the population over generations.
Natural Selection: mechanism causing the match between organisms and their environment (adaptive evolution = adaptation)
4
4
Traditional views involved unchanging and perfect species inhabiting a young Earth (Old Testament, Linnaeus, etc.)
The emergence of paleontology and geology helped lay the groundwork for Darwin’s contributions
Other areas of research also influenced his thinking, including studies on human population growth
6
6
Fig. 22-2
American Revolution
French Revolution
U.S. Civil War
1900
1850
1800
1750
1795
1809
1798
1830
1831–1836
1837
1859
1837
1844
1858
The Origin of Species is published.
Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin.
Darwin begins his notebooks.
Darwin writes essay on descent with modification.
Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle.
Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.”
Lyell publishes Principles of Geology.
Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution.
Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism.
Linnaeus (classification)
Cuvier (fossils, extinction)
Malthus (population limits)
Lamarck (species can change)
Hutton (gradual geologic change)
Lyell (modern geology)
Darwin (evolution, natural selection)
Wallace (evolution, natural selection)
7
7
Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Layers of deposited
sediment
Older stratum
with older fossils
8
8
Several 18th century naturalists (including Erasmus Darwin) suggested life evolves as environments change
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and subsequent inheritance of acquired characteristics
This mechanism is unsupported by evidence (e.g., even if you and your mate lost the same finger, your children would still be born with all ten), but it did refocus subsequent research
Lamarck’s Hypothesis
9
9
10
The miniature phenotype of Bonsai trees is caused by manipulations of a bonsai master, not genetics. Would the next generation still be stunted if we planted their seeds and allowed them to grow naturally?
11
12
After first studying medicine, then theology at Cambridge, Darwin took an unpaid position as naturalist for a 5-year voyage around the world
During his travels on HMS Beagle, he collected thousa ...
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
2. BIOGRAPHY
The most important evolutionary scientist of the nineteenth century was Charles Darwin (1809-1882). Student of the universities of
Edinburgh and Cambridge in England, completed his theological studies at the age of 22. Prepared for Protestant minister of the
Church, however, Darwin's greatest interest was in the natural world.
In 1831 he joined, as a naturalist, the crew of the British Navy ship "HMS Beagle", which would make a mapping expedition around
the world for five years. This trip was instrumental in the thinking of Charles Darwin. In the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean off
South America, was impressed by the animal species he saw and, above all, by the subtle differences between birds of the islands of the
archipelago. From these observations, Darwin realized that these differences could be connected with the fact that each species living in a
different environment, with different power. At that time Darwin began to outline his ideas about evolution.
Darwin understood that any population of individuals is slightly different from one another. Variations between individuals makes each
one has different abilities to adapt to the natural environment, successfully reproduce and pass on their traits to their offspring. At the
passing of generations, the traits of the individuals best adapted to the natural conditions become more common and the population evolves.
Darwin called this process "descent with modification". Similarly, nature selects the species best adapted to survive and reproduce. This
process is known as "natural selection."
3. Darwin's thinking was also heavily influenced by the ideas of Thomas Malthus, who wrote
that the human population tended to grow exponentially and thus to finish the food resources
available. This causes crisis that leads individuals to compete against each other for survival.
Darwin believed that variations in inherited traits of individuals made them more or less
able to face competition for resources.
More than 20 years after he began to develop his ideas about evolution, Darwin published
his theory in his book The Origin of Species (1859). Its publication caused great controversy
and opposed religious thinkers because he missed the creationist theory ground and moved
him from the center of creation. This book convinced scientists and the educated public that
living things change over time
4. SYNOPSIS OF THE
BOOK
Darwin proposed in 1859 that natural selection, acting on heritable variation, is the driving force of evolution, but knew nothing about
the nature of these variations. From the work of Gregor Mendel, published in 1866 and rediscovered in 1900, genetics became an
essential part of evolutionary theory. Incorporating genetics Darwinism led, around 1940, to the development of neo-Darwinism or
"synthetic theory" of evolution that still considers that natural selection is the main explanatory factor of evolution.
A common objection to Darwinism is that it does not explain the "macroevolution", ie, the origin of new species or types of living.
Darwinism insists gradualism and says that big changes are the result of the accumulation of many small changes, but they have made
alternative proposals. The main one is the theory of "punctuated equilibrium", proposed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles
Eldredge, who argue that evolution is gradual, but it works hops: there would be long periods of stability punctuated by short intervals
in which take place large and sudden evolutionary changes. Gould and Eldredge claim that his theory agrees with the large
discontinuities that manifest the fossil record, which are no intermediate links. Neo-Darwinists, on the other hand, they say that both
views are compatible, so that punctuated equilibrium could be integrated within Darwinism: geneticists say, that made the synthetic
theory, and paleontologists proposed punctuated equilibrium, using two different time scales: the changes that take place over thousands
of generations seem sudden to fósil7 registration. Importantly punctuated equilibrium proposed by Gould and Eldredge Darwinian
explanations that are not but are evolutionists: the discussion is centered around the mechanisms of evolution, not about its existence.
5. Another theory that disagrees with Darwinism is the "neutrality" of Motoo Kimura, who proposed his theory
from 1967. Kimura says most of the genetic mutations that provide the material for the course have nothing to do
with advantages and disadvantages, and that therefore natural selection ranks main attribute Darwinists:
evolutionary changes should the "genetic drift" of genetic mutations that are equivalent from the point of view of
natural selection. Also in this case, Darwinists claim neutralism fits within his theory, although there are
discrepancies in interpretation.
Interestingly, in this context, the importance of "gene duplication", that is, the existence of copies of a single gene.
This allows genes 'liberated' are available to experience changes that may be important in future new circumstances.
So be understood that there may be significant changes that do not require the gradual accumulation of small
changes.
One of the greatest difficulties of evolution is, in fact, the explanation of new types of organizations that require
complex and coordinated multiple changes. In this current work are important about the "self-organization", such
as those by Stuart Kaufmann9. Theories is that, for now, are very hypothetical, that attempt to explain the origin
of evolutionary transformations based natural tendencies that we still know so very inadequate. Again, these
works are sometimes presented as opposed to Darwinism, but Darwinists claim that fit into their theory and, in
any case, are not critical to evolution, but attempts to provide deeper explanations of evolution.
6. The Origin of Species (1859) novel ideas.
The theory of evolution that Darwin postulated had an enormous impact on European thought in the second half of the nineteenth
century. The main arguments of the Origin of Species, published in 1859 are:
1. Biological types or species are not fixed or static existence but are constantly changing.
2. Life manifests as a constant struggle for existence and survival.
3. The struggle for survival causes organisms less adapted to a specific environment disappears and allows the best adapted to
reproduce, this process is called "natural selection."
4. Natural selection, development and evolution require an enormous amount of time, so long that a human life can not appreciate
these phenomena.
5. Genetic variations that produce increased survival probabilities are random and are not caused by God, or (as the religious thought)
or by the tendency of organisms to seek perfection (as proposed by Lamarck).
In addition to this book, Darwin wrote two more: Variations on domesticated plants and animals (1868) andThe Descent of Man
and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871).
Charles Darwin's work laid the foundation of modern evolutionary biology. And although it is now known that species have evolved
over time, yet it is unclear how this has happened.
7. CONTROVERSITY
The current dispute between the religious vision of life and the scientific explanation of evolution that Darwin was
somewhat expected, perhaps not with the violence that occurred. Four days before 'The Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection' went on sale, a review attacked the work for implying that man came from monkeys, and for believing
that man "born yesterday morning and perish ».
The idea that species changed over time was seething in the first half of the nineteenth century. See, like Darwin, the
various species of Galapagos finches, adapted to different ecological niches and needs of survival, suggesting that they all
came from a common ancestor, and had changed to suit different environments.
The idea of the transmutation of species was rejected by the religious establishment and favored by scientists. But he could
still be acceptable in religious vision. Leifchild, author of the review against Darwin, stated: "Why build another theory to
exclude the Deity of the acts of creation renewed? Why not admit once that new species were introduced by the creative
energy of the Almighty? "