This document is a journal club presentation by Usha Nepal that evaluates an article on farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding pesticide use in rural Ethiopia. It discusses the methodologies, findings, and implications of the study, emphasizing the need for improved safety practices among farmers and highlighting the article's significance. Critical appraisals of various sections such as the introduction, methods, results, and conclusion are also provided to ensure the credibility and relevance of the research.

1. Journal Club Presentation
Presented By:
Name: Usha Nepal
Roll No: 36
BPH, VIII Semester, SHAS, PU
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2. 12/16/2020 2Usha Nepal
Presented for the partial fulfillment of requirement
of
PHA 451 Journal Club/Health Seminar
of
Bachelor of Public Health, VIII Semester,
School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University
under the cardinal supervision of
Assistant Professor Dr. Hari Prasad Kaphle
By
Usha Nepal,
Symbol number: 17370213 ,
PU registration number: 2016-01-37-0137.

3. Selected Article for Presentation
• Gesesew HA, Woldemichael K, Massa D, Mwanri L. Farmers
Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Health Problems Associated with
Pesticide Use in Rural Irrigation Villages, Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS
ONE 11(9): e0162527. 2016;
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162527
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4. Journal Information
• PLOS ONE is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal
published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS) since 2006.
• It publishes the research of multidisciplinary, often interdisciplinary.
• It covers original research within natural sciences, medical research,
engineering as well as social sciences and humanities.
• All submitted articles must be in technical English and manuscript is
submitted through online.
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5. Contd…
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Title PLOS ONE
Publication Type Journal
Subject Area, Categories, Scope Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)
(Q1); Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
(miscellaneous) (Q1); Medicine (miscellaneous)
(Q1)
h-index 268
Overall Rank/Ranking 3781
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 1.1
Impact Factor 2.87 (2019-2020)
Country United States
ISSN 19326203
Cited by 222484 articles during last 3 years (preceding 2018)

6. Contd…
Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Joerg Heber, Editorial Director
Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Emily Chenette
• The editorial board is powered by thousands of academic experts from
all over the world.
• The editors make decisions on submissions based on scientific rigor
and high ethical standards.
• It uses single blind peer review. Reviewers are unknown unless they
choose to identify themselves by signing their name to their review in
submission system.
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7. Contd…
• The frequency of publication depends upon the acceptance of articles.
• Acceptance Rate: 60.2%
• Its publication fees are payable and subject to change and billed upon
acceptance of articles.
• The average article processing time is :
- Time to 1st Editorial decision (Rejection or Peer review): 14 days
- Time to 1st decision: 44 days
- Time to accept: 144 days
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8. Contd…
The articles are indexed in following sites:
• AGRICOLA
• EMBASE
• MEDLINE/PubMed/Index Medicus
• Scopus
• Chemical Abstract Service (CAS)
• Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA)
• GeoRef
• Google Scholar
• Web of Science
• Zoological Record
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9. Critical Appraisal of Journal
• It is open access and peer-reviewed journal.
• It publishes articles on the basis of quality of work, not whether it’s
trendy or important.
• It is paid journal but for low-and-middle income countries there is no
charge for publication.
• The article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License.
• The submission guideline is given.
• More than 20,000 new authors joining this journal community every
year in over 200 research areas.
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10. Title of Article
Farmers Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Health Problems
Associated with Pesticide Use in Rural Irrigation Villages, Southwest
Ethiopia
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11. Critical Appraisal of Title
• The title of this article looks catchy with appropriate words.
• It is meaningful and complete in itself.
• The title gives an idea about the study aims and its objectives.
• It does not reflect the idea of study design.
• It does not indicate study population and study setting.
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12. Authors
1. Hailay Abrha Gesesew
• Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
• Discipline of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health
Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
2. Kifle Woldemichael
• Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
3. Desalegn Massa
• Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
4. Lillian Mwanri
• Discipline of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health
Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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13. Some detail information about authors
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Authors Hailay
Abrha
Gesesew
Kifle
Woldemich
ael
Desalegn
Massa
Lillian
Mwanri
Publication 108 56 5 164
Citation 7398 921 112 1336
Reads 70344 - - 16175

14. Critical Appraisal of Authors
• The article is published by the four authors mentioning their
affiliation.
• Data are available upon request to the corresponding author.
• Email address of the corresponding author is also provided.
• Author’s credentials and area of expertise is also mentioned.
• The past experience of the authors is not given in this article.
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15. Abstract
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16. Critical Appraisal of Abstract
• The abstract is structured and informative following heading like
Background, Methods, Results and Conclusions.
• It is complete in its contents giving the gist of the whole text.
• The information giving in abstract matches with the whole text.
• The abstract is of appropriate length (neither too short nor too long)
i.e. as per the submission guideline.
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17. Introduction
• Pesticides are extremely used for a variety of purposes in Ethiopia.
• The occurrence of poisoning for farmers is highly reported due to
unsafe handling practices and their usage.
• A significant number of people are died annually worldwide due to
consequences of pesticides exposure.
• Short-term complications such as acute pesticide poisoning and long-
term health effects such as carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting
properties have been reported in farming community.
• The factors contributing for morbidity and mortality of pesticide
exposure includes inadequate knowledge, inappropriate use of PPE,
improper storage of pesticide, lack of practices etc.
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18. Contd…
• Majority of farmers considered careful handling is more important
than using PPE and few believed in working with pesticides means
nothing at all.
• Pesticides can cause potential harm to human, animals and
environment if used incorrectly.
• Several strategies have been recommended to prevent pesticide
exposures including having appropriate knowledge and attitudes
towards safe use of pesticides, safe practices, understanding of labels
etc.
• Aim: To assess knowledge, attitudes, practices and health problems
associated with pesticides use among irrigation farmers in Southwest,
Ethiopia.
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19. Critical Appraisal of Introduction
• The introduction is structured and presented logically under three parts
i.e. Opening, Body and Termination.
• It is built on existing literature.
• All the citations are followed with the correct references in the list of
the references.
• The introduction has presented the need for the study and has not
mentioned the research question or hypothesis.
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20. Materials and Methods
• A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Jimma
Zone, Southwest Ethiopia.
• 796 irrigation farmers were selected as respondents from 20 kebeles
(lowest administration unit) through multistage sampling technique.
• Data were collected via face-to-face interview using pretested and
structured questionnaire.
• Descriptive statistic like mean, median, standard deviation, range and
inferential statistic analysis like logistic regression were performed.
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21. Contd…
• The sample size is calculated using single population proportion
formula.
• 95% confidence interval, 5% margin of error, 5% estimated non
response rate, design effect of 2 was assumed to calculate the sample
size.
• Epidata version 3.1 and SPSS version 21 were used for data entry and
analysis respectively.
• The study was approved by IRB of college of health sciences at Jimma
University, Southwest Ethiopia.
• The study proposed verbal consent and written consent.
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22. Critical Appraisal of Materials and Methods
• The sample represents the whole irrigation farmers of the Jimma Zone,
Southwest Ethiopia.
• 20 kebeles with high coverage of irrigation were chosen but no
explanation for not choosing the low coverage of irrigation.
• Both descriptive and inferential statistic analysis were performed.
• Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with
attitudes of farmers towards safe use of pesticides.
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23. Contd…
• Design effect and non-response rate is mentioned.
• The respondents were head of the household but there is not
mentioned age limit for the participants.
• The confidentiality of data was ensured.
• Exclusion criteria is not mentioned in the article.
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24. Results
• Among total participants, 87.2% (95% CI, 84.8-89.6 %) knew
pesticides by name.
• 54.4 % (95 % CI, 50.7-58%) farmers knew at least one pest control
methods.
• Majority (53.7%) of the participants had positive attitudes towards
safe use of pesticides.
• 89.6% participants had ever used pesticides and 81.7% had used
pesticides for more than 3 years.
• Only 46.3% of respondents disposed empty pesticide containers and
12.6% reused them for storage of food items.
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25. Contd…
• The most used pesticides reported as DDT, diatomaceous earth,
Malathion etc.
• The most reported symptoms experienced by participants includes
headache, nausea and vomiting, skin rash, abdominal pain etc.
• Knowledge including each of the following: the names of the
pesticides (AOR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.25-0.67), methods of pest control
and use of gloves during pesticide exposure (AOR, 1.52; 95% CI,
1.07-2.16) was associated with farmers attitudes towards safe use of
pesticides.
• Nearly 42% of farmers had never used any PPE to protect against
pesticide exposure.
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26. Contd…
• Positive attitudes among farmers who didn’t know pesticides by their
name was lower than those who knew pesticides by their name.
• Positive attitudes towards safe use of pesticides among farmers who
were aware of reduction of pesticides exposure by using gloves was
higher than those who didn’t have awareness.
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27. Contd…
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Table 5: Factors associated with attitudes of farmers towards safe use of pesticides

28. Critical Appraisal of Results
• The results presented on tables in logical and comprehensible manner.
• The results are presented in both tables and text with the proper
explanation.
• The tables are numbered and titled properly.
• The tables are presenting both descriptive and inferential data with the
alignment of proper information.
• The results are presented on the basis of aim and objectives of the
study.
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29. Discussion
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30. Critical Appraisal of Discussion
• The discussion of this study is presented in a meaningful way.
• It highlights the important findings and explain finding of the study.
• The results are compared with existing literatures (i.e. 21) logically
and reasoned properly with explanation.
• It has mentioned limitation of the study i.e. farmers did not know the
name of pesticide and could report false answers.
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31. Conclusion
• The study supports in many points with the finding of previous
publications.
• The farmers had positive attitudes towards harmful effects of pesticide
to human health but their practices were poor.
• Knowledge about the name of pesticides and use of gloves to reduce
pesticide exposure had a significant association with the farmers
attitudes towards safe use of pesticides.
• One third of participants reported to have never used PPE during
pesticide application.
• The majority of the farmers were aware about the routes of pesticides
exposure including that exposure occurs through ingestion and
inhalation.
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32. Recommendations
The study gives the following recommendations:
• The availability of protective gears in Jimma Zone should be increased
and accessible to every farmers.
• Opportunities to safely discard and recycle empty containers should be
developed.
• Effective public health strategies should be developed to improve
farmer’s awareness.
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33. Contd…
• Introduction of bio-pesticides (eg. Bacteria, fungi and viruses) should
extensively be familiarized among farmers.
• Occupational health and safety should be integrated in agricultural
healthcare.
• Strategies should be developed for empowering economy to make
personal and environmental hygiene feasible.
• Information should be provided to every farmers to develop Integrated
Pest Management.
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34. Critical Appraisal of Conclusion and
Recommendations
• The conclusion of the study are presented meaningfully following the
results of the study.
• It presents the aims and objectives of the study.
• The conclusion and recommendation are reliable as it is based on the
results.
• It has mentioned the idea to tackle with the problems drawn from the
study.
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35. References
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36. Critical Appraisal of References
• The references are presented in Vancouver referencing style.
• All references for every citations in the study are properly cited.
• The references are reliable.
• 33 references are cited in the study.
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37. Strengths
• The article is published in reputed journal i.e. PLOS ONE.
• The article has 41 save, 27 citation, 11,744 view and 2 share.
• The results from the study helps to take actions and improve
awareness among framers.
• The taken sample represents the whole Population of interest.
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38. Contd…
• The information presented are reliable and findings are need and
objectives based.
• It opens floor for new research studies.
• The article is funded by Global Disaster Preparedness Center (GDPC)
and Response 2 Resilience (R2R).
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39. Weaknesses
• If the keywords were also mentioned in the abstract, it would have
been more easy to understand the terms mentioned in the study.
• The study was conducted between March 15 to 30 which may be very
short period for study and it can be one of the weakness of the study.
• If the sample size calculation was given by showing with formula then
it would have been more easy to understand.
• The study can not be generalized in all settings because the study takes
sample population only from the high coverage of irrigation sites.
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40. Overall Significance of the Article
• The overall research article is found to be very significant and the
findings presented are believable and reliable.
• The article is easy to understand with proper explanation.
• The study gives a new idea and opens floor for new research.
• New research question is generated. “what are the factors associated
between pesticide exposure and safe use of pesticide practices among
farmers?’’
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41. Contribution of article for my research
Title of my research: Knowledge of Pesticide Use and Safety Practices
among Farmers of Nijgadh Municipality
• This research article is related to my research title so it helps to give
idea and provide framework for conducting my research.
• The article helps in literature review.
• The methodology of this article provides direction for my research
methodology.
• Some of the questions of this article can be used for my
questionnaires.
• The references presented in this article are also helpful.
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42. Questions?
Suggestions?
Feedback?
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43. Thank You 
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