Cancer and its types, all tumours are not cancer, cancer, diagnosis of cancer, how cancer differ, how cancer spread, how cancer start, how normal cells act
Cancer Epidemiology, Risk factors for most common types, mortality, prevention and yeild of cancer prevention. gender, geography, infections, tobacco, environmental riskk factors.
A brief description on cancer.Cancer – a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells,Some topics are genesis of cancer,types of cancer,causes of cancer like Heredity,Immunity,Chemical,Physical,Viral Bacterial,Lifestyle.
,sign&symptom:*Change in bowel habits or bladder function,*Sores that do not heal,*Unusual bleeding or discharge,*Thickening or lump in breast or other parts of the body,Indigestion or trouble swallowing,*Recent change in a wart or mole,Nagging cough or hoarseness,
diagnosis and staging,treatment:Surgery,Radiation,Chemotherapy,Immunotherapy,Hormone therapy, Gene therapy,side effect of cancer treatment,prevention of cancer
Brca2 mutation and their influence to cancergalinayakubova
brca2 mutation and their influence to cancer . and also the types of cancers caused by them. also mentions management and risk factors and classic pedigree of brca2 mutation. also mentions statistics of brca1 and brca2
Breast Cancer Awareness Conversation Starters Series by iStudentNurseiStudentNurse.com
The 'Conversation Starters' is a series by iStudentNurse designed to promote discussions about life-saving awareness topics. Composed by a team of RNs, it draws upon the latest evidence-based research to provide a summary of the most crucial breast cancer awareness concepts. While designed as a lecture outline for nursing students, the Breast Cancer Awareness presentation is also of value to patients, survivors, and healthcare professionals. Topics addressed include: pathophysiology, etiology, epidemiology, risk factors, genetic testing/counseling, the 3 Tiers of Early Detection, screening and diagnostic methods, and treatment modalities (surgery, chemo, radiation, and endocrine therapy). The self-breast exam (SBE) is described step-by-step. Additionally, an example nursing care plan for a post-operative mastectomy is provided, which describes nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. Happy Student Nursing!
An intensive material on the anticancer agents. Detailed idea of the various classes of anticancer and recent advances in each class. Newer anticancer drug delivery systems and the anticancer vaccines are also dealt in detail.
Cancer and its types, all tumours are not cancer, cancer, diagnosis of cancer, how cancer differ, how cancer spread, how cancer start, how normal cells act
Cancer Epidemiology, Risk factors for most common types, mortality, prevention and yeild of cancer prevention. gender, geography, infections, tobacco, environmental riskk factors.
A brief description on cancer.Cancer – a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells,Some topics are genesis of cancer,types of cancer,causes of cancer like Heredity,Immunity,Chemical,Physical,Viral Bacterial,Lifestyle.
,sign&symptom:*Change in bowel habits or bladder function,*Sores that do not heal,*Unusual bleeding or discharge,*Thickening or lump in breast or other parts of the body,Indigestion or trouble swallowing,*Recent change in a wart or mole,Nagging cough or hoarseness,
diagnosis and staging,treatment:Surgery,Radiation,Chemotherapy,Immunotherapy,Hormone therapy, Gene therapy,side effect of cancer treatment,prevention of cancer
Brca2 mutation and their influence to cancergalinayakubova
brca2 mutation and their influence to cancer . and also the types of cancers caused by them. also mentions management and risk factors and classic pedigree of brca2 mutation. also mentions statistics of brca1 and brca2
Breast Cancer Awareness Conversation Starters Series by iStudentNurseiStudentNurse.com
The 'Conversation Starters' is a series by iStudentNurse designed to promote discussions about life-saving awareness topics. Composed by a team of RNs, it draws upon the latest evidence-based research to provide a summary of the most crucial breast cancer awareness concepts. While designed as a lecture outline for nursing students, the Breast Cancer Awareness presentation is also of value to patients, survivors, and healthcare professionals. Topics addressed include: pathophysiology, etiology, epidemiology, risk factors, genetic testing/counseling, the 3 Tiers of Early Detection, screening and diagnostic methods, and treatment modalities (surgery, chemo, radiation, and endocrine therapy). The self-breast exam (SBE) is described step-by-step. Additionally, an example nursing care plan for a post-operative mastectomy is provided, which describes nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. Happy Student Nursing!
An intensive material on the anticancer agents. Detailed idea of the various classes of anticancer and recent advances in each class. Newer anticancer drug delivery systems and the anticancer vaccines are also dealt in detail.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body. Cancer is a group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and
mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new
cases in 2012.
February 4th worldwide is celebrated as Cancer day. The main aim of this celebration is to create awareness about cancer and reduce the burden of cancer.
Global Prevalence of Cancer, Cancer, Impact Of Cancer On GlobalCHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY
Global Prevalence Of Cancer normally implies The cancer impact on global and show very detail about rate of cancer increasing day by day. It also include Chart, graph, Human cancer ratio of today and next two decades as well.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Contents
1) Definition of cancer
2) Prevalence of cancer
3) Causes of cancer
4) Cancer screening
5) Cancer prevention
3. Definition-
Cancer
A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide
without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer
cells can also spread to other parts of the body through
the blood and lymph systems.
4. Thereare
severalmain
typesof cancer
▪ Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that
line or cover internal organs.
▪ Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle,
blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.
▪ Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue, such
as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal
blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.
▪ Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the
cells of the immune system.
▪ Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the
tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy.
7. Prevalence of
CancerInthe
World
▪ Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally,
and is responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in
2018. Globally, about 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer.
▪ Approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low-
and middle-income countries.
▪ Around one third of deaths from cancer are due to the 5
leading behavioral and dietary risks: high body mass
index, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical
activity, tobacco use, and alcohol use.
▪ Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for cancer
and is responsible for approximately 22% of cancer
deaths
8. Continue..
THE MOST COMMON CANCERS ARE:
▪ Lung (2.09 million cases)
▪ Breast (2.09 million cases)
▪ Colorectal (1.80 million cases)
▪ Prostate (1.28 million cases)
▪ Skin cancer (non-melanoma) (1.04 million cases)
▪ Stomach (1.03 million cases)
THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF CANCER
DEATH ARE CANCERS OF:
▪ Lung (1.76 million deaths)
▪ Colorectal (862 000 deaths)
▪ Stomach (783 000 deaths)
▪ Liver (782 000 deaths)
▪ Breast (627 000 deaths)
9. Prevalenceof
CancerInINDIA
Cancer Statistics in India
▪ Estimated number of people living with the disease:
around 2.25 million
▪ Every year, new cancer patients registered: Over 11,57,294
lakh
▪ Cancer-related deaths: 7,84,821
▪ Risk of developing cancer before the age of 75 years
Male: 9.81%
Female: 9.42%
Total deaths due to cancer in 2018
▪ Total: 7,84,821
▪ Men: 4,13,519
Women: 3,71,302
▪ Risk of dying from cancer before the age of 75 years is
7.34% in males and 6.28% in females.
10. Continue..
▪ One woman dies of cervical cancer every 8 minutes in
India
▪ For every 2 women newly diagnosed with breast
cancer, one woman dies of it in India
▪ Mortality due to tobacco use in India is estimated at
upwards of 3500 persons every day
▪ Tobacco (smoked and smokeless) use accounted for
3,17,928 deaths (approx) in men and women in 2018.
▪ Cancers of oral cavity and lungs account for over 25%
of cancer deaths in males and cancer of breast and oral
cavity account for 25% cancers in females
12. BreastCancer
▪ Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in
India and accounts for 14% of all cancers in women
Globocan 2018 data:
New cases registered: 1,62,468
Deaths: 87,090
▪ The incidence rates in India begin to rise in the early
thirties and peak at ages 50-64 years.
▪ Overall, 1 in 28 women is likely to develop breast
cancer during her lifetime.
▪ In urban areas, 1 in 22 women is likely to develop breast
cancer during her lifetime as compared to rural areas
where 1 in 60 women develops breast cancer in her
lifetime
13. CervicalCancer
▪ Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in India in women
accounting for 22.86% of all cancer cases in women and 12% of all cancer
cases in both men and women
Globocan 2018 data
New cases registered: 96,922
Deaths: 60,078
▪ Median age: 38 years (age 21–67 years).
▪ Rural women are at higher risk of developing cervical cancer as compared to
their urban counterparts
▪ Cervical cancer is less common in Muslim than in Hindu women
▪ Cervical cancer is the third largest cause of cancer mortality in India
accounting for nearly 10% of all cancer related deaths in the country
▪ Survival rate
▪ The relative five year survival averages to 48.7%
▪ Length of survival depends on the cancer stage at the time of detection.
▪ The survival chance of a person becomes better if the cervical cancer is
detected and treated at earlier stages.Therefore it is important to avail of
cervical cancer screening.
14. OralCancer
Globocan 2018 data:
▪ Oral cancer is the most common cancer in India amongst men
(16.1 % of all cancers),
New cases registered: 92,011
▪ Oral cancer is the second most common cancer in India amongst
women (10.4 % of all cancers),
New cases registered: 1,19,992
Total number of deaths in men and women together : 72,616
▪ Around 80-90% of oral cancers are directly attributable to tobacco
use
▪ The mean age of oral cancer is 50 years
▪ The incident rate for oral cancer among females is significantly
higher than males.
▪ Survival rate (5-year)
▪ Patients with early stage oral cancer: 82%
Patients with advanced stages: 27%
16. ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
▪ TOBACCO:Tobacco in various forms of its usage
(e.g.,smoking, chewing) is the major environmental cause
of cancers of the lung,larynx,mouth,pharynx,oesophagus,
bladder,pancreas and probably kidney. It has been
estimated that, in the world as a whole, cigarette smoking is
now responsible for more than one million premature
deaths each year
▪ ALCOHOL : Excessive intake of alcoholic beverages is
associated with oesophageal and liver cancer. Some recent
studies have suggested that beer consumption may be
associated with rectal cancer
▪ DIETARY FACTORS: Dietary factors are also related to
cancer. Smoked fish is related to stomach cancer, dietary
fibre to intestinal cancer, beef consumption to bowel
cancer and a high fat diet to breast cancer.
▪ A variety of other dietary factors such as food additives and
contaminants have fallen under suspicion as causative
agents.
17. ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
▪ OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES :These include exposure
to benzene,arsenic,cadmium,chromium,vinyl chloride,
asbestos,polycyclic hydrocarbons,etc.
▪ PARASITES : Parasitic infections may also increase the
risk of cancer, as for example, schistosomiasis in Middle
East producing carcinoma of the bladder.
▪ CUSTOMS, HABITS AND LIFESTYLES :To the above
causes must be added customs, habits and lifestyles of
people which may be associated with an increased risk
for certain cancers.The familiar examples are the
demonstrated association between smoking and lung
cancer, tobacco and betel chewing and oral cancer, etc
18. ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
▪ VIRUSES: An intensive search for a viral origin of human
cancers revealed that hepatitis B and C virus is causally related
to hepatocellular carcinoma.
▪ The relative risk of Kaposi's sarcoma occurring in patients with
HIV infection is so high that it was the first manifestation of the
AIDS epidemic to be recognized.
▪ Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph nodes and
spleen is a late complication of AIDS.
▪ Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a suspected oncogenic agent and
classical Kaposi’s sarcoma is associated with a higher
prevalence of antibodies to CMV.
▪ Human papiloma virus (HPV) is a chief suspect in cancer
cervix.
▪ OTHERS :There are numerous other environmental factors
such as sunlight, radiation, air and water pollution, medications
(e.g., oestrogen) and pesticides which are related to cancer
19. GENETICFACTORS
▪ Eg. - Retinoblastoma occurs in children of the same
parent.
▪ Mongols are more likely to develop cancer than normal
children
▪ Genetic factors are less conspicuous and more difficult
to identify. There is probably a complex
interrelationship between hereditary susceptibility and
environmental carcinogenic stimuli in the causation of a
number of cancers.
21. METHODSOF
CANCER
SCREENING
1. Mass screening by comprehensive cancer
detection examination: A rapid clinical examination,
and examination of one or more body sites by the
physician is one of the important approaches for
screening for cancer.
2. Mass screening at single sites :This comprises
examination of single sites such as uterine cervix,
breast or lung.
3. Selective screening :This refers to examination of
those people thought to be at special risk, for
example, parous women of lower socio-economic
strata upwards of 35 years of age for detection of
cancer cervix, chronic smokers for lung cancer, etc.
25. PRIMARY
PREVENTION
➢CONTROL OF TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION- Primary prevention offers the greatest
hope for reducing the number of tobacco-induced and
alcohol related cancer deaths
➢PERSONAL HYGIENE- improvements in personal
hygiene may lead to declines in the incidence of
certain types of cancer, e.g., cancer cervix.
➢RADIATION: Special efforts should be made to reduce
the amount of radiation (including medical radiation)
received by each individual to a minimum without
reducing the benefits
26. PRIMARY
PREVENTION
➢OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES :The occupational
aspects of cancer are frequently neglected. Measures to
protect workers from exposure to industrial
carcinogens should be enforced in industries
➢IMMUNIZATION: In the case of primary liver cancer,
immunization against hepatitis B virus and for
prevention of cancer cervix immunization against HPV
presents an exciting prospect
➢FOODS, DRUGS AND COSMETICS:These should be
tested for carcinogens
➢AIR POLLUTION : Control of air pollution is another
preventive measure
27. PRIMARY
PREVENTION
▪ TREATMENT OF PRECANCEROUS LESIONS : Early
detection and prompt treatment of precancerous
lesions such as cervical tears, intestinal polyposis,
warts, chronic gastritis, chronic cervicitis, and
adenomata is one of the cornerstones of cancer
prevention.
▪ LEGISLATION- legislation to control known
environmental carcinogens (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, air
pollution)
▪ CANCER EDUCATION : An important area of primary
prevention is cancer education. It should be directed at
"high-risk" groups.The aim of cancer education is to
motivate people to seek early diagnosis and early
treatment.
28. ▪ Cancer organizations in many countries remind the public of
the early warning signs ("danger signals") of cancer.These
are:
1) a lump or hard area in the breast
2) a change in a wart or mole
3) a persistent change in digestive and bowel habits
4) a persistent cough or hoarseness
5) blood outside the usual dates
6) blood loss from any natural orifice
7) a swelling or sore that does not get better
8) unexplained loss of weight
DANGER
SIGNALS
29. SECONDARY
PREVENTION
▪ CANCER REGISTRATION- Cancer registration is
important for any cancer control programme. Cancer
registries are basically of two types
A. HOSPITAL BASED REGISTRIES:The hospital-based
registry includes all patients treated by a particular
institution, whether inpatients or out-patients
B. POPULATION-BASED REGISTRIES - aim is to cover the
complete cancer situation in a given geographic area
30. SECONDARY
PREVENTION
▪ EARLY DETECTION OF CASES- Effective screening
programmes have been developed for cervical· cancer,
breast cancer and oral cancer
▪ It is possible to increase the efficiency of screening
programmes by focusing on high-risk groups
▪ Early detection programmes will require mobilization
of all available resources and development of a cancer
infrastructure starting at the level of primary health
care, ending with complex cancer centres or institutions
at the state or national levels
31. SECONDARY
PREVENTION
▪ TREATMENT- Treatment facilities should be available to
all cancer patients.
▪ Certain forms of cancer are amenable to surgical
removal, while some others respond favourably to
radiation or chemotherapy or both.
▪ Since most of the known methods of treatment have
complementary effect on the ultimate outcome of the
patient, multi-modality approach to cancer control has
become a standard practice in cancer centres all over
the world