The existing microgrid has become a challenge to the sustainable energy source to provide a better quality of power to the consumer. To build a reliable and efficient microgrid, designing a droop controller for the microgrid is of utmost importance. In this paper, multiple voltage source inverters connected in parallel using an active power-frequency/reactive power-voltage droop scheme. The proposed method connected to two distributed generators local controllers, where each unit consists of a droop controller with an inner voltage-current controller and a virtual droop controller. By adding this controller to the microgrid reliability and load adaptability of an islanded system can be improved. This concept applied without any real-time communication to the microgrid. Thus, simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, the obtained results prove the effectiveness of the autonomous operation's microgrid model.
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three Phase Grid Vo...ijtsrd
This paper proposes a dynamic power decoupling DPD strategy for the three phase grid tied PV power system without increasing the dc link capacitance. Under normal condition, the interleaved boost converter will extract the maximum power point MPP from the PV array and the three phase inverter will inject the power to the grid. During the unbalanced grid fault scenario, the input power and current of the interleaved boost converter will be controlled by the proposed DPD to achieve the power decoupling capability as well as to eliminate the dc link voltage oscillation. The proposed work has been carried out in MATLAB, and the results are presented. Manasa | Nirmaladevi ""Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three-Phase Grid Voltages"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30091.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/30091/control-of-two-stage-pv-power-system-under-the-unbalanced-three-phase-grid-voltages/manasa
In a distributed generation system, divers renewable agents are connected to the low voltage 3 phase utility grid by an inverter which is used as power condition and must assurance the higher efficiency of the renewable agent. To achieve this level of efficiency, a unitary power factor between the utility grid voltages and the inverter currents is necessary, and a synchronization algorithm is required for the perfect synchronization between the 3-phase utility grid and the renewable agent. The aim of this paper is to present the optimization of the performance of a Synchronization controller for a 3-phase photovoltaic grid-connected system, assessing its accuracy under different conditions and studying their drawbacks and advantages. A grid connected photovoltaic system with a nominal power of 5 kW is used so as to assess the behavior of the synchronization algorithm when the 3 phase utility grid is affected by some disturbances such as voltage unbalances.
The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
This document proposes a compensation strategy using an Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to mitigate power quality issues caused by the injection of wind power into electric grids. The UPQC is controlled using both proportional integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controllers to regulate the wind farm's terminal voltage and filter active and reactive power fluctuations. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to compare the performance of the UPQC using different control strategies, as well as total harmonic distortion calculations.
Improving Electrical Power Grid of Jordan and Control the Voltage of Wind Tur...IJAPEJOURNAL
In this paper, we improved the national grid of Jordan country by adding a renewable resources specifically a wind turbines generation unites distributed on different places in Jordan to compensate the losses of the power in Jordan and to dispense with using the generation of fuel and gas by representing the national grid of Jordan in ETAB simulator and we solved the voltage problems of wind turbines using a new mythology using smart grid techniques
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three Phase Grid Vo...ijtsrd
This paper proposes a dynamic power decoupling DPD strategy for the three phase grid tied PV power system without increasing the dc link capacitance. Under normal condition, the interleaved boost converter will extract the maximum power point MPP from the PV array and the three phase inverter will inject the power to the grid. During the unbalanced grid fault scenario, the input power and current of the interleaved boost converter will be controlled by the proposed DPD to achieve the power decoupling capability as well as to eliminate the dc link voltage oscillation. The proposed work has been carried out in MATLAB, and the results are presented. Manasa | Nirmaladevi ""Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the Unbalanced Three-Phase Grid Voltages"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30091.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/30091/control-of-two-stage-pv-power-system-under-the-unbalanced-three-phase-grid-voltages/manasa
In a distributed generation system, divers renewable agents are connected to the low voltage 3 phase utility grid by an inverter which is used as power condition and must assurance the higher efficiency of the renewable agent. To achieve this level of efficiency, a unitary power factor between the utility grid voltages and the inverter currents is necessary, and a synchronization algorithm is required for the perfect synchronization between the 3-phase utility grid and the renewable agent. The aim of this paper is to present the optimization of the performance of a Synchronization controller for a 3-phase photovoltaic grid-connected system, assessing its accuracy under different conditions and studying their drawbacks and advantages. A grid connected photovoltaic system with a nominal power of 5 kW is used so as to assess the behavior of the synchronization algorithm when the 3 phase utility grid is affected by some disturbances such as voltage unbalances.
The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
This document proposes a compensation strategy using an Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to mitigate power quality issues caused by the injection of wind power into electric grids. The UPQC is controlled using both proportional integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controllers to regulate the wind farm's terminal voltage and filter active and reactive power fluctuations. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to compare the performance of the UPQC using different control strategies, as well as total harmonic distortion calculations.
Improving Electrical Power Grid of Jordan and Control the Voltage of Wind Tur...IJAPEJOURNAL
In this paper, we improved the national grid of Jordan country by adding a renewable resources specifically a wind turbines generation unites distributed on different places in Jordan to compensate the losses of the power in Jordan and to dispense with using the generation of fuel and gas by representing the national grid of Jordan in ETAB simulator and we solved the voltage problems of wind turbines using a new mythology using smart grid techniques
This document discusses various control strategies for power sharing in AC microgrids, including droop control approaches. It provides details on several types of droop control methods and their advantages and drawbacks. Specifically, it describes conventional droop control based on frequency-power (P/f) and voltage-reactive power (Q/V) drooping characteristics. It also discusses voltage-power droop and frequency-reactive power boosting control for microgrids with resistive lines, as well as complex line impedance-based droop control methods.
Improving Voltage Profile of Islanded Microgrid using PI Controller IJECEIAES
In islanding operating mode of microgrid, the voltage and frequency of system must be maintained by the microgrid, or else the system will crumble due to the characteristics of different distributed generators (DG) utilized in microgrid. The voltage and frequency lost provision when main grid is disconnected. This paper presents PI controller based voltage controller to regulate voltage to its normal condition. The controller is proposed to be utilized individually with each distributed generator (DG) in microgrid. The controller compares inverter output voltage with voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) and its output is feed to PWM pulse generator to generate appropriate pulses for inverter to regulate voltage to its nominal value. The simulation results of proposed system are shown using MATLAB/Simulink platform.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
This document presents a new control strategy for an islanded microgrid consisting of PV and fuel cell distributed generation units supplying both local and nonlocal unbalanced loads. The control strategy comprises voltage control using a proportional resonance controller, droop-based power sharing, and a negative sequence impedance controller. The voltage controller regulates load voltages while the droop controller shares average power. The negative sequence controller minimizes negative sequence currents in the microgrid lines by adjusting each DG unit's negative sequence output impedance, improving power quality under unbalanced conditions. Time-domain simulations in MATLAB/Simulink validate the control strategy's performance for the PV and fuel cell microgrid.
The emerging of inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technology provides more opportunities for the electric vehicle (EV) battery to have a better recharging process. With the development of IWPT technology, various way of wireless charging of the EV battery is proposed in order to find the best solution. To further understand the fundamentals of the IWPT system itself, an ample review is done. There are different ways of EV charging which are static charging (wired), static wireless charging (SWC) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC). The review starts with a brief comparison of static charging, SWC and DWC. Then, in detailed discussion on the fundamental concepts, related laws and equations that govern the IWPT principle are also included. In this review, the focus is more on the DWC with a little discussion on static charging and SWC to ensure in-depth understanding before one can do further research about the EV charging process. The in-depth perception regarding the development of DWC is elaborated together with the system architecture of the IWPT and DWC system and the different track versions of DWC, which is installable to the road lane.
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
Power Quality Improvement Using Custom Power Devices in Squirrel Cage Inducti...IJPEDS-IAES
1) The document describes a system using a UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) to improve power quality when connecting a squirrel cage induction generator wind farm to a weak grid. The UPQC regulates the wind farm terminal voltage and mitigates harmonics at the point of common coupling.
2) It uses a neuro-fuzzy control strategy to manage the active and reactive power exchange between the series and shunt converters of the UPQC via the DC link.
3) Simulation results show the UPQC is able to compensate for voltage fluctuations at the point of common coupling due to variations in wind power generation and regulate the voltage during load connection/disconnection events.
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement in Solar by using Fuzzy Logic ControllerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for improving power quality in solar photovoltaic systems using a fuzzy logic controller. The system uses a single-phase inverter controlled by a predictive control algorithm to perform maximum power point tracking from the PV array and deliver power to the grid, while also compensating for current harmonics and reactive power from nonlinear loads. A fuzzy logic control method is applied for maximum power point tracking to handle model uncertainties and nonlinearity. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using MATLAB simulation.
Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boo...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper deals with a solar PV array connected with grid system. This system consists of PV cells with 30 KW system, Boost converter, three phase inverter with suitable control system and three phase load. This paper gives analysis of each components of the system. The output voltage from the solar PV cells are variable according to radiation intensity and temperature so in order to connect with grid the output voltage should be fixed and converted to AC voltage and this job will be done by an inverter. A very effective control system has been developed for the inverter based on pulse width modulation. This paper presents an intensive performance and dynamic behavior of a grid related PV energy conversion system. The PV system is developed and simulated with the help of MATLAB Simulink software environment. Abhishek Verma | Dr. Anup Mishra | Brahma Nand Thakur "Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boost Converter and PWM Based Inverter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40056.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/40056/analysis-and-simulation-of-solar-pv-connected-with-grid-accomplished-with-boost-converter-and-pwm-based-inverter/abhishek-verma
Design and Analysis of Three Phase Inverter with Two Buck/Boost MPPTs for DC ...IJERA Editor
1) The document describes a three-phase inverter system with two buck/boost maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) for drawing power from photovoltaic (PV) arrays.
2) A key aspect is the use of a buck/boost MPPT topology that can operate in both buck and boost modes to accommodate a wide range of PV array voltages from 0-600V. This helps reduce voltage stress on the inverter.
3) The system aims to regulate the dc bus voltage, balance power flow between the dc and ac sides, and accommodate load variations using a droop regulation mechanism based on the inverter current levels. This helps reduce the size of dc bus capacitors needed.
DESIGN OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL FLYBACK DC-DC CONVERTER WITH CURRENT CONTROLIAEME Publication
This paper proposes a set of design techniques to build a DC-DC converter for the interconnection of different sources of renewable energy with storage elements and flexible load profiles. This type of multifunctional DC-DC converter is essential to provide the dispatch of energy generation to storage connected to the DC bus or allow energy exchange with the AC network, with different decision modes as a function of the state of charge of batteries, with the forecast of the consumption of a house with renewable production. This work emphasizes the application of a method to design switched mode flyback converters with current control capabilities on the output side.
Grid-Connection Control and Simulation of PMSG Wind Power System Based on Mul...ijsrd.com
This dissertation proposes a wind energy conversion system is composed of a wind turbine PMSG, a rectifier, and an inverter. The wind turbine PMSG transforms the mechanical power from the wind into the electrical power, while the rectifier converts the AC power into DC power and controls the speed of the PMSG. The controllable inverter helps in converting the DC power to variable frequency and magnitude AC power. With the voltage oriented control, the inverter also possesses the ability to control the active and reactive powers injected into the grid. Multilevel inerter is used to step up the voltage and to reduce the THD. Here nine level and eleven level inverter are used and the voltage increases and THD reduces from 12.87 % to 7.46 %. Active and reactive power is controlled dc stabilization and the reactive power is near to unity Here PI controller is used to control the inverter output rms voltage and LC filter is used to remove the harmonics available in the system.
6.[36 45]seven level modified cascaded inverter for induction motor drive app...Alexander Decker
1) The document presents a modified cascaded multilevel inverter topology for induction motor drive applications that reduces the number of switches compared to conventional designs.
2) The proposed topology uses 7 switches and 3 diodes to generate 7 voltage levels, whereas conventional designs require 12 switches. This reduces switching losses, cost, and complexity.
3) Simulation and experimental results show the proposed design can generate 7 voltage levels to drive an induction motor. FFT analysis shows lower total harmonic distortion compared to conventional designs.
Next Generation Researchers in Power Systems_Tao Yang_UCD EITao Yang
This document discusses solid state transformers (SSTs) and their potential applications in future distribution systems. It provides background on SSTs, explaining how they use power electronics to convert AC power to high frequency AC or DC before converting it back to the desired output. The document outlines research objectives to modularly design and optimize an SST for a distribution system. Simulation results show the modular SST has higher efficiency and lower weight than a traditional low frequency transformer under daily loading profiles. The document also explores how SSTs can address issues like imbalanced loads by independently controlling positive, negative, and zero sequence components.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design and Simulation of DC Microgrid with DC-DC Bi-directional ConverterIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a DC microgrid system in Matlab Simulink. The microgrid includes a solar PV array connected to the DC bus via a boost converter. A bidirectional DC-DC converter connects a battery energy storage system to allow power flow in both directions. The microgrid is controlled through maximum power point tracking of the PV array and voltage control of the DC bus. Simulations of the full microgrid are run under different operating conditions to analyze system performance.
This paper presents a thorough control structure of the distributed generators inside the microgrid during both grid-connected and islanded operation modes. These control structures of the DGs voltage source inverters are implemented in synchronous reference frame (SRF) and controlled using linear PI controllers. By implementing the control structures, the desired real and reactive power can be efficiently transferred to the local loads and the utility load by the microgrid generating units. A modified droop control technique is introduced to facilitate the microgrid performance during both modes of operation. The active and reactive power sharing of the load demand between the utility grid and the microgrid can be performed by this drop control technique during the islanded mode. The system performance during intentional islanding event and utility load increase is investigated. The effectiveness of the offered control structures is confirmed through simulation results during both modes of operation.
This document discusses various control strategies for power sharing in AC microgrids, including droop control approaches. It provides details on several types of droop control methods and their advantages and drawbacks. Specifically, it describes conventional droop control based on frequency-power (P/f) and voltage-reactive power (Q/V) drooping characteristics. It also discusses voltage-power droop and frequency-reactive power boosting control for microgrids with resistive lines, as well as complex line impedance-based droop control methods.
Improving Voltage Profile of Islanded Microgrid using PI Controller IJECEIAES
In islanding operating mode of microgrid, the voltage and frequency of system must be maintained by the microgrid, or else the system will crumble due to the characteristics of different distributed generators (DG) utilized in microgrid. The voltage and frequency lost provision when main grid is disconnected. This paper presents PI controller based voltage controller to regulate voltage to its normal condition. The controller is proposed to be utilized individually with each distributed generator (DG) in microgrid. The controller compares inverter output voltage with voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) and its output is feed to PWM pulse generator to generate appropriate pulses for inverter to regulate voltage to its nominal value. The simulation results of proposed system are shown using MATLAB/Simulink platform.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
This document presents a new control strategy for an islanded microgrid consisting of PV and fuel cell distributed generation units supplying both local and nonlocal unbalanced loads. The control strategy comprises voltage control using a proportional resonance controller, droop-based power sharing, and a negative sequence impedance controller. The voltage controller regulates load voltages while the droop controller shares average power. The negative sequence controller minimizes negative sequence currents in the microgrid lines by adjusting each DG unit's negative sequence output impedance, improving power quality under unbalanced conditions. Time-domain simulations in MATLAB/Simulink validate the control strategy's performance for the PV and fuel cell microgrid.
The emerging of inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technology provides more opportunities for the electric vehicle (EV) battery to have a better recharging process. With the development of IWPT technology, various way of wireless charging of the EV battery is proposed in order to find the best solution. To further understand the fundamentals of the IWPT system itself, an ample review is done. There are different ways of EV charging which are static charging (wired), static wireless charging (SWC) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC). The review starts with a brief comparison of static charging, SWC and DWC. Then, in detailed discussion on the fundamental concepts, related laws and equations that govern the IWPT principle are also included. In this review, the focus is more on the DWC with a little discussion on static charging and SWC to ensure in-depth understanding before one can do further research about the EV charging process. The in-depth perception regarding the development of DWC is elaborated together with the system architecture of the IWPT and DWC system and the different track versions of DWC, which is installable to the road lane.
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
Power Quality Improvement Using Custom Power Devices in Squirrel Cage Inducti...IJPEDS-IAES
1) The document describes a system using a UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) to improve power quality when connecting a squirrel cage induction generator wind farm to a weak grid. The UPQC regulates the wind farm terminal voltage and mitigates harmonics at the point of common coupling.
2) It uses a neuro-fuzzy control strategy to manage the active and reactive power exchange between the series and shunt converters of the UPQC via the DC link.
3) Simulation results show the UPQC is able to compensate for voltage fluctuations at the point of common coupling due to variations in wind power generation and regulate the voltage during load connection/disconnection events.
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement in Solar by using Fuzzy Logic ControllerIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for improving power quality in solar photovoltaic systems using a fuzzy logic controller. The system uses a single-phase inverter controlled by a predictive control algorithm to perform maximum power point tracking from the PV array and deliver power to the grid, while also compensating for current harmonics and reactive power from nonlinear loads. A fuzzy logic control method is applied for maximum power point tracking to handle model uncertainties and nonlinearity. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using MATLAB simulation.
Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boo...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper deals with a solar PV array connected with grid system. This system consists of PV cells with 30 KW system, Boost converter, three phase inverter with suitable control system and three phase load. This paper gives analysis of each components of the system. The output voltage from the solar PV cells are variable according to radiation intensity and temperature so in order to connect with grid the output voltage should be fixed and converted to AC voltage and this job will be done by an inverter. A very effective control system has been developed for the inverter based on pulse width modulation. This paper presents an intensive performance and dynamic behavior of a grid related PV energy conversion system. The PV system is developed and simulated with the help of MATLAB Simulink software environment. Abhishek Verma | Dr. Anup Mishra | Brahma Nand Thakur "Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boost Converter and PWM Based Inverter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40056.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/40056/analysis-and-simulation-of-solar-pv-connected-with-grid-accomplished-with-boost-converter-and-pwm-based-inverter/abhishek-verma
Design and Analysis of Three Phase Inverter with Two Buck/Boost MPPTs for DC ...IJERA Editor
1) The document describes a three-phase inverter system with two buck/boost maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) for drawing power from photovoltaic (PV) arrays.
2) A key aspect is the use of a buck/boost MPPT topology that can operate in both buck and boost modes to accommodate a wide range of PV array voltages from 0-600V. This helps reduce voltage stress on the inverter.
3) The system aims to regulate the dc bus voltage, balance power flow between the dc and ac sides, and accommodate load variations using a droop regulation mechanism based on the inverter current levels. This helps reduce the size of dc bus capacitors needed.
DESIGN OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL FLYBACK DC-DC CONVERTER WITH CURRENT CONTROLIAEME Publication
This paper proposes a set of design techniques to build a DC-DC converter for the interconnection of different sources of renewable energy with storage elements and flexible load profiles. This type of multifunctional DC-DC converter is essential to provide the dispatch of energy generation to storage connected to the DC bus or allow energy exchange with the AC network, with different decision modes as a function of the state of charge of batteries, with the forecast of the consumption of a house with renewable production. This work emphasizes the application of a method to design switched mode flyback converters with current control capabilities on the output side.
Grid-Connection Control and Simulation of PMSG Wind Power System Based on Mul...ijsrd.com
This dissertation proposes a wind energy conversion system is composed of a wind turbine PMSG, a rectifier, and an inverter. The wind turbine PMSG transforms the mechanical power from the wind into the electrical power, while the rectifier converts the AC power into DC power and controls the speed of the PMSG. The controllable inverter helps in converting the DC power to variable frequency and magnitude AC power. With the voltage oriented control, the inverter also possesses the ability to control the active and reactive powers injected into the grid. Multilevel inerter is used to step up the voltage and to reduce the THD. Here nine level and eleven level inverter are used and the voltage increases and THD reduces from 12.87 % to 7.46 %. Active and reactive power is controlled dc stabilization and the reactive power is near to unity Here PI controller is used to control the inverter output rms voltage and LC filter is used to remove the harmonics available in the system.
6.[36 45]seven level modified cascaded inverter for induction motor drive app...Alexander Decker
1) The document presents a modified cascaded multilevel inverter topology for induction motor drive applications that reduces the number of switches compared to conventional designs.
2) The proposed topology uses 7 switches and 3 diodes to generate 7 voltage levels, whereas conventional designs require 12 switches. This reduces switching losses, cost, and complexity.
3) Simulation and experimental results show the proposed design can generate 7 voltage levels to drive an induction motor. FFT analysis shows lower total harmonic distortion compared to conventional designs.
Next Generation Researchers in Power Systems_Tao Yang_UCD EITao Yang
This document discusses solid state transformers (SSTs) and their potential applications in future distribution systems. It provides background on SSTs, explaining how they use power electronics to convert AC power to high frequency AC or DC before converting it back to the desired output. The document outlines research objectives to modularly design and optimize an SST for a distribution system. Simulation results show the modular SST has higher efficiency and lower weight than a traditional low frequency transformer under daily loading profiles. The document also explores how SSTs can address issues like imbalanced loads by independently controlling positive, negative, and zero sequence components.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design and Simulation of DC Microgrid with DC-DC Bi-directional ConverterIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a DC microgrid system in Matlab Simulink. The microgrid includes a solar PV array connected to the DC bus via a boost converter. A bidirectional DC-DC converter connects a battery energy storage system to allow power flow in both directions. The microgrid is controlled through maximum power point tracking of the PV array and voltage control of the DC bus. Simulations of the full microgrid are run under different operating conditions to analyze system performance.
This paper presents a thorough control structure of the distributed generators inside the microgrid during both grid-connected and islanded operation modes. These control structures of the DGs voltage source inverters are implemented in synchronous reference frame (SRF) and controlled using linear PI controllers. By implementing the control structures, the desired real and reactive power can be efficiently transferred to the local loads and the utility load by the microgrid generating units. A modified droop control technique is introduced to facilitate the microgrid performance during both modes of operation. The active and reactive power sharing of the load demand between the utility grid and the microgrid can be performed by this drop control technique during the islanded mode. The system performance during intentional islanding event and utility load increase is investigated. The effectiveness of the offered control structures is confirmed through simulation results during both modes of operation.
Control strategies for seamless transfer between the grid-connected and isla...IJECEIAES
This document describes two control strategies for seamless transfer between grid-connected and islanded modes of operation in a microgrid system: inverter output current control and indirect grid current control. It presents the modeling of a three-phase inverter power stage and discusses the control schemes for each strategy in detail. Simulation results are presented to validate the design methodology and compare the performance of the two control strategies under different operating modes including grid-connected, islanded, and during transition between modes.
Power Quality Improvement with Multilevel Inverter Based IPQC for MicrogridIJMTST Journal
A micro grid is a hybrid power system consists of several distributed resources and local loads .Now a
days with increasing on a day to day life micro grid plays a vital role in power generation using Renewable
Energy Sources. Usage of power electronic devices in a micro grid results in harmonic generation and leads to
various power quality issues. Inorder to overcome voltage fluctuations and over current a magnetic flux
control based variable reactor is proposed. The performance of IPQC can be verified by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK`
In modern society every sector needs continuous power on demand. To achieve this voltage,
current and frequency, these parameters of the power system should be at rated values. Because of
remote generation, transmission and distribution, we are failing to receive the reliable power. To
overcome this problem, the Distribution energy sources (DES) become more suitable solution. This
generated power from DES is supplied to local loads and this can be connected to the main grid
through the Micro-Grid (MG). Micro-grids will operate in two modes, A Grid-connected mode and in
an Islanded mode. During islanding mode, one Distributed Generation (DG) unit should share output
generation power with other unit in exact accordance with the load. Need to control Real and Reactive
power effectively for the load to operate without disturbance. Hence in the present work, Voltage
Source Inverter (VSI) and Proportional Integral Derivative(PID) controller in power conversion
process to get required real and reactive power for the normal operation of micro-grid. The proposed
method has been applied to a designed test Simulink model for different types of Grid connected and
Isolated modes. The simulation results obtained show that, this method can improves the reliability and
smooth operation of the micro-grid system.
IRJET- Series Voltage Regulator for Radial DC – MicrogridIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using a series voltage regulator (SVR) to regulate voltage in a radial DC microgrid. The SVR combines a dual active bridge and full bridge DC-DC converter. It operates in two modes: power control using the dual active bridge to maintain a constant voltage, and voltage control using the DC-DC converter to provide adjustable output voltage. The SVR configuration is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate its performance under different load conditions. The simulation results show that the SVR is able to maintain a constant output voltage despite variations in load, thus overcoming problems with voltage fluctuations in DC distribution systems.
A Review on Power Quality Issues and their Mitigation Techniques in Microgrid...ijtsrd
Power Quality is playing an increasingly significant role both at supply and demand sides. With the advent of participation of private players in distribution systems, the power quality is expected to be the pivotal decisive factor before the consumers. Due to ever growing application of switching devices, the power quality is bound to get deteriorated, at the same time such devices are also prone to malfunction due to poor power quality. The world is driven by the carbon emission to replace the conventional generation by as much renewable generation as possible. The above situation has attracted the attention of researchers to identify and suggest the mitigation techniques of power quality issue’s for improving the performance of microgrid containing renewable energy resources. An attempt has been made to comprehensively present a review of the research carried out thusfar. Anita Chaudhery | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Power Quality Issues and their Mitigation Techniques in Microgrid System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49299.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49299/a-review-on-power-quality-issues-and-their-mitigation-techniques-in-microgrid-system/anita-chaudhery
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using an Active Power Conditioner (APC) to improve power quality in microgrids that utilize renewable energy sources like wind power. The APC acts as an interface between renewable energy sources and the microgrid's AC bus. It can inject energy into the microgrid, compensate for current harmonics, and correct the power factor. Simulation results showed the APC's innovative control strategy is effective at maintaining balanced and sinusoidal grid currents with unity power factor, even with unbalanced and nonlinear loads. This improves power quality issues in microgrids, which can be subject to disturbances from intermittent renewable energy sources.
Frequency control in a microgrid including controllable loadIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for frequency control in microgrids that includes renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, and controllable loads. The microgrid model analyzed includes solar power, wind power, batteries, supercapacitors, and electric water heaters. The document describes the components of the microgrid, simulation parameters and assumptions. Frequency control is achieved by coordinating the energy storage devices and generators using optimized proportional-integral controllers. Electric water heaters can also help control frequency by adjusting their operating temperature setpoints in response to frequency deviations.
The document summarizes research on applying active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) to a two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system. It describes:
1) The system structure, which includes a PV array connected to a DC/DC converter and inverter. The converter uses MPPT control while the inverter regulates voltage and power factor.
2) Mathematical models of the PV array, converters, filter and transformer.
3) The ADRC control technique, which estimates and rejects disturbances in real-time without a detailed system model.
4) How ADRC and an extended state observer are applied - the observer estimates disturbances while the controller regulates the system.
Modeling Optimization Voltage Index Unified Power Flow Controller Equivalent ...IJMTST Journal
This paper presents an active-reactive power control strategy for voltage source converters (VSCs) based on derivation of the direct and quadrature components of the VSC output current. The proposed method utilizes a multivariable proportional-integral controller and provides almost completely decoupled control capability of the active and reactive power with almost full disturbance rejection due to step changes in the power exchanged between the VSC and the grid. It also imposes fast transient response and zero steady-state error as compared to the conventional power control approaches. The applicability of the proposed power control strategy for providing the robust stability of the system against the uncertainties of the load parameters is also investigated. The superiority of the proposed control strategy over conventional approaches in the new condition of supplying the load is demonstrated. The theoretical aspects of the proposed multivariable-based power control strategy and the conventional approaches are reviewed and simulation results are presented in two separate sections. MATLAB/Simulink 2009a is used to simulate different scenarios of the simulation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses micro inverters, which convert direct current from solar panels into alternating current. It examines two common inverter control methods - voltage source inverter control and power-type PWM inverter control. It then proposes an improved PWM inverter control system that can achieve maximum power point tracking and ensure high power quality from photovoltaic cells. Simulation results show the improved system controls grid current waveform and achieves unity power factor while allowing arbitrary power output. The methodology section outlines the system components and PWM pulse generation process. It examines types of single-phase grid-connected inverters and concludes the improved control method regulates voltage/current waveforms and stability while enabling flexible power transfer.
THREE-PHASE OF BI-DIRECTIONAL Z-SOURCE CONVERTERS FOR VEHICLE-TO-GRID APPLICA...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a closed-loop control method for three-phase bi-directional Z-source converters used in vehicle-to-grid applications. It proposes using a PI voltage regulator with a fuzzy logic-tuned hysteresis current regulator. Simulations show this combination provides improved performance with total harmonic distortion of 0.93% for the source current and near unity power factor. The control scheme maintains total harmonic distortion below 5% for load variations between 25-100% and ensures stable output voltage regulation even when load resistance changes.
Enhancement of upfc performance with matrix converter using advanced direct p...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a direct power control (DPC) method for controlling a matrix converter operating as a unified power flow controller (UPFC). The DPC approach uses sliding mode control techniques to directly control line active and reactive power as well as supply reactive power. Simulations show the DPC approach provides decoupled active and reactive power control with zero steady-state error, fast response times, and no cross-coupling during dynamic and steady-state operation. Experimental results on a matrix converter UPFC prototype confirm the DPC approach achieves faster response without overshoot compared to controllers using linear active and reactive power models.
1) The document describes a control scheme for an interlinking converter in a hybrid PV-wind microgrid to autonomously share active power proportionally between its distributed generators.
2) Droop control is used to regulate the exchange of active and reactive power between the AC and DC sub-microgrids connected by the interlinking converter.
3) The control scheme uses multiple PI controllers and transforms between synchronous and rotating reference frames to produce PWM signals for the interlinking converter based on measured voltages, currents, and power values.
Autonomous control of interlinking converter in hybrid PV-wind microgridIOSR Journals
1) The document describes a control scheme for an interlinking converter in a hybrid PV-wind microgrid to autonomously share active power proportionally between its distributed generators.
2) Droop control is used to regulate the exchange of active and reactive power between the AC and DC sub-microgrids connected by the interlinking converter.
3) The control scheme uses multiple PI controllers and transforms between synchronous and rotating reference frames to produce PWM signals for the interlinking converter based on measured voltages, currents, and power values.
Modeling and simulation for PV, Fuel cell Based MICROGRID under Unbalanced L...IJMER
Distributed generation has attracted great attention in recent years, thanks to the progress
in new-generation technologies and advanced power electronics. The Microgrid has been a successful
example by integrating various generation sources with the existing power distribution network
through power electronic converters. This paper proposes a PV, Fuel cell based microgrid and a new
control strategy for the islanded operation of a multi-bus medium voltage (MV) microgrid. The
proposed control strategy of each DG comprises a proportional resonance (PR) controller with an
adjustable resonance frequency, a droop control strategy, and a negative-sequence impedance
controller (NSIC). The PR and droop controllers are, respectively, used to regulate the load voltage
and share the average power components among the DG units. The NSIC is used to effectively
compensate the negative-sequence currents of the unbalanced loads and to improve the performance
of the overall microgrid system. Moreover, the NSIC minimizes the negative-sequence currents in the
MV lines and thus, improving the power quality of the microgrid. The performance of the proposed
control strategy is verified with PV, Fuel cell inputs by using digital time-domain simulation studies in
the MATLAB/SIMULINK software environment
This document describes research into using a fractional order PID (FOPID) controller to control voltage fluctuations in an islanded microgrid with a single power source. The proposed FOPID controller has more tuning parameters than a standard PID controller, allowing it to better regulate the microgrid's output voltage under different load conditions and uncertainties. The controller is designed using an optimization technique to maximize system performance. Simulation results show the FOPID controller is effective at reducing voltage fluctuations and provides a fast, robust response for the microgrid system.
A study of voltage regulation in microgrid using a DSTATCOMjournalBEEI
A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content. This paper presents the solution of voltage fluctuations in urgent situations by providing voltage and reactive support from a distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM) in the grid. Also, it analyses the influences of DSTATCOM as a voltage controller and compares the system performance with and without DSTATCOM. The DSTATCOM is used in the study to maintain voltage in the microgrid (MG) to be around the rated value after Microgrid disturbance. A successful simulink model of the photovoltaic (PV) system and the proposed DSTATCOM are illustrated to work together as the Microgrid. Microgrids could provide unique resilience and reliability when the environment encountered with less water, higher temperatures, more frequent and harsh wildfires, and severe weather events. The proposed DSTATCOM was installed in different locations in the MG and the best location was chosen to achieve the goal of improved power quality and efficiency. In this paper, two scenarios are discussed with and without DSTATCOM. The simulation results show the difference between the MG with and without DSTATCOM and how the DSTATCOM can amplify power quality in the Microgrid. The proposed DSTATCOM has the capability to improve dampen power oscillations during transit events.
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Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
The document proposes using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the hyperparameters of a convolutional neural network (CNN) for image classification. The PSO algorithm is used to find optimal values for CNN hyperparameters like the number and size of convolutional filters. In experiments on the MNIST handwritten digit dataset, the optimized CNN achieved a testing error rate of 0.87%, which is competitive with state-of-the-art models. The proposed approach finds optimized CNN architectures automatically without requiring manual design or encoding strategies during training.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
1) Researchers developed a prototype contactless transaction system using QR codes and digital payments to support physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in traditional markets.
2) The system allows sellers and buyers in traditional markets to conduct fast, secure transactions via smartphones without direct cash exchange. Buyers scan sellers' QR codes to view product details and make e-wallet payments.
3) Testing showed the system's functions worked properly and users found it easy to use and useful for supporting contactless transactions and digital transformation of traditional markets. However, further development is needed to increase trust in digital payments for users unfamiliar with the technology.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antennajournalBEEI
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Autonomous microgrid based parallel inverters using droop controller for improved power sharing
1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2020, pp. 2302~2310
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v9i6.2663 2302
Journal homepage: http://beei.org
Autonomous microgrid based parallel inverters using droop
controller for improved power sharing
Siddaraj1
, Udaykumar R. Yaragatti2
, Nagendrappa H3
, Vikash Kumar Jhunjhunwala4
1,4
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology,
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
2,3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka,
Surathkal, Mangaluru, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Apr 14, 2020
Revised Jun 1, 2020
Accepted Jul 3, 2020
The existing microgrid has become a challenge to the sustainable energy
source to provide a better quality of power to the consumer. To build
a reliable and efficient microgrid, designing a droop controller for
the microgrid is of utmost importance. In this paper, multiple voltage source
inverters connected in parallel using an active power-frequency/reactive
power-voltage droop scheme. The proposed method connected to two
distributed generators local controllers, where each unit consists of a droop
controller with an inner voltage-current controller and a virtual droop
controller. By adding this controller to the microgrid reliability and load
adaptability of an islanded system can be improved. This concept applied
without any real-time communication to the microgrid. Thus, simulated using
MATLAB/Simulink, the obtained results prove the effectiveness of the autonomous
operation's microgrid model.
Keywords:
Droop controller
Inverter analysis
Microgrid
Parallel inverters
Voltage source inverter
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Siddaraj,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology,
Manipal Academy of Higher Education,
Tiger Circle Road, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
Email: siddaraj.u@manipal.edu
1. INTRODUCTION
Microgrid based sustainable energy resources such as distributed generators (DG) sources, storage
devices, and local loads are the future generating plants [1, 2]. So the consumer can be able to produce, store,
control, and manage apart from consuming the power [3]. Besides, the critical load is allowed to connect to
the utility or autonomous mode for continuous operation [4]. The microgrid deals issues of power quality,
so; it can have interaction between utility grid or other microgrids-integrated control strategies, which usually
consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary controller [5].
The droop-based scheme is often used for the autonomous microgrid to control microgrid inverter
when more than one DGs connected in parallel [6, 7]. Implementing the droop scheme allows DG inverters
to share the load proportionally by adjusting the voltage and frequency as a parameter of the total power.
Besides, each inverter uses local measurements. Likewise, to improve the effectiveness of the droop-based
voltage source inverter (VSI), a virtual impedance control based scheme has been also adopted [8]. During islanded
mode, the inverters should not overload. Inverters take the load change assurance by a proper control-based
approach. The communication-based master-slave control method added to the microgrid, where DG sources
are connected to a local bus or located nearby [9]. Besides, communication-based control makes the system
2. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Autonomous microgrid based parallel inverters using droop controller for improved power… (Siddaraj)
2303
costly and not reliable. Droop based approach, which uses local measurements by eliminating communication
link, has been proposed [10]. In this work, by avoiding the former method, later method is adopted. In this
paper, the proper load sharing purpose, the droop controller, is used in autonomous DG mode. The proposed
control method for three-phase inverters, connected in parallel to the point of common coupling (PCC) buses
through filter and coupling inductor. The presented controller maintains the frequency and voltage constant
to achieve proportional load demand, excluding communication devices. Simulation work has done to test
the effectiveness of the proposed controller under different conditions. The intended results show by using
this controller in voltage, frequency regulation, and power-sharing.
The presented paper has the following main contributions:
− Each DGs VSI proposed with a droop controller to share the significant P and Q power with other DGs.
− Each VSI controller proposed with the current controller loop (CCL), voltage controller loop (VCL),
and virtual impedance loop; thus, it was designed to reject high-frequency noise and damp the filter
output, and improve power-sharing also eliminates circulating current.
− We are analyzing graphically step-by-step of direct (d) and quadrature (q)-axis VCL and CCL to decouple
the disturbance, thus enhancing the VSI system's performance.
The paper prepared as follows: Section 1 contains the proposed controller in the microgrid. In
section 2, the voltage source inverter modeling analyzed. A MATLAB/Simulink work and its results and
discussion carried out in section 3. Section 4 concludes the work.
2. THE MICROGRID ARCHITECTURE AND CONTROL METHODOLOGY
A DGs VSI based three-phase microgrid and inverter controller, as shown in Figure 1.
The simulation study has done to verify its robustness. The two VSIs connected to the nonlinear load through
network lines. DG sources connected to the inverter's input. The related system parameters given in Table 1.
both VSIs have used the droop control method for maintaining frequency and bus voltages within permissible
value during the load-generation balance. The VSIs rating is the same, so the droop gain also is chosen
the same. The VSIs controller has a series-connected voltage and current loop [11]. The DG controller as follows:
1
DG
Source
l
i o
i
o
v
1
b
v 1
load
i
line
R
line
X
load
RL
f
L
f
C
c
L
1
Inverter
2
DG
Source
l
i o
i
o
v
2
b
v
2
load
i
load
RL
f
L
f
C
c
L
2
Inverter
line
I
Voltage and Current Controller
Power Controller
Output
Connector
DG
Sources
LC
Filter
Inverter
l
i
o
i
o
v b
v
*
odq
v
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Distributed generators, (a) DGs VSI based microgrid block diagram, (b) Inverter controller
block diagram
Table 1. System parameters
Parameters Value Parameters Value
DG1 10kW DG 2 10kW
Inverter1 Rating 12KVA Inverter2 Rating 12KVA
Inverter Switching Frequency (fs) 8 kHz Current controller proportional gain (Kpc) 10.5
Filter inductance (Lf) 1.35 mH Current controller integral gain (Kic) 16e3
Filter capacitance (Cf) 50 μF Filter cut-off frequency (ωc) 31.4 r/s
Coupling inductance (Lc) 0.35 mH Nominal Voltage (Vn) 380
Line reactance (Xline) 0.10 Ω Nominal Frequency (ωn) 314 r/s
Line resistance (Rline) 0.45 Ω Droop Gain (mp) 9.4e-5
Voltage controller proportional gain (Kpv) 0.05 Droop Gain (nq) 1.3e-3
Voltage controller integral gain (Kiv) 390 Filter resistance (rLC) 0.03 Ω
Feed forward term (F) 0.75 Inverter input resistance (rf) 0.1 Ω
3. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2020 : 2302 – 2310
2304
The DG VSIs controller separated into three parts. First is the outer power controller, which gives
the magnitude of voltage and frequency for the VSI output voltage's fundamental component according to
the droop characteristics set for the real and reactive power [12]. The other parts of the control systems are
the voltage controller and the current controller; these designed to nullify high-frequency noise and provide
enough damping for the LC filter [13].
2.1. Power controller
The main reason to use the droop controller is to act as the governor of the synchronous alternator.
Generally, in a power system, the frequency decreases as the load on the synchronous alternator increases
according to the governor's droop characteristics. This droop principle used in VSI by reducing reference
frequency and voltage when the load increases, as shown in Figure 2 (a) [14]. Similarly, the output voltage
drops as the reactive power on the synchronous alternator increases according to the droop characteristics,
called a droop controller, as shown in Figure 2 (b). To calculate power given by (1) and (2), from the inverter
output terminal, which is the output voltage and current measured.
Q1
Q2
Emax
Eo
Emin
Q1max Q2max
P1
P2
max
o
min
P1max P2max
od
v oq
oq
od
od i
v
i
v
od
oq
oq
od i
v
i
v
oq
v
od
i
oq
i
c
c
s
c
c
s
n p
m P
n q
v n P
s
1
*
od
v
*
oq
v
0
P
Q
p
q
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Power controller, (a) Conventional droop characteristics, (b) Power controller
oq
oq
od
od i
v
i
v
p
; od
oq
oq
od i
v
i
v
q
(1)
The component of active and reactive power obtained by low pass filter with a cut-off frequency ωc, given as:
c
c
P p
s
;
c
c
Q q
s
(2)
The VSI uses the P and Q droop method expressed in (3) and (4).
n p
m P
(3)
Q
n
v
v p
n
od
*
; 0
*
oq
v (4)
Droop parameters mp and nq are expressed as:
max min
max
p
m
P
; max min
max
p
E E
n
Q
(5)
2.2. Virtual-impedance control
The VSI network parameters can be affected when droop control implemented, which affects
the power-sharing accuracy. To improve this virtual impedance controller is applied [15]. Besides, its use
eliminates the circulation of the current. The expression of the output-voltage reference given as:
*
, ( )
dq dq ref V dq
v v Z s i
(6)
where Zv (s) is the virtual-output impedance.
4. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Autonomous microgrid based parallel inverters using droop controller for improved power… (Siddaraj)
2305
2.3. Voltage controller
The voltage control loop, as shown in Figure 3, connected to an inverter current control controller.
This control loop used to regulate the inverter voltage output-the reference voltage output set in the power
control loop. To make steady-state error zero between the measured and reference voltage, a standard PI
controller is responsible. To act controller fast, a feed-forward gain added in the controller. The voltage
control loop gives internal current control reference. To regulate the load current of inverter, the internal PI
controller protects the VSI switches.
od
od
d
v
v
dt
d
*
; oq
oq
q
v
v
dt
d
*
(7)
d
iv
od
od
pv
oq
f
n
od
ld K
v
v
K
v
C
w
Fi
i
)
( *
*
(8)
q
iv
oq
oq
pv
od
f
n
oq
lq K
v
v
K
v
C
w
Fi
i
)
( *
*
(9)
2.4. Current controller
The Current controller block diagram, as shown in Figure 4. It is the fast-acting control loop of a VSI.
Besides, VSI current not to exceed set current reference value a Proportional and Integral controller used. The voltage
controller sets the reference value to this controller-the governing equations expressed by (10), (11), and (12).
For tuning the CCL and VCL, integral and proportional gain a transfer function approach studied [16].
*
od
v
*
oq
v
od
v
oq
v
s
K
K iv
pv
s
K
K iv
pv
wC
wC
*
ld
i
*
lq
i
od
i
oq
i
F
F
*
od
i
*
lq
i
ld
i
lq
i
s
K
K ic
pc
s
K
K ic
pc
wL
wL
*
ld
v
*
lq
v
Figure 3. Voltage controller Figure 4. Current controller
3. STAND ALONE MODELING OF THREE-PHASE VSI
In standalone system 3-phase, VSIs connected to the network. The power-processing unit is a 3-leg
inverter, inductor and capacitor filter, and its ESR, coupling inductor, the DGs input to the VSI, and
the voltage given to the loads. The switching frequency is 4-10 kHz of pulse-width modulation (PWM)
mechanism. The L and C values need to choose as per inverter rating and the maximum permissible ripples
of voltage and current. The differential equations describing dynamics of the VSI can derive as:
ld
ld
d
i
i
dt
d
*
; lq
lq
q
i
i
dt
d
*
(10)
d
ic
ld
ld
pc
lq
f
n
ld K
i
i
K
i
L
w
v
)
( *
*
(11)
q
ic
lq
lq
pc
ld
f
n
lq K
i
i
K
i
L
w
v
)
( *
*
(12)
abc
C
abc
L
abc
L
abc
i v
dt
di
L
ri
v _
_
_
_
(13)
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2306
where _
i abc
v is the line voltage of the inverter, iL_abc is the inductor line current, vC_abc is the line voltage of
the capacitor, and io_abc is the load current. Obtained to rotating from stationary quantity by the transformation
matrix. Assuming symmetrical three-phase, transforming (13)-(14) to the rotating frame results in:
Rearranging (15)-(16) applying the Laplace transformation, gives:
The linearized model of the inverter system, as shown in Figure 5. The equation (17)-(18) consists
of the coupling disturbance that exists between dq-axis loops; thus, decoupled to remove the interference,
as shown in Figures 3 and 4. to enhance the performance of the VSI system [17, 18].
3.1. Current controller analysis and design
The performance of the system can improve by giving attention to the inverter controller. So, by
using PI controllers, they can be effectively controlled. The disturbances to be more specific, given in (17),
(+ LωI*lq), and (− LωI*ld) for the dq-axis CCL; opposite parameters are added to the CCL controller to
eliminate it. According to the transfer functions, Gid(s) and Giq(s) for the dq-axis current control loop derived
as:
where Kpc and Kic are the proportional and integral gains of the PI controller, respectively. In designing
the CCL, the response speed, stability, and harmonics need to consider. To act fast, the bandwidth of CCL
should be high [19]. The proportional gain relationship with the CCL bandwidth, using (20), expressed as:
r
Ls
1
Cs
1
ld
i
r
Ls
1
Cs
1
*
od
V
Lw
Lw
Cw
Cw
*
oq
V
od
V
oq
V
*
ld
i
*
lq
i
lq
i
od
V
oq
V
Figure 5. The linearized model of the inverter system and filter output in dq reference frame
abc
o
abc
C
abc
L i
dt
dv
C
i _
_
_
(14)
oq
oq
od
od
lq
ld
lq
ld
V
V
V
V
I
I
r
wL
wL
r
I
I
dt
d
L *
*
*
*
*
*
(15)
lq
ld
lq
ld
od
oq
oq
od
I
I
I
I
CwV
CwV
V
V
dt
d
C *
*
(16)
*
*
*
*
*
*
)
(
)
(
1
1
ld
lq
oq
oq
od
od
lq
ld
I
wL
I
wL
r
Ls
V
V
V
V
r
Ls
I
I
(17)
lq
lq
ld
ld
od
oq
oq
od
I
I
I
I
Cs
CwV
CwV
Cs
V
V
*
*
1
1
(18)
2
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
pc ic
id iq i
pc ic
K S K
G S G S G S
LS r K S K
(19)
2 2
( )
pc bi
K r r L
(20)
6. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Autonomous microgrid based parallel inverters using droop controller for improved power… (Siddaraj)
2307
Where ωbi is the bandwidth of the current controller. Even though many works, not included an
integral controller in the CCL [20, 21], in abnormal situations, the presence of an integral controller can be
beneficial. Although it reduces tracking error (ideally zero) without compromising its dynamic response.
Figure 6 (a) shows the Bode plot for the CCL transfer function and Figure 6 (b). Trajectories of CCL closed-
loop poles
3.2. Analysis and design of the voltage controller
The output voltage of VSI should be stable and regulated as per the device's concern. The VCL
disturbances given in (18), are (+ CωVoq) and (− Ild) are from the d-axis and (− CωVod) and (− Ioq) are from
the q-axis. These disturbances have eliminated by adding these terms with the proper signs. The d-axis VCL
transfer function (21) is Gvd(s) = (Vod(s)/V*od (s)) Voq = 0, Iod = 0. Note that GVq(s) = GVd(s). The current
controller should be faster than the voltage controller for that bandwidth is chosen in the range of 0.25 and
0.75 of ωbi, also greater than ten times of fundamental and greater than cut-off filter frequency [22, 23]. The
proportional coefficient has obtained using (22). The voltage transfer function expressed as:
while designing integral gain (Kiv) is a trade-off required between the error and stability of the system.
Figure 6 (c) shows the Bode plot for the VCL. The closed-loop poles trajectories using (18), is shown
in Figure 6 (d).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 6. VCL, (a) Bode plot for CCL transfer function, (b) Trajectories of CCL closed-loop poles,
(c) Bode plot with ideal CCL for VCL transfer function, (d) Trajectories of VCL closed-loop poles
2
* 4 3 2
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
pc pv pc pv pv ic ic iv
Cd
Vd
Cd pc pc pv ic pc pv pv ic ic iv
K K S K K K K K K
V
G S
V LCS C r K S K K CK S K K K K S K K
(21)
2 2
( 2( ) ( ) ) )
( ). 0.707
bi bv pc bi
v bv pv
pc
Cw Lw K Lw
G jw K
K
(22)
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2308
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed droop controller studied in different cases,
with nonlinear loads simulated on MATLAB/Simulink tool. To this aim, the test bench used as standalone
DG. This system has two parallel VSI and its controller with network impedance, as shown in Figure 1 (a).
Two DG VSIs connected in parallel, and droop gain and network impedance considered as given in Table 1.
Three following cases discussed and shown in Figures 7 and 8. Case 1: At t = 0 to 0.7s, a total load
of PLoad=16000 W and QLoad=8000 VAR are connected, and each inverter is sharing the load proportionally,
i.e., the active power of P1=7570 W and P2=7560 W, and reactive power of Q1=3823.5VAR and Q2=3823
VAR at 0.43s, as shown in Figure 7 (a) and 7 (b), similarly Case 2: At t = 0.7s to 1.2s change in load of
PLoad=12000 W and QLoad=10000 VAR added into the microgrid system, and each inverter is sharing the load
proportionally, i.e., P1=5677 W and P2=5766 W and reactive power of Q1=4754 VAR and Q2=4753.5.1
VAR. Case 3: At t=1.2 to 2s change in a load of PLoad=10000 W and QLoad=8000 VAR is added into the
microgrid system, and each inverter is sharing the load proportionally, i.e., P1=4750 W and P2=4740 W and
reactive power of Q1=3823.5 VAR and Q2=3823 VAR.
Thus in all cases, the frequency variation of inverters is within the tolerance range, and at 0.48s,
the frequency variation is 49.8869 Hz to 49.8868 Hz due to load change, as shown in Figure 7 (c). The DG1
and DG2 output voltage obtained of 780Vdc as sources, as shown in Figures 7 (d) and Figure 8 (a), to feed
each inverter. The point of common coupling voltage is 220 volts/phase (RMS) at each load, as shown in
Figure 8 (b). Also, the voltage at the point of common coupling Vb1 and Vb2 per-phase-voltage (Vpeak)
maintained constant irrespective of load variation. Thus, the droop controller is ensuring the tolerances are
not more than 5% and 1% of voltage and frequency, respectively. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of
voltage is 2.61% when the nonlinear load has connected shown in Figures 8 (c) and 8 (d). A comparison has
drawn between the proposed method and its similar types, which has illustrated in Table 2. It has observed
that our controller has the advantage of better features.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 7. Case studies, (a) Active power, (b) Reactive power, (c) Frequency with step change load,
(d) DG1 o/p voltage
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 8. DG and PCC, (a) DG2 o/p voltage, (b) PCC voltage/ph. (RMS), (c) PCC voltage/ph. (Vpeak),
(d) THD of voltage
8. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Autonomous microgrid based parallel inverters using droop controller for improved power… (Siddaraj)
2309
Table 2. Comparative analysis of the proposed controller with other existing literature
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the given droop controller proposed in an autonomous parallel inverter-based
microgrid system shares power very precisely by avoiding communication link for an islanded microgrid.
The proposed control scheme has implemented based on current control and voltage control loop; thus, it can
efficiently maintain the frequency and voltage magnitude of the inverters and achieve effective, proportional
load sharing of active and reactive power. The implemented controller effectiveness tested on the parallel
standalone system of three-phase voltage source inverters with a filter output feeding to the loads.
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Droop method Merits Demerits
Conventional droop
Method
Simple implementation. Parameters affect the system
Not suitable for nonlinear loads
Voltage regulation is not guaranteed,
Voltage power droop
/Frequency reactive boost
droop
method [24]
Simple implementation.
Adjusting the bandwidth of the controller,
the active and reactive power controllers
does not affect the frequency and voltage.
Parameters affect the system and only for
high resistance transmission lines.
Not suitable for nonlinear loads.
Nonlinear load-sharing
techniques [25, 26]
Current harmonics shares appropriately
between the DGs,
Voltage harmonics removes
Parameters affect the system and Poor
voltage regulation
Adjusting the bandwidth of the controller,
the active and reactive power controllers
affect the frequency and voltage.
Proposed droop controller
Simple and not affected by the system
parameters.
Suitable for nonlinear loads also and cancel
voltage harmonics.
DG's unequal output voltages are
compensated.
Adjusting the bandwidth of the controller,
the active and reactive power controllers
affect the frequency and voltage.
9. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2020 : 2302 – 2310
2310
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Siddaraj is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. Currently,
pursuing a PhD in the Department of Electrical Engineering, NITK Surathkal. He has authored
several research articles in journals and conferences. His research field includes renewable
energy sources microgrids, power and energy systems.
Udaykumar R. Yaragatti is currently a professor (on-lien) heading the Malaviya National
Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India, as the director since October 2016. He is the author
of more than 90 published technical papers, and the co-author of chapters 3, 4, and 5 in Thermal
Power Plants: Modeling, Control, and Efficiency Improvement (CRC Press, 2016). His research
interests include power electronic converters, photovoltaics, smart grid, energy management, and
electric drives.
Nagendrappa H received the B.E. degree in electrical and electronics engineering, in 1999,
the M.Tech. degree in power and energy systems, in 2002, both from the National Institute of
Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, India, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
in 2015 from the University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. He has been an assistant
professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, NITK Surathkal. He is interested in
working on high-frequency soft-switching converters for power generation from renewable
energy sources and their grid interfacing applications.
Vikash Kumar Jhunjhunwala is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Manipal. He has authored several research articles in journals and conferences.
His research field includes renewable energy sources microgrids, power, and energy systems.