The document summarizes key points from a presentation given by Richard Raymond, M.D. at the National Institute for Animal Agriculture on November 12, 2013. Some of the main topics discussed include: a decrease in reported foodborne illnesses over the last decade despite increased media coverage of outbreaks; perceptions versus realities regarding antibiotic use and resistance on farms; the roles and oversight of the FDA regarding antibiotic use; and data from monitoring programs showing many important antibiotics remain effective treatments.
MaxiChick™ is the patented combination of two scientifically proven DSM products (Hy•D® and Carophyll® Red) that complement each other to boost the productivity of the breeder flock. An efficient source of Vitamin D3 and carotenoids for pigmentation are the two compounds of MaxiChick.
To find out more about DSM's work on poultry visit us on:http://www.dsm.com/markets/anh/en_US/species/species-poultry.html
Or why not speak to a specialist on Twitter: @goldenyolk
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats of government goat development farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study included 50 black Bengal breed of which 30 were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 on the basis of their weight and egg count. Twenty black Bengal goats of 13-15 month old irrespective of sex infested with gastrointestinal nematodes were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into four equal groups (group A, B, C and D) where each group consisted of 5 goats and goats of group D were kept as control group. One injectable ivermectin (200μgkg-1 body weight, S/C) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited, Bangladesh) and two solid fenbendazole, albendazole (7.5 mgkg-1 body weight, orally) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh) were used for positive control of gastrointestinal nematodes as group A, B and C. Goats of group D was kept as control without giving any treatment. Before trials (day 0), total egg count, blood samples and initial body weight were recorded. During the study period the faecal and blood samples were collected directly from rectum and examined on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day using McMaster fecal egg counting method. Body weight were recorded on day 28 following the treatments. The results of the comparative efficacies of different anthelmintic of ivermectin was 100%, followed by fenbendazole 95.33% and albendazole 90.11%. McMaster fecal egg counting method disclose the percentage of Haemonchus spp. (15.38%), with Trichostrongylus spp, Strongyloides spp., and Cooperia spp. also present. The body weight of the treated animals were slightly increased which were significant (p<0.05). After treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) content and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p>0.05 and p<0.01) in goats but Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p>0.05) in all treated goat and body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01) on day 28. The farm management practices along with results of the present study revealed the efficacy of multiple anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Additional detailed studies are required to clarify the current status of the efficacy of the anthelmintics widely used in different agro ecologies, animal species, and livestock management systems in Bangladesh
Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeuticsBhoj Raj Singh
All AMR Control programs aim for improving antibiotic stewardship & finding alternative antimicrobials with an aim to reduce antibiotic use. The present presentation (delivered at the one-week Short-term Training Course organized by ICAR-IVRI Regional Station, Palampur to the field Veterinarians) summarises the possible antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics.
Dr. Leah Dorman - Antibiotic Free (ABF), No Antibiotics Ever (NAE) - What’s I...John Blue
Antibiotic Free (ABF), No Antibiotics Ever (NAE) - What’s It to Me? - Dr. Leah Dorman, Director, Food Integrity & Consumer Engagement, Phibro Animal Health, from the 2016 NIAA Annual Conference: From Farm to Table - Food System Biosecurity for Animal Agriculture, April 4-7, 2016, Kansas City, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2016_niaa_farm_table_food_system_biosecurity
MaxiChick™ is the patented combination of two scientifically proven DSM products (Hy•D® and Carophyll® Red) that complement each other to boost the productivity of the breeder flock. An efficient source of Vitamin D3 and carotenoids for pigmentation are the two compounds of MaxiChick.
To find out more about DSM's work on poultry visit us on:http://www.dsm.com/markets/anh/en_US/species/species-poultry.html
Or why not speak to a specialist on Twitter: @goldenyolk
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats of government goat development farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study included 50 black Bengal breed of which 30 were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 on the basis of their weight and egg count. Twenty black Bengal goats of 13-15 month old irrespective of sex infested with gastrointestinal nematodes were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into four equal groups (group A, B, C and D) where each group consisted of 5 goats and goats of group D were kept as control group. One injectable ivermectin (200μgkg-1 body weight, S/C) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited, Bangladesh) and two solid fenbendazole, albendazole (7.5 mgkg-1 body weight, orally) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh) were used for positive control of gastrointestinal nematodes as group A, B and C. Goats of group D was kept as control without giving any treatment. Before trials (day 0), total egg count, blood samples and initial body weight were recorded. During the study period the faecal and blood samples were collected directly from rectum and examined on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day using McMaster fecal egg counting method. Body weight were recorded on day 28 following the treatments. The results of the comparative efficacies of different anthelmintic of ivermectin was 100%, followed by fenbendazole 95.33% and albendazole 90.11%. McMaster fecal egg counting method disclose the percentage of Haemonchus spp. (15.38%), with Trichostrongylus spp, Strongyloides spp., and Cooperia spp. also present. The body weight of the treated animals were slightly increased which were significant (p<0.05). After treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) content and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p>0.05 and p<0.01) in goats but Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p>0.05) in all treated goat and body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01) on day 28. The farm management practices along with results of the present study revealed the efficacy of multiple anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Additional detailed studies are required to clarify the current status of the efficacy of the anthelmintics widely used in different agro ecologies, animal species, and livestock management systems in Bangladesh
Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeuticsBhoj Raj Singh
All AMR Control programs aim for improving antibiotic stewardship & finding alternative antimicrobials with an aim to reduce antibiotic use. The present presentation (delivered at the one-week Short-term Training Course organized by ICAR-IVRI Regional Station, Palampur to the field Veterinarians) summarises the possible antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics.
Dr. Leah Dorman - Antibiotic Free (ABF), No Antibiotics Ever (NAE) - What’s I...John Blue
Antibiotic Free (ABF), No Antibiotics Ever (NAE) - What’s It to Me? - Dr. Leah Dorman, Director, Food Integrity & Consumer Engagement, Phibro Animal Health, from the 2016 NIAA Annual Conference: From Farm to Table - Food System Biosecurity for Animal Agriculture, April 4-7, 2016, Kansas City, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2016_niaa_farm_table_food_system_biosecurity
Taking NIR beyond feedstuffs - analysis to enhance pork production profitabilityMilling and Grain magazine
Swine production has been facing substantial economic challenges in recent years, due to poor crop yields and increased competition for raw materials from the biofuel industry. As a consequence, feed prices have been variable and more industrial by-products have become available. At the same time, we have experienced increasing sustainability demands on animal production, for example to reduce nutrient release in effluent, while producing more and cheaper food for an increasing world population. All this has driven the swine industry to implement more professional, accurate and precise practises.
The Japanese egg market trends and expectations- Hatta, H. Presented at DSM Customer Event: Exploring the benefits of feed carotenoids for egg quality, Village Neuf, France, 2013.
Citotoxic effects of oxytetracycline's residues contained in pet foodSergio Canello
This study shows evidence of the citotoxicity of oxytetracycline's residues contained in the bones of animals intensively farmed. Some pet (and human) food producers also use bone's powder in their preparations, potentially harming pet's and human's health.
Ciprofloxacin resideu and their impact on Biomolecules n eggs of laying hens ...Sayed Koushik Ahamed
I have done this research on eggs for the welfare of mankind now i want to share my article for social awareness. I hope it will helps all researchers for their future further research.
Thank You
Assessment of Ginger and Black Pepper as Feed Additives on Growth Performance...Premier Publishers
This study examined the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets with ginger (Zingiber officinale L) and black pepper (Piper guineense Schum & Thonn) additives. A total of 240 day old unsexed Anak-2000 broiler chicks were allotted to four treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatment 1 was the control with no additive, Treatment 2 had 0.5% ginger powder, Treatment 3 had 0.5% black pepper powder, while Treatment 4 had a mixture of 0.25% ginger and 0.25% black pepper. From the results obtained, the ginger, black pepper and their combination diets were significantly different (p<0.05) in weight gain from the control diet, with the ginger diet recording the highest value of 2299.09g per bird, as against 1821.77g per bird from the control. Average feed intake was highest in the ginger diet with 5130.14g as against the control diet that had the least with 4420.71g. The ginger and combination diets gave better feed conversion ratio of 2.23 and 2.28 respectively, which was also significantly different from the control. Mortality recorded in the control treatment was highest with 5.00% and significantly different from the other treatments. Plucked weight of experimental birds was highest in diet 2 with 2165.53g and least in the control diet with 1710.31g. It can be concluded that the addition of the natural plant additives improved the measured parameters in comparison to the control diet and thus suggest that they hold considerable potential as growth promoting agents in broiler production.
Who is responsible for Emerging Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: Antibiotic Use...Bhoj Raj Singh
Antimicrobial resistance is an all-time serious problem and clinicians, veterinarians and livestock owners are often held responsible for its emergence and spread. In the presentation, bigger players of this dogma have been revealed.
Can proteases play a role in enteric health- Langhout, P. Presentation for Workshop 4, at the Feed Proteases and enzyme presentation, The Netherlands, 2014
Causes of Emergence of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: New Dimensions; & List ...Bhoj Raj Singh
Common Belief regarding the emergence of AMR is misuse & overuse of antibiotics in therapy and food production system. This presentation deals with the New Dimension of AMR revealing role of Producers, Distributors, Administrators and Regulators of Antibiotics in Indian perspective.
Effects of dietary thyme essential oil on hemato-immunological indices, intes...Inacio Mateus Assane
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TVEO) is a herbal medicine with one of the highest levels of antimicrobial activity. Although TVEO has been broadly used in poultry and swine production due to its immunostimulatory and growth-promoting characteristics, the effects of TVEO on fish are poorly characterized. In this study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) were fed 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1% TVEO for 15 days. Subsequently, blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and the population of Bacillus bacteria in the intestine were evaluated. The numbers of lymphocytes (p < 0.05) and leukocytes (p < 0.05) significantly increased in the blood of the fish fed the highest dose of TVEO. Based on the normal behavior of the fish and the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, which were not altered (p > 0.05), this study concluded that the diets were safe and showed no negative or toxic effects. Even at doses as high as 1%, TVEO did not alter the population of beneficial Bacillus bacteria in the gut. In conclusion, supplementation with TVEO stimulated the cellular components of the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia without causing deleterious effects or altering the population of important intestinal bacteria.
Dr. Richard Raymond - Food Safety & Antibiotics: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
Food Safety & Antibiotics: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Iowa Pork Congress, January 22-23, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-iowa-pork-congress
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 14-15, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-minnesota-pork-congress
Taking NIR beyond feedstuffs - analysis to enhance pork production profitabilityMilling and Grain magazine
Swine production has been facing substantial economic challenges in recent years, due to poor crop yields and increased competition for raw materials from the biofuel industry. As a consequence, feed prices have been variable and more industrial by-products have become available. At the same time, we have experienced increasing sustainability demands on animal production, for example to reduce nutrient release in effluent, while producing more and cheaper food for an increasing world population. All this has driven the swine industry to implement more professional, accurate and precise practises.
The Japanese egg market trends and expectations- Hatta, H. Presented at DSM Customer Event: Exploring the benefits of feed carotenoids for egg quality, Village Neuf, France, 2013.
Citotoxic effects of oxytetracycline's residues contained in pet foodSergio Canello
This study shows evidence of the citotoxicity of oxytetracycline's residues contained in the bones of animals intensively farmed. Some pet (and human) food producers also use bone's powder in their preparations, potentially harming pet's and human's health.
Ciprofloxacin resideu and their impact on Biomolecules n eggs of laying hens ...Sayed Koushik Ahamed
I have done this research on eggs for the welfare of mankind now i want to share my article for social awareness. I hope it will helps all researchers for their future further research.
Thank You
Assessment of Ginger and Black Pepper as Feed Additives on Growth Performance...Premier Publishers
This study examined the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets with ginger (Zingiber officinale L) and black pepper (Piper guineense Schum & Thonn) additives. A total of 240 day old unsexed Anak-2000 broiler chicks were allotted to four treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatment 1 was the control with no additive, Treatment 2 had 0.5% ginger powder, Treatment 3 had 0.5% black pepper powder, while Treatment 4 had a mixture of 0.25% ginger and 0.25% black pepper. From the results obtained, the ginger, black pepper and their combination diets were significantly different (p<0.05) in weight gain from the control diet, with the ginger diet recording the highest value of 2299.09g per bird, as against 1821.77g per bird from the control. Average feed intake was highest in the ginger diet with 5130.14g as against the control diet that had the least with 4420.71g. The ginger and combination diets gave better feed conversion ratio of 2.23 and 2.28 respectively, which was also significantly different from the control. Mortality recorded in the control treatment was highest with 5.00% and significantly different from the other treatments. Plucked weight of experimental birds was highest in diet 2 with 2165.53g and least in the control diet with 1710.31g. It can be concluded that the addition of the natural plant additives improved the measured parameters in comparison to the control diet and thus suggest that they hold considerable potential as growth promoting agents in broiler production.
Who is responsible for Emerging Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: Antibiotic Use...Bhoj Raj Singh
Antimicrobial resistance is an all-time serious problem and clinicians, veterinarians and livestock owners are often held responsible for its emergence and spread. In the presentation, bigger players of this dogma have been revealed.
Can proteases play a role in enteric health- Langhout, P. Presentation for Workshop 4, at the Feed Proteases and enzyme presentation, The Netherlands, 2014
Causes of Emergence of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance: New Dimensions; & List ...Bhoj Raj Singh
Common Belief regarding the emergence of AMR is misuse & overuse of antibiotics in therapy and food production system. This presentation deals with the New Dimension of AMR revealing role of Producers, Distributors, Administrators and Regulators of Antibiotics in Indian perspective.
Effects of dietary thyme essential oil on hemato-immunological indices, intes...Inacio Mateus Assane
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TVEO) is a herbal medicine with one of the highest levels of antimicrobial activity. Although TVEO has been broadly used in poultry and swine production due to its immunostimulatory and growth-promoting characteristics, the effects of TVEO on fish are poorly characterized. In this study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) were fed 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1% TVEO for 15 days. Subsequently, blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and the population of Bacillus bacteria in the intestine were evaluated. The numbers of lymphocytes (p < 0.05) and leukocytes (p < 0.05) significantly increased in the blood of the fish fed the highest dose of TVEO. Based on the normal behavior of the fish and the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, which were not altered (p > 0.05), this study concluded that the diets were safe and showed no negative or toxic effects. Even at doses as high as 1%, TVEO did not alter the population of beneficial Bacillus bacteria in the gut. In conclusion, supplementation with TVEO stimulated the cellular components of the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia without causing deleterious effects or altering the population of important intestinal bacteria.
Dr. Richard Raymond - Food Safety & Antibiotics: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
Food Safety & Antibiotics: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Iowa Pork Congress, January 22-23, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-iowa-pork-congress
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 14-15, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-minnesota-pork-congress
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
"Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 14-15, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-minnesota-pork-congress"
Antibiotic Resistance form food of animal origint- Debatable issueAsima Zehra
Contribution to the development of antibiotic resistance is multifactorial wherein human medicine plays a major role and food of animal origin are least to bother.
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics used in animals Raised for Food - Perceptio...John Blue
Antibiotics used in animals Raised for Food - Perception vs. reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, M.D., former U.S. Department of Agriculture Undersecretary for Food Safety, from the 2015 World Pork Expo, June 3 - 5, 2015, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-world-pork-expo
LATHERSVETERINARY MEDICINE IN PUBLIC HEALTHCOMMENTARY COMMENTA.docxcroysierkathey
LATHERSVETERINARY MEDICINE IN PUBLIC HEALTHCOMMENTARY COMMENTARY
Role of Veterinary Medicine in Public Health:
Antibiotic Use in Food Animals and Humans
and the Effect on Evolution of
Antibacterial Resistance
Claire M. Lathers, PhD, FCP
VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH: A FRONTIER IN
THE FIGHT AGAINST HUMAN DISEASE
Veterinary public health is another frontier in the fight
against human disease.1 The veterinary public health
scope includes the control and eradication of zoonoses,
diseases that are naturally transmitted between verte-
brate animals and man. These diseases pose a continu-
ous hazard to the health and welfare of the public.
There are more than 100 diseases categorized as
zoonoses, including salmonellosis. For example, ap-
proximately 20% of U.S. broiler chickens are contami-
nated with Salmonella, while more that 80% are con-
taminated with Campylobacter.2 The veterinary public
health scope, in addition to the control and eradication
of zoonoses, also includes the development and super-
vision of food hygiene practices, laboratory and re-
search activities, and education of the public.
ANTIBIOTIC USE IN FOOD ANIMALS AND
HUMANS AND THE EFFECT ON EVOLUTION
OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE
Antibiotic Use in Food Animals:
Therapeutic and Subtherapeutic
It is important to understand how antibiotics are used
in humans and in food animals and how these uses af-
J Clin Pharmacol 2001;41:595-599 595
From the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Veterinary
Medicine, Rockville, Maryland. This commentary represents the opinion of
the author and does not reflect policy of the FDA or the U.S. government.
Presented at the American College of Clinical Pharmacology Teaching Fo-
rum, chaired by David M. Benjamin, “Educational Issues in Clinical Phar-
macology: Updating the Curriculum for the New Millennium: Who Are Our
Audiences and What Are Their Specialized Needs? One Specialized
Need: Understanding the Role of Veterinary Medicine in Public Health,”
September 19, 2000. Address for reprints: Claire M. Lathers, PhD, FCP,
Director, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary
Medicine, Room 390, HFV-100, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD
Veterinary public health is another frontier in the fight
against human disease. The veterinary public health scope
includes the control and eradication of zoonoses, diseases
that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals
and man. These diseases pose a continuous hazard to the
health and welfare of the public. More than 100 diseases are
categorized as zoonoses, including salmonellosis. It is im-
portant to understand how antibiotics are used in humans
and in food animals and how these uses affect the evolution
of antibacterial resistance. Appropriate use of antibiotics for
food animals will preserve the long-term efficacy of existing
antibiotics, support animal health and welfare, and limit the
risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance to humans. An under-
standing of the ep ...
Randall Singer - Ensuring Healthy Animals and Food Safety – The Need to Prese...John Blue
Ensuring Healthy Animals and Food Safety – The Need to Preserve Antibiotics - Randall Singer, Ph.D, DVM, Associate Professor, Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, from the 2010 Animal Ag Alliance Stakeholder's Summit: Truth, Lies and Videotape: Is Activism Jeopardizing Our Food Security?, April 28 - 29, 2010, Washington, DC, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/home/conference/2010-animal-ag-alliance-stakeholders-summit
NRDC ISSUe brIeF
Playing Chicken with Antibiotics:
Previously Undisclosed FDA Documents Show Antibiotic Feed Additives Don’t Meet the Agency’s Own Safety Standards
The Use Of Antibiotic In Food Producing Animals ,Dina m.
what is antibiotic, Why are antibiotics used in food-producing animals?, Which antibiotics used in food-producing animals are related to antibiotics used in humans?
The use of antimicrobial in humans and animals, the consequences of this use, the political and economic barriers to improve prudent use and possible solutions for this problem.
The Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future Capitol Hill Briefing: Antibiot...Johns Hopkins University
On 12/2/09 on Capitol Hill, leading experts in economics, public health and public policy and Rep. Louise Slaughter (D-NY), a leading voice on antibiotic resistance, discussed the impact of resistant infections on the U.S. healthcare system and the need to phase out inappropriate use of antibiotics as growth promoters in the production of food animals. The Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future (CLF) hosted the event with Rep. Slaughter. This is a complication of the panelists' presentations.
updated statistics about antimicrobial resistance,causes and mechanism of antimicrobial resistances, national antimicrobial policy, national antimicrobial surveillance, new delhi b metallo-lactamase-1 bacteria
Dr. Peter Davies - Antibiotic Use In Swine Production - Where Is It At And Wh...John Blue
Antibiotic Use In Swine Production - Where Is It At And Where Is It Going? - Dr. Peter Davies, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material
Environmental Debate Do Antibiotics in Livestock Harm Humans.docxkhanpaulita
Environmental Debate: Do Antibiotics in Livestock Harm Humans?
Issues and Background
“Antimicrobial resistance is a public health problem of growing urgency. Mounting evidence is
confirming the view, long held in the public health community, that antimicrobial use in animals
can substantially reduce the efficacy of the human antimicrobial arsenal. Now is the time to act
to curb the overuse of antimicrobials in animals.” Union of Concerned Scientists (Hogging It:
Estimates of Antimicrobial Abuse in Livestock. 2001. M. Mellon, C. Benbrook, and K. L.
Benbrook; http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/food_and_agriculture/hog_front.pdf
“Animal antibiotics make our food supply safer and people healthier [and] are a critical tool to
prevent, control and treat disease in animals. In doing so, they also reduce the chance of
bacterial transmission from animals to humans [and produce] the safest food possible.” The
Animal Health Institute; (www.ahi.org)
Imagine that you get pneumonia and end up in the hospital, but the antibiotics you are given no
longer work. Or imagine that a loved one is suffering from malaria, but none of the anti-malaria
drugs being given are working. Or suppose terrorists release anthrax, but antibiotics cannot stop
people from getting sick or dying. These terrifying scenarios can happen because a growing
number of bacteria and other pathogens are becoming resistant (“superbugs”) to our most
powerful antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance develops in two ways: when medicines are overused
or used incorrectly, and from increased antibiotic use in animals we raise for food. Bacteria and
other pathogens that become resistant to the antibiotics used in livestock can remain on meat that
is spread to humans when handled or not cooked properly. If a person gets sick or develops an
infection, antibiotics will not work on the drug-resistant bacteria. As antibiotics lose their
effectiveness, doctors will be less able to fight infections, diseases, or infectious complications
due to chemotherapy, dialysis, organ transplants and surgery. Alternate antibiotics, if they are
even available, can be more dangerous, expensive and less effective. The CDC believes that
antimicrobial resistance is one of our most serious health threats—affecting 2 million people in
the U.S., and killing 23,000 each year. Longer hospital stays, costlier treatments and increased
disabilities cost $20 billion each year in healthcare costs, and $35 billion in lost productivity.
Why do we give antimicrobials or antibiotics to the animals we raise for food? Antimicrobials
kill or inhibit microorganisms, and antibiotics are antimicrobials produced by one microorganism
that kills or inhibits other microorganisms. Many antimicrobials used on livestock, such as
tetracycline, bacitracin, penicillins and sulfonamides are used in humans to treat pneumonia,
scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, venereal diseases, plague and anthrax. .
Jordan Hoewischer - OACI Farmer Certification ProgramJohn Blue
OACI Farmer Certification Program - Jordan Hoewischer, Ohio Farm Bureau, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Fred Yoder - No-till and Climate Change: Fact, Fiction, and IgnoranceJohn Blue
No-till and Climate Change: Fact, Fiction, and Ignorance - Fred Yoder, Former President, National Corn Growers Association, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. John Grove - Fifty Years Of No-till Research In KentuckyJohn Blue
Fifty Years Of No-till Research In Kentucky - Dr. John Grove, Univerity of Kentucky, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Warren Dick - Pioneering No-till Research Since 1962John Blue
Pioneering No-till Research Since 1962 - Dr. Warren Dick, OSU-OARDC (retired), from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Christine Sprunger - The role that roots play in building soil organic ma...John Blue
The role that roots play in building soil organic matter and soil health - Dr. Christine Sprunger, OSU - SENR, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Leonardo Deiss - Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends afte...John Blue
Stratification, the Role of Roots, and Yield Trends after 60 years of No-till - Dr. Leonardo Deiss, OSU, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Steve Culman - No-Till Yield Data AnalysisJohn Blue
No-Till Yield Data Analysis - Dr. Steve Culman, OSU Soil Fertility Extension Specialist, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Alan Sundermeier and Dr. Vinayak Shedekar - Soil biological Response to BMPs John Blue
Soil biological Response to BMPs - Alan Sundermeier, OSU Extension, and Dr. Vinayak Shedekar, USDA-ARS, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Curtis Young - Attracting And Protecting PollinatorsJohn Blue
Attracting And Protecting Pollinators - Dr. Curtis Young, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Sarah Noggle - Cover Crop Decision Tool SelectorJohn Blue
Cover Crop Decision Tool Selector - Sarah Noggle, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Hemp Regulations - Jim Belt, ODA, Head of Hemp for Ohio, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
John Barker - UAVs: Where Are We And What's NextJohn Blue
UAVs: Where Are We And What's Next - John Barker, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Rajbir Bajwa - Medical uses of MarijuanaJohn Blue
Medical uses of Marijuana - Dr. Rajbir Bajwa, Coordinator of legal medical marijuana sales, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Jeff Stachler - Setting up a Corn and Soybean Herbicide Program with Cove...John Blue
Setting up a Corn and Soybean Herbicide Program with Cover Crops - Dr. Jeff Stachler, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Chad Penn - Developing A New Approach To Soil Phosphorus Testing And Reco...John Blue
Developing A New Approach To Soil Phosphorus Testing And Recommendations - Dr. Chad Penn, USDA-ARS, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Jim Hoorman - Dealing with Cover Crops after Preventative PlantingJohn Blue
Dealing with Cover Crops after Preventative Planting - Jim Hoorman, Hoorman Soil Health Services, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Sjoerd Duiker - Dealing with Poor Soil Structure and Soil Compaction John Blue
Dealing with Poor Soil Structure and Soil Compaction - Dr. Sjoerd Duiker, Extension Agronomist, Penn State University, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Christine Brown - Canadian Livestock Producers Efforts to Improve Water QualityJohn Blue
Canadian Livestock Producers Efforts to Improve Water Quality - Christine Brown, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Dr. Lee Briese - Details Matter (includes details about soil, equipment, cove...John Blue
Details Matter (includes details about soil, equipment, cover crops...) - Dr. Lee Briese, North Dakota, 2017 International Crop Adviser of the Year, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics Used In Animals Raised for Food
1. National Institute for Animal Agriculture
“Bridging the Gap Between Animal
Health and Human Health”
Kansas City. MO
November 12, 2013
Richard Raymond, M.D.
2.
Foodborne Illnesses down 29% in last decade
Media hits for foodborne illness outbreaks up
150% in last decade
Media hits for recalls of food up 250% in last
decade ( Peanut Corporation of America;
Wright Egg Farms; Jensen Family Farms;
Hallmark/Westland; Salinas Valley Spinach
farm)
Pink Slime/Foster Farms
Consumers view technology as bad business
3.
4.
Perception: CAFOs are bad, and cause an
increased risk of a foodborne illness from
consuming meat and poultry and necessitate the
frequent use antibiotics to control infections.
Reality: Trichinosis in pork is history, no more
Brucellosis and Tuberculosis from drinking milk,
Salmonella is more common on free range chicken
carcasses and E coli O157:H7 foodborne illnesses
are down nearly 50%.
Salmonella testing by FSIS on young chickens was
at 2.7% last quarter, down from 16% in 2005
5.
Antibiotics are antimicrobials that are actually
produced by a microorganism and can kill or
inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.
EXAMPLE: Penicillin from the Penicillium fungi
used against many bacteria.
Most antibiotics, like penicillin, are used to kill
or inhibit reproduction in bacteria, but that is
not a requirement to meet the definition.
EXAMPLE: Monensin from Streptomyces
cinnamonensis used commonly to prevent
parasitic diseases such as Coccidiosis .
6.
By strictest definition, only 75% of
antimicrobials used against microorganisms
are antibiotics, the rest are synthetic
compounds.
But since congresswoman Slaughter, the Pew
Charitable Trust, the Consumers Union, etc., all
lump them all together when they claim 80% of
antibiotics sold in the U.S. are used in perfectly
healthy animals raised for food, I will lump
them together also for today‟s discussion.
7.
When an organism that was susceptible to an
antibiotic is no longer killed or its growth
suspended by the same antibiotic.
How resistance develops is not totally
understood but it is probably a DNA change,
that may be spontaneous by accident, may be a
result of exposure to an antibiotic or may be
from transfer of DNA from another microbe.
Reality: No antibiotic is guaranteed to kill
100% of pathogens causing an illness. Some
will develop resistance and survive and pass
on the resistance
8.
Treatment of infectious diseases (antibiotics
only to sick animals)
Control of infectious diseases (disease is
present in members of the flock or herd)
Prevention of infectious diseases (there is a
known disease risk, such as weather, weaning,
disease in neighboring herd or flock, etc.)
Growth promotion/Feed efficiency (Maximize
production from animals, at least cost)
9.
Treatment of sick individuals
Control: Administration of antibiotics to
students sharing a class room or dormitory
setting with a student diagnosed with bacterial
meningitis (low dose, not sub-therapeutic dose)
Prevention: Administration of an antibiotic to a
person with an artificial heart valve before
undergoing a dental procedure to prevent
endocarditis (low dose, not sub-therapeutic
dose)
10.
A low dose may prevent an infection in the
herd or flock
Without a prevention or control dose, illnesses
may result requiring higher doses of antibiotics
for a longer time to a larger number of animals
Is “low dose use” or “high dose use” more
likely to cause resistance? We don‟t know.
The Danish experience in prohibiting antibiotic
use as growth promoters resulted in a 110%
increase in total antibiotics prescribed by
DVMs, nearly 75% of all abx sold
12.
Sometimes terms such as “non-therapeutic” or
“sub-therapeutic” are inappropriately used by
groups to describe the use of antimicrobials in
animals to promote growth, prevent disease,
control disease and to improve feed efficiency.
The FDA and the American Veterinary Medical
Association do not use these terms as they are
incorrect describers of an FDA approved use and
approved dosage for the intended results.
Perception: The inappropriate use of
“subtherapeutic” is intended to deceive and paint
a bad picture of Animal Ag practices
13.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA):
Regulates antimicrobial use and collects data on
sales. Has authority to remove a product from use
for food producing animals if a danger is felt to be
present in human health, as it did in 2005 when it
announced that enrofloxacin could no longer be
used in poultry and banned all off label use in food
animals and in 2012 when it took similar action for
cephalosporins. Has also limited or prohibited use
of Methicillin, Vancomycin, Cipro, and
aminoglycosides to protect human health.
Establishes Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for
antibiotics in meat and poultry
14.
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring
System (NARMS) was established by HHS,
USDA and the CDC to perform research and
provide information about antimicrobial
resistance in humans, animals and retail meats.
15.
National Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring System
(NARMS) February retail meat report
Ampicillin resistance in Salmonella is increasing
Ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter is down
from 29% to 18% since FDA banned its use in 2005
“No isolates were resistant to Vancomycin or
Linezolid. These are classes of drugs of critical
importance in human medicine but not used in
food animal production.” FDA in NARMS report
“no flouroquinolone resistance in Salmonella from
any source. This is the drug of choice……” FDA
16.
Macrolide resistance in Campylobacter
remained low at 4.3% for C coli and 0.5% for C
jejuni. Macrolides are the drugs of choice to
treat Campylobacter.
Multi-drug resistance (MDR) increased in
Salmonella while remaining very rare in
Campylobacter but exposure was the same.
Nalidixic Acid ( A Quinolone banned for use in
poultry in 2005) resistance in E coli in turkey
dropped from 10% to 1%
17.
“We do not believe the EWG fully considered
important factors”
“NARMS data indicates that first-line
treatments for all four bacteria that we track are
still effective.”
“We believe EWG is inaccurate and alarmist to
define bacteria resistance to one, or even a few,
antimicrobials as „superbugs‟ if these bacteria
are treatable by other commonly used
antibiotics.”
18.
Congresswoman Slaughter‟s response to the
NARMS report: “We are standing on the
Brink of a Public Health Disaster.”
“Without some knowledge of the scientific
process, people tend to be whipsawed by
speculation, pseudo-science and preliminary
hints, many of which are contradictory.”
(Angell-Science on Trial)
19.
Provides 2 principles surrounding proposed
modification in use of medically important abx:
*Limits use of antibiotics to necessary for assuring
animal health and not performance:
< Judicious=therapeutic uses only (prevention,
control and treatment)
<
Injudicious=performance uses (no longer allowed)
Therapeutic use needs to include veterinary
oversight or consultation (accompanied by
marketing status change from Over The Counter
(OTC) to Veterinary Feeding Directive (VFD)
20.
Specific direction for drug sponsors on how to
make voluntary changes to the status of their
products such as:
1. voluntary removal of performance
indications and change in marketing status
2. Sponsor can seek new therapeutic
indications at current doses
Must notify of intent within 90 days of final
publication of GFI #213
21.
22.
“Over 80% of all antibiotics sold in the United
States are given to perfectly healthy animals
raised for food.”
(Congresswoman Slaughter, Pew Charitable
Trust, multiple media and bloggers.
“All antibiotics administered to animals raised
for food are given under the direct supervision
and direction of a Doctor of Veterinary
medicine” (US Farmers and Ranchers Alliance
and others)
25.
FDA does not agree with the 80% often cited by
Congresswoman Slaughter and others
Misleading as it represents sales, not use, and
not all abx sold are given to animals
Any number cited includes companion animals
and treatment of disease. (FDA footnote #2)
Numbers are in kilograms, and some
antibiotics are given in 10 mg doses, and others
in 1 gram doses.
26.
27.
FDA report on all antibiotics sold or distributed in
2011 for use in “food-producing animals”:
Ionophores 28.3% (30% in 2012)
(not used in human medicine at all)
Tetracyclines 41.5% (Of very limited use in human
medicine with many better choices available)
NIR 12% (Most not used in human medicine)
Cephalosporins 0.2% (Of critical importance to
human medicine, and limited to therapeutic
treatment only in animals)
Flouroquinolones 0.1% (Same limits as Ceph.)
28. Animal vs. Human Use
Little Overlap
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
82% of the total
volume sold for
animals
68% of the total
volume sold for
humans
Animal
Human
30.
Oxy- and chlortetracycline first used in late
1940s and most bacteria became resistant early
Limited use as a second line drug for Bubonic
Plague, Lyme Disease, Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever and Acne
Macrolides (Erythromycin—Z-Pak) would be
the drug of choice for the above.
Bacteriostatic, 4 times per day dosing 2 hours
before and after meals or dairy (O‟Neill story)
Less than 1% of human sales for BT stockpiles
31.
Staphylococcal aureus was discovered in 1880
Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Fleming and
first mass produced in 1944 for the Army preNormandy
By 1950, 40% of hospital isolates of S aureus were
Penicillin resistant
By 1960, 80% of S aureus isolates were resistant
Methicillin was introduced in 1959 to treat
Penicillin resistant Staph infections
MRSA was first reported in 1960
33% of those in this room have S aureus in their
nasal cavities—1.5% have MRSA
32.
For four decades MRSA was only acquired in
hospital settings
Beginning around 2000 more ill patients were
now treated as outpatients and MRSA became
community acquired
Hospital acquired MRSA is down 28% from
2005-2008
Community acquired is down 17% same time
CDC: “Community acquired MRSA is
primarily limited to skin infections with no
long term care implications.
33.
Why not? We share an environmental
ecosystem, but do they give it to us, or did we
give it to them?
Even if some are colonized by working with
animals, no one in the US has ever been known
to become ill with livestock-acquired MRSA
75% of all new human infections are
zoonotic, coming from animal contact.
Infections like monkey pox, West Nile
Virus, Hanta virus, Bird Flu etc. This is not a
new phenomenon!!!!
34.
Some say Strep Throat will once again kill
children because of the use of penicillin in
animals, yet plain old penicillin is still the drug
of choice for Strep Throat, Syphillis and many
other gram positive infections.
Resistance has not developed in these bacteria
for reasons unknown to our top scientists
despite penicillin being used for over 60 years
to treat these infections
35.
Any bacteria with resistance to multiple antibiotics
leaving limited or no options to treat, such as:
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcal aureus (MRSA)
[Not just Meth, but all B-lactams)
Extremely Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
mycobacterium (EDRTB)
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) [20% of
nosocomial infections]
Vancomycin Resistant Staph aureus (VRSA)
Clostridium difficile
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
36.
Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcal aureus
(VRSA) is one of the newest, and the resistance
is not because of overuse or misuse in animal
or human health that many suggest are the
primary reasons for antibiotic resistance.
Vancomycin is only used for life threatening
infections and always under the direct
guidance of a health care professional yet Staph
has once again found a way to protect itself.
37.
According to the Infectious Disease Society of
America, the prior list of superbugs had no
food-borne or animal connections.
Others, like Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR)
Salmonella, may have connections with food
and antibiotic use animals but these are not
superbugs.
38.
Perception: The February NARMS report stated
that MDR Salmonella was increasing in percentage.
Those against the slaughter of animals for food
acted enraged and alarmed.
Reality: The February NARMs report shows that
for retail chicken and ground turkey, the four most
common antibiotics that Salmonella showed
resistance to were
tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and
penicillin
Reality: None of these drugs would be used to
treat a Salmonella infection. Macrolides,
Bactrim DS and quinolones are first line antibiotics
for foodborne illnesses and still work.
41.
From the CDC‟s September, 2013, press release
accompanying the over 100 page report:
“The use of antibiotics is the single most
important factor leading to antibiotic resistance
around the world. Antibiotics are among the
most commonly prescribed drugs used in
human medicine. However, up to half of the
antibiotic use in humans…. is unnecessary or
inappropriate.”
3-4 pages on use of antibiotics in animals
www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf
42.
“Debate over the amounts sold or used is
diversionary: it is not the main issue in the public
health debate about antibiotic resistance”
(Ron Phillips, Animal Health Institute)
“The issue shouldn‟t be the amount or frequency
of antimicrobials used. The real issues are:
1. the judicious use of antimicrobials and
2. is there a significant impact on human health ?”
(AVMA)
43.
Perception: The Animal Agriculture industry
is being painted as irresponsible and
inappropriate users of massive amounts of
antibiotics in healthy animals, when in fact:
Reality: The current uses and doses of
antibiotics in animals have been
approved by the FDA as appropriate.
44.
Statement from Ron DeHaven, DVM and
Executive Vice President and CEO of the
American Veterinary Medical Association:
“When policy regarding the judicious
and safe use of antibiotics in food
producing animals is being debated and
formulated, it should be based on
biological science, not political science.”
Editor's Notes
The claim that the vast majority of the most "medically important" antibiotics are used in animals is not supported by the data. FDA cautions against comparing animal and human antibiotic sales numbers: “It is very difficult to compare the animal and human reports in any meaningful way.”