The document provides training material for automotive sales consultants on basic automotive technology. It aims to enable sales consultants to understand technical specifications and terminology used in sales catalogs and kits. It covers topics like anatomy of automobiles, engine basics, fuel and intake systems, and other key automotive systems. After the training, consultants should be able to read, understand and explain technical specifications to customers.
The document provides information about various components of an automobile. It discusses the chassis, axles, suspension system, tires, braking system, steering system, transmission system including the clutch, gearbox and propeller shaft. It also covers the engine, intake manifold, carburetor and different types of engines. The document categorizes automobiles and defines key terms like chassis, axle, suspension and others.
K. Amarnath Reddy wrote a document about advances in automobile engineering, specifically focusing on internal combustion engines. The document discussed the history of internal combustion engines and their applications. It described the basic workings of two-stroke and four-stroke engines and their advantages and disadvantages. The document also examined six-stroke engines, factors affecting engine development like cost and environment, areas of development like timing controls and fuel injection, and materials used in engine manufacturing. In conclusion, it stated that mechanical engineers can improve existing engine models and internal combustion engines will continue powering vehicles despite environmental concerns.
This document provides an introduction to automobile engineering. It discusses the history of automobiles from early steam-powered vehicles to modern internal combustion engines. It then summarizes key automobile systems and components, including the engine, power train, suspension, steering, braking, and electrical systems. The engine is described as the power plant, with subsystems like fuel injection, ignition, lubrication, cooling, and exhaust. The document outlines the major developments in automotive technology and concludes with a brief overview of vehicle design and manufacturing innovations.
The document discusses the history and development of automobiles. It describes how early vehicles were powered by steam engines but that Karl Benz is credited with building the first practical automobile powered by an internal combustion engine in 1885. It then discusses major innovations and components of modern automobiles, including engines, transmissions, and other systems like braking, suspension, and electrical. It focuses on the engineering advances that have made cars simpler to operate and more efficient over time.
This document provides an overview of automobile engineering and the history of the Indian automobile industry. It discusses that automobile engineering deals with vehicles, their transmission systems and applications. It then outlines the history of the automobile industry in India from the 1800s through post-liberalization in 1991. Key events included the first car import in 1898, assembly of trucks and cars starting in the 1920s-1930s, and the establishment of major automobile companies from the 1940s-1960s. The document also provides classifications of vehicles and describes functions of major automobile components.
The document discusses the mechanisms of cars, including their history and evolution. It describes the key mechanisms that enable car function such as the engine (discussing Otto and diesel cycles), steering, transmission, braking, and suspension systems. It also discusses future car mechanisms like those powered by water, hydrogen, or that enable automatic driving. The document is a case study report submitted by two students for their B.E. program.
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of an Automobile Engineering course. It discusses the objectives of developing understanding of automobile components and modern automotive controls. It then outlines the topics to be covered in Module 1, including introduction to automobiles, chassis and body components, engine components, and modern fuel systems. It also provides background on the history and development of automobiles from steam-powered vehicles to modern internal combustion and alternative fuel vehicles. Key automobile components such as engines, transmission, and controls are defined. Different classification schemes for automobiles are presented.
The document provides information about various components of an automobile. It discusses the chassis, axles, suspension system, tires, braking system, steering system, transmission system including the clutch, gearbox and propeller shaft. It also covers the engine, intake manifold, carburetor and different types of engines. The document categorizes automobiles and defines key terms like chassis, axle, suspension and others.
K. Amarnath Reddy wrote a document about advances in automobile engineering, specifically focusing on internal combustion engines. The document discussed the history of internal combustion engines and their applications. It described the basic workings of two-stroke and four-stroke engines and their advantages and disadvantages. The document also examined six-stroke engines, factors affecting engine development like cost and environment, areas of development like timing controls and fuel injection, and materials used in engine manufacturing. In conclusion, it stated that mechanical engineers can improve existing engine models and internal combustion engines will continue powering vehicles despite environmental concerns.
This document provides an introduction to automobile engineering. It discusses the history of automobiles from early steam-powered vehicles to modern internal combustion engines. It then summarizes key automobile systems and components, including the engine, power train, suspension, steering, braking, and electrical systems. The engine is described as the power plant, with subsystems like fuel injection, ignition, lubrication, cooling, and exhaust. The document outlines the major developments in automotive technology and concludes with a brief overview of vehicle design and manufacturing innovations.
The document discusses the history and development of automobiles. It describes how early vehicles were powered by steam engines but that Karl Benz is credited with building the first practical automobile powered by an internal combustion engine in 1885. It then discusses major innovations and components of modern automobiles, including engines, transmissions, and other systems like braking, suspension, and electrical. It focuses on the engineering advances that have made cars simpler to operate and more efficient over time.
This document provides an overview of automobile engineering and the history of the Indian automobile industry. It discusses that automobile engineering deals with vehicles, their transmission systems and applications. It then outlines the history of the automobile industry in India from the 1800s through post-liberalization in 1991. Key events included the first car import in 1898, assembly of trucks and cars starting in the 1920s-1930s, and the establishment of major automobile companies from the 1940s-1960s. The document also provides classifications of vehicles and describes functions of major automobile components.
The document discusses the mechanisms of cars, including their history and evolution. It describes the key mechanisms that enable car function such as the engine (discussing Otto and diesel cycles), steering, transmission, braking, and suspension systems. It also discusses future car mechanisms like those powered by water, hydrogen, or that enable automatic driving. The document is a case study report submitted by two students for their B.E. program.
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of an Automobile Engineering course. It discusses the objectives of developing understanding of automobile components and modern automotive controls. It then outlines the topics to be covered in Module 1, including introduction to automobiles, chassis and body components, engine components, and modern fuel systems. It also provides background on the history and development of automobiles from steam-powered vehicles to modern internal combustion and alternative fuel vehicles. Key automobile components such as engines, transmission, and controls are defined. Different classification schemes for automobiles are presented.
This Presentation gives a Brief of different Systems in a Vehicle like Transmission, Lubrication and Different Sensors used. Some other systems will be described in the part 2 presentation.
This chapter discusses automotive systems and preventative maintenance. It describes the major components of vehicle construction, including unitized/unibody and body-over-frame. The chapter outlines the manufacturing process and lists the basic systems that make up a modern automobile, such as the engine, drivetrain, brakes and others. It emphasizes the importance of preventative maintenance and provides examples of maintenance services.
The document discusses automobile engines. It begins by classifying engines based on the type of fuel used, ignition type, operating cycle, number of strokes, valve location, design, cylinder arrangement, air intake, cooling type, and application. The main components of an internal combustion engine are then described, including the cylinder, cylinder head, piston, valves, manifolds, connecting rod, crank, flywheel, engine block, cam, piston rings, and crankcase. Four-stroke petrol and diesel engine cycles are illustrated and compared. Two-stroke petrol and diesel engines are also discussed and compared to four-stroke engines.
The Different Parts that Make Up Your Vehiclemenzieschrysler
Menzies Chrysler 1602 Champlain Ave Whitby, ON L1N 6A7 (905) 683-4100, is a car dealership offering premium customer service and a range of new and used Chrsyler, Dodge and Jeep at great prices.
IC engines(2 stroke/4 stroke),Engine terminology and major components,Power transmission drives(belt ,gear ,rope ,chain),Clutch, Brake,CRDI,MPFI& HYBRID
This document provides an overview of automobile basics, including:
- A brief history of early automobile development from the 1860s to 1900s.
- Henry Ford's innovations like interchangeable parts and assembly line production that reduced costs to $200 per vehicle.
- The four basic parts of vehicles: engine, chassis, drive train, and body.
- Descriptions of key engine systems like fuel, ignition, cooling, and emission controls.
- Different types of vehicle frames, bodies, drivetrains, braking, suspension, and steering systems.
The document discusses making effective presentations by engaging audiences and capturing their attention. It provides tips on using awesome backgrounds to enhance presentations. The main topics covered are automobile engineering, including the history and classifications of vehicles, important components like the clutch, gear, gearbox, differential, steering system, and braking system. It describes how these systems work at a high level.
The document summarizes different ways that automobiles can be classified, including by purpose (passenger vs. goods vehicles), capacity (light vs. heavy), fuel used, number of wheels, type of drive, and automobile layout. It provides examples for each classification and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of front-engine front-wheel drive, front-engine rear-wheel drive, rear-engine rear-wheel drive, and four-wheel drive layouts.
There are four main powertrain configurations for vehicles: front-wheel drive (FWD), rear-wheel drive (RWD), 4-wheel drive (4WD), and all-wheel drive (AWD). FWD vehicles have the engine mounted transversely and power the front wheels. RWD vehicles have an inline engine and power the rear wheels through a transmission and driveshaft. 4WD vehicles can power all four wheels either full-time or on demand. Vehicles can also have mid-mounted or rear-mounted engines.
Uttarakhand Transport Corporation Haridwar presentationPrashant Batra
This presentation provides an overview of industrial training for maintenance of buses operated by Uttarakhand Transport Corporation. It describes the various work sections and processes involved in maintenance, including parts of the engine, gearbox, axles, brakes, and other systems. Diagrams are included to illustrate key components like the layout of the bus, parts of the front and rear axles, fuel transmission, and the engine. Specifications of the engines used in Tata and Ashok Leyland buses are also listed.
The document discusses the key components of an automobile, including the basic structure, power unit, transmission system, auxiliaries, controls, and superstructure. It describes the frame, suspension system, axles, wheels, and tires that make up the basic structure. It then explains the different systems that transmit power from the engine to the wheels, including the transmission, drivetrain, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential. Finally, it briefly touches on the different body styles of automobiles like sedans, hatchbacks, coupes, convertibles, and station wagons.
The document discusses automobile electrical systems, focusing on ignition systems. It describes the major components of ignition systems including spark plugs, distributor, ignition coil, and switch. There are three main types of ignition systems - battery ignition, magneto ignition, and electronic ignition. Battery ignition provides better spark at low speeds but requires battery maintenance. Magneto ignition is more reliable with no battery but not as good at low speeds. Electronic ignition solves problems with mechanical systems like inconsistent spark timing. Ignition timing and advance/retard mechanisms are also covered.
This document provides an overview of gasoline engine operation, parts, and specifications. It explains how a four-stroke engine operates through intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. It also describes how engines are classified based on characteristics like cylinder arrangement and valve configuration. Key engine parts like the block, heads, and rotating assembly are introduced.
This document provides an overview of turbochargers, including:
- A turbocharger uses exhaust gases to drive a turbine which spins a compressor to force more air into the engine, increasing power.
- Early applications included aircraft in the 1930s and production cars in the 1960s.
- Key components are the turbine, compressor, center housing, and wastegate to control pressure. Proper installation is also discussed.
Turbo charged engines are little different from other engine types and you need to take more care to get a better energy output. It is designed to create extra air flow into the combustion chamber for more energy generation. It spins very fast and always exposed to the excess heat of the engine which can accelerate the wear and tear easily. Here are some of the simple tips you should follow to protect your car's turbo effectively. Check the slides.
Bhawesh Prajapati completed an industrial training internship from June 13 to July 15, 2019 at the Uttarakhand Transport Corporation Workshop in Dehradun. The workshop maintains over 1,200 buses for the state-run transportation corporation. During the internship, Prajapati learned about and assisted with maintenance in various departments including the engine, brakes, gearbox, and axle sections. The practical experience and exposure to the industrial work environment improved Prajapati's confidence and provided valuable hands-on learning about vehicle maintenance processes.
The document provides information on the anatomy and systems of an automobile. It describes the basic components and layout of rear-wheel drive, four-wheel drive, and front-wheel drive vehicles. It also outlines the major systems in an automobile including the power train system (engine, fuel, intake, exhaust, cooling), running system (suspension, steering, braking), and comfort system. Additionally, it provides details on the engine itself including classifications, components, parameters, and supporting systems like fuel, intake, and exhaust.
This document provides training on automotive technology basics for dealer sales consultants. It aims to teach them the terminology and specifications used in sales materials so they can better explain vehicles to customers. The document covers systems in vehicles like the power train, running, and comfort systems. It also provides details on the anatomy of different automobile types. A large portion is dedicated to explaining the engine and its components, fuel system, intake system, and other supporting systems in depth. The goal is for sales consultants to have sufficient technical knowledge after the training.
anna university automobile engineering unit 1 suresh n
automobile engineering, frames, vehicle body,two stroke and four engine difference, valve timing and port timing diagram, engine classification,engine layout, ic engine components,
This Presentation gives a Brief of different Systems in a Vehicle like Transmission, Lubrication and Different Sensors used. Some other systems will be described in the part 2 presentation.
This chapter discusses automotive systems and preventative maintenance. It describes the major components of vehicle construction, including unitized/unibody and body-over-frame. The chapter outlines the manufacturing process and lists the basic systems that make up a modern automobile, such as the engine, drivetrain, brakes and others. It emphasizes the importance of preventative maintenance and provides examples of maintenance services.
The document discusses automobile engines. It begins by classifying engines based on the type of fuel used, ignition type, operating cycle, number of strokes, valve location, design, cylinder arrangement, air intake, cooling type, and application. The main components of an internal combustion engine are then described, including the cylinder, cylinder head, piston, valves, manifolds, connecting rod, crank, flywheel, engine block, cam, piston rings, and crankcase. Four-stroke petrol and diesel engine cycles are illustrated and compared. Two-stroke petrol and diesel engines are also discussed and compared to four-stroke engines.
The Different Parts that Make Up Your Vehiclemenzieschrysler
Menzies Chrysler 1602 Champlain Ave Whitby, ON L1N 6A7 (905) 683-4100, is a car dealership offering premium customer service and a range of new and used Chrsyler, Dodge and Jeep at great prices.
IC engines(2 stroke/4 stroke),Engine terminology and major components,Power transmission drives(belt ,gear ,rope ,chain),Clutch, Brake,CRDI,MPFI& HYBRID
This document provides an overview of automobile basics, including:
- A brief history of early automobile development from the 1860s to 1900s.
- Henry Ford's innovations like interchangeable parts and assembly line production that reduced costs to $200 per vehicle.
- The four basic parts of vehicles: engine, chassis, drive train, and body.
- Descriptions of key engine systems like fuel, ignition, cooling, and emission controls.
- Different types of vehicle frames, bodies, drivetrains, braking, suspension, and steering systems.
The document discusses making effective presentations by engaging audiences and capturing their attention. It provides tips on using awesome backgrounds to enhance presentations. The main topics covered are automobile engineering, including the history and classifications of vehicles, important components like the clutch, gear, gearbox, differential, steering system, and braking system. It describes how these systems work at a high level.
The document summarizes different ways that automobiles can be classified, including by purpose (passenger vs. goods vehicles), capacity (light vs. heavy), fuel used, number of wheels, type of drive, and automobile layout. It provides examples for each classification and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of front-engine front-wheel drive, front-engine rear-wheel drive, rear-engine rear-wheel drive, and four-wheel drive layouts.
There are four main powertrain configurations for vehicles: front-wheel drive (FWD), rear-wheel drive (RWD), 4-wheel drive (4WD), and all-wheel drive (AWD). FWD vehicles have the engine mounted transversely and power the front wheels. RWD vehicles have an inline engine and power the rear wheels through a transmission and driveshaft. 4WD vehicles can power all four wheels either full-time or on demand. Vehicles can also have mid-mounted or rear-mounted engines.
Uttarakhand Transport Corporation Haridwar presentationPrashant Batra
This presentation provides an overview of industrial training for maintenance of buses operated by Uttarakhand Transport Corporation. It describes the various work sections and processes involved in maintenance, including parts of the engine, gearbox, axles, brakes, and other systems. Diagrams are included to illustrate key components like the layout of the bus, parts of the front and rear axles, fuel transmission, and the engine. Specifications of the engines used in Tata and Ashok Leyland buses are also listed.
The document discusses the key components of an automobile, including the basic structure, power unit, transmission system, auxiliaries, controls, and superstructure. It describes the frame, suspension system, axles, wheels, and tires that make up the basic structure. It then explains the different systems that transmit power from the engine to the wheels, including the transmission, drivetrain, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential. Finally, it briefly touches on the different body styles of automobiles like sedans, hatchbacks, coupes, convertibles, and station wagons.
The document discusses automobile electrical systems, focusing on ignition systems. It describes the major components of ignition systems including spark plugs, distributor, ignition coil, and switch. There are three main types of ignition systems - battery ignition, magneto ignition, and electronic ignition. Battery ignition provides better spark at low speeds but requires battery maintenance. Magneto ignition is more reliable with no battery but not as good at low speeds. Electronic ignition solves problems with mechanical systems like inconsistent spark timing. Ignition timing and advance/retard mechanisms are also covered.
This document provides an overview of gasoline engine operation, parts, and specifications. It explains how a four-stroke engine operates through intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. It also describes how engines are classified based on characteristics like cylinder arrangement and valve configuration. Key engine parts like the block, heads, and rotating assembly are introduced.
This document provides an overview of turbochargers, including:
- A turbocharger uses exhaust gases to drive a turbine which spins a compressor to force more air into the engine, increasing power.
- Early applications included aircraft in the 1930s and production cars in the 1960s.
- Key components are the turbine, compressor, center housing, and wastegate to control pressure. Proper installation is also discussed.
Turbo charged engines are little different from other engine types and you need to take more care to get a better energy output. It is designed to create extra air flow into the combustion chamber for more energy generation. It spins very fast and always exposed to the excess heat of the engine which can accelerate the wear and tear easily. Here are some of the simple tips you should follow to protect your car's turbo effectively. Check the slides.
Bhawesh Prajapati completed an industrial training internship from June 13 to July 15, 2019 at the Uttarakhand Transport Corporation Workshop in Dehradun. The workshop maintains over 1,200 buses for the state-run transportation corporation. During the internship, Prajapati learned about and assisted with maintenance in various departments including the engine, brakes, gearbox, and axle sections. The practical experience and exposure to the industrial work environment improved Prajapati's confidence and provided valuable hands-on learning about vehicle maintenance processes.
The document provides information on the anatomy and systems of an automobile. It describes the basic components and layout of rear-wheel drive, four-wheel drive, and front-wheel drive vehicles. It also outlines the major systems in an automobile including the power train system (engine, fuel, intake, exhaust, cooling), running system (suspension, steering, braking), and comfort system. Additionally, it provides details on the engine itself including classifications, components, parameters, and supporting systems like fuel, intake, and exhaust.
This document provides training on automotive technology basics for dealer sales consultants. It aims to teach them the terminology and specifications used in sales materials so they can better explain vehicles to customers. The document covers systems in vehicles like the power train, running, and comfort systems. It also provides details on the anatomy of different automobile types. A large portion is dedicated to explaining the engine and its components, fuel system, intake system, and other supporting systems in depth. The goal is for sales consultants to have sufficient technical knowledge after the training.
anna university automobile engineering unit 1 suresh n
automobile engineering, frames, vehicle body,two stroke and four engine difference, valve timing and port timing diagram, engine classification,engine layout, ic engine components,
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines, including their classification, operation, and differences between engine types. It discusses four-stroke petrol and diesel engines in detail, describing the four strokes of each cycle. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines are outlined. Two-stroke engines are also summarized and compared to four-stroke engines. Various engine efficiencies are defined.
Tyres have several key functions: providing contact with the road surface, acting as the primary suspension, and allowing vehicles to brake, accelerate and steer. They are made up of plies, beads, treads and sidewalls. Radial tyres have plies that run straight across from bead to bead, providing a stable footprint. Proper tyre pressure and tread depth are important to prevent aquaplaning, where a layer of water builds up between the tyre and road surface causing loss of traction.
Chapter 1 engine components and classificationHafizkamaruddin
The document discusses the basic theoretical knowledge and understanding of engine components, classifications, and terminology. It covers the construction and operating principles of different types of internal combustion engines including two-stroke and four-stroke petrol and diesel engines as well as rotary engines. It also explains important engine terminology such as bore, stroke, displacement, compression ratio, cylinder head, valve train, and valve timing diagrams.
Ever wonder how a company gets to the top of Google search results? Know that successful search engine optimization (SEO) means more customers, but don’t know where to start?
You’re in luck. Simone Watson, iContact’s resident SEO expert and Loren Baker, Founder of Search Engine Journal/Co-Founder of Foundation Digital have teamed up to help you get started with your SEO aspirations.
You can view the recording here: https://icontact-videos.wistia.com/medias/98kel4ad6s
Simone and Loren cover:
• How to set up your online analytics
• How to use mobile to your advantage
• How to write winning on-page meta descriptions
• Why building quality links matters, and how to get started
• Several useful tools to help automate and track progress
11 Things to Look For in a Hotel Booking Engine ProviderNet Affinity
What should you be getting from your hotel booking engine provider? Which features are most important to your hotel, and which can you live without?
From our perspective, your hotel booking engine provider should be giving you a highly flexible, fully controllable, feature-rich solution, along with in-depth reporting and a team to support you.
This document describes a six-stroke engine designed by Malcolm Beare that combines aspects of two-stroke and four-stroke engines. It works by using a piston in the cylinder head that intakes and exhausts like a two-stroke while the bottom remains a conventional four-stroke. This hybrid design increases torque by 35% and efficiency, while reducing weight and parts compared to a four-stroke. It provides thermodynamic advantages such as greater expansion and slower piston acceleration. The six-stroke engine could replace conventional heads on existing engines.
This document describes two 6-stroke engine designs that aim to improve fuel efficiency over traditional 4-stroke engines. The first is Bruce Crower's 6-stroke engine, which captures wasted heat from the 4-stroke cycle to power an additional steam stroke. The second is the Beare dual opposed piston 6-stroke engine, which replaces the cylinder head with an overhead piston arrangement, combining a 4-stroke bottom end with a 2-stroke head cycle. Both designs are analyzed against traditional 4-stroke engines and are found to increase power and torque output while improving fuel economy.
Cloud for Developers: Azure vs. Google App Engine vs. Amazon vs. AppHarborSvetlin Nakov
Software Development for the Public Cloud Platforms: Windows Azure vs. Google App Engine vs. Amazon Web Services (AWS) vs AppHarbor.
In this talk the speaker will compare the most widely used public PaaS clouds (Azure, GAE and AWS) from the software developer’s perspective.
A parallel between Azure, GAE, AWS and few other clouds (like AppHarbor, Heroku, Cloudfoundry and AppForce) will be made based on several criteria: architecture, pricing, storage services (non-relational databases, relational databases in the cloud and blob/file storage), business-tier services (like queues, notifications, email, CDN, etc.), supported languages, platforms and frameworks and front-end technologies.
A live demo will be made to compare the way we build and deploy a multi-tiered application in Azure, Amazon and GAE and how to implement its back-end (using a cloud database), business tier (based on REST services) and front-end (based on HTML5).
The speaker Svetlin Nakov (http://www.nakov.com) is well-known software development expert and trainer, a head of the Telerik Software Academy and a main organizer of the Cloud Development course (http://clouddevcourse.telerik.com).
Combustion in diesel engines occurs in three phases: 1) the ignition delay phase, 2) the premixed combustion phase, and 3) the mixing-controlled combustion phase. The ignition delay phase determines the rate of pressure rise and peak pressure/temperature, affecting noise and NOx emissions. Premixed combustion involves fuel-air mixtures at the stoichiometric ratio, producing high pressure/temperature rises and NOx. Mixing-controlled combustion depends on fuel-air mixing rates, with combustion along rich, stoichiometric, and lean paths. Heat release rate diagrams show an initial high rate corresponding to the premixed phase, followed by a gradually decreasing rate in the main release period.
Apache Kylin: OLAP Engine on Hadoop - Tech Deep DiveXu Jiang
Kylin is an open source Distributed Analytics Engine from eBay Inc. that provides SQL interface and multi-dimensional analysis (OLAP) on Hadoop supporting extremely large datasets.
If you want to do multi-dimension analysis on large data sets (billion+ rows) with low query latency (sub-seconds), Kylin is a good option. Kylin also provides seamless integration with existing BI tools (e.g Tableau).
Periodic Table of SEO Success Factors & Guide to SEO by SearchEngineLandSearch Engine Land
Updated in July 2013, SearchEngineLand.com's Periodic Table of SEO Success Factors is explained in a quick-start presentation format. Read the companion Guide to SEO, featuring nine chapters that explain the Periodic Table of SEO elements in more detail, perfect to use a beginner's guide and tutorial for getting started with search engine optimization.
The Periodic Table of SEO Success Factors
http://searchengineland.com/seotable
Read the Search Engine Land Guide to SEO:
http://searchengineland.com/guide/seo
Chapter 1: Types Of Search Engine Success Factors
http://searchengineland.com/guide/seo/types-of-search-engine-ranking-factors
Chapter 2: Content & Search Engine Success Factors
http://searchengineland.com/guide/seo/content-search-engine-ranking
Chapter 3: HTML Code & Search Engine Success Factors
http://searchengineland.com/guide/seo/html-code-search-engine-ranking
Chapter 4: Site Architecture & Search Engine Success Factors
http://searchengineland.com/guide/seo/site-architecture-search-engine-ranking
Chapter 5: Link Building & Ranking In Search Engines
http://searchengineland.com/guide/seo/link-building-ranking-search-engines
Chapter 6: Social Media & Ranking In Search Results
http://searchengineland.com/guide/seo/social-media-ranking-search-results
Chapter 7: Trust, Authority, Identity & Search Rankings
http://searchengineland.com/guide/seo/trust-authority-search-rankings
Chapter 8: Personalization & Search Engine Rankings
http://searchengineland.com/guide/seo/personalization-search-engine-rankings
Chapter 9: Violations & Search Engine Spam Penalties
http://searchengineland.com/guide/seo/violations-search-engine-spam-penalties
The document discusses key parts of internal combustion engines including pistons, valves, spark plugs, cam shafts and describes cylinder arrangements like inline-4 and V6. It also covers topics like engine size measured in cubic centimeters, overhead camshafts, and the four stroke combustion cycle. The summary provides an overview of internal combustion engines, their classification based on fuel type, ignition method, cylinder arrangement and other factors. It outlines the basic idea of how combustion drives the piston to convert the motion to a rotating crankshaft.
Internal Combustion Engines - Construction and Working (All you need to know,...Mihir Pai
The document discusses various components and systems of internal combustion engines, including:
- The crankshaft, connecting rod, camshaft, spark plug, drivetrain, turbochargers, carburetors, fuel injection systems, engine lubrication systems, rotary engines, two-stroke engines, and experimental five-stroke and six-stroke engines. It provides brief descriptions of how each component or system functions within an engine.
The document provides information on the basic fundamentals of automobiles. It defines an automobile as a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine that is used for transporting passengers and goods on ground. Automobiles can be classified based on load, number of wheels, fuel used, body, and body style. The key systems of an automobile include the power train system, running system, and comfort system. The power train system includes the engine, fuel system, intake system, exhaust system, cooling system, drive line, clutch, gearbox and other components. The document then provides details on various engine parameters, components, and support systems like the fuel system.
The document discusses different types of fuel injection pumps used in diesel engines, including inline, rotary, and common rail diesel injection pumps. It describes the basic components and functioning of each type of pump. Inline pumps have separate plunger units for each cylinder and are activated by a camshaft. Rotary pumps use a single plunger connected to different ports on a distributor head via springs. Common rail diesel pumps operate at very high pressure and can vary the timing and amount of fuel injection independently for each cylinder.
Seminar on gasoline direct injection...Saran S Nair
The document discusses gasoline direct injection (GDI), which improves fuel efficiency without significantly changing conventional internal combustion engine technology. GDI involves sending pressurized fuel directly into the combustion chamber rather than mixing it with air in the intake manifold. This allows for a higher compression ratio and more precise fuel delivery. GDI provides benefits like reduced fuel consumption and emissions compared to port fuel injection systems, but also presents challenges such as increased complexity, cost, and risk of deposits. Major automakers now offer vehicles with GDI engines.
The document provides an overview of Volkswagen's TDI engine technology, including its history and key features. It introduces TDI as Volkswagen's term for turbocharged diesel engines with intercoolers. It then discusses the history of Volkswagen's turbocharged diesel engines, their use in motor racing, and the differences between direct and indirect fuel injection, forced and free injection, and other engine design aspects. A key section focuses on Volkswagen's 2.0L TDI engine, describing its configuration and technical specifications.
This document summarizes newer technologies in diesel and gasoline systems from Bosch, a leading automotive components manufacturer. It describes key components such as multiport fuel injection systems for petrol engines, ignition coils, exhaust systems, and different types of diesel pumps including single and multi-cylinder pumps, rotary pumps, and common rail pumps. The document provides information on how these components work and their benefits, such as improved performance and reduced emissions.
Supercritial Fuel Injection System is a fuel injection system that can be used to reduce emissions and increase efficiency up to 50 - 70 % in an automobile.
This document discusses multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) systems. It begins by defining MPFI as a system where fuel is injected into individual cylinders based on commands from the engine control unit (ECU). It then describes the key components of an MPFI system including the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, injectors, intake manifold, fuel lines, ECU, and sensors. The document outlines the stages of fuel injection and discusses sequential and simultaneous injection types. It concludes by explaining the advantages of MPFI systems like improved fuel delivery and throttle response compared to carbureted engines.
How Gas Turbine Power Plants Work_compressed.pdfOscar Duran
The document discusses various aspects of gas turbine systems including:
- The basic components and workings of a gas turbine including the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine.
- Types of combustion chambers and turbines.
- Materials and coatings used for turbine blades.
- Factors that influence gas turbine output, efficiency, and reliability.
- Options for augmenting gas turbine output such as exhaust heat recovery.
Gas Turbines..........................pdfBlentBulut5
The document discusses various aspects of gas turbine systems including:
- The basic components of a gas turbine which are the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine.
- Types of compressors, combustors, and turbines used in different gas turbine configurations.
- Operating principles and considerations for components like fuel systems, starting systems, and power transmission.
- Performance parameters for various gas turbine models from manufacturers like GE, Siemens, and Mitsubishi.
- Design requirements and cooling techniques for turbine blades to withstand high temperatures.
This document provides training materials for automotive sales consultants on basic automotive technology. It begins with the purpose and goal of the training, which is to enable consultants to understand and explain vehicle specifications and terminology to customers. It then covers the anatomy and systems of automobiles including rear-wheel drive, four-wheel drive, and front-wheel drive vehicles. It describes the power train system including the engine, fuel system, transmission components, and wheels. It also covers engine types, fuel types, classifications, parameters and efficiency.
This document provides training materials for automotive sales consultants on basic automotive technology. It begins with the purpose and goal of the training, which is to enable consultants to understand and explain vehicle specifications and terminology to customers. It then covers the anatomy and systems of automobiles including rear-wheel drive, four-wheel drive, and front-wheel drive vehicles. It describes the power train system including the engine, fuel system, transmission components, and wheels. It also covers running and comfort systems. Specific engine topics covered include two-stroke vs four-stroke engines, diesel vs gasoline, carbureted vs fuel injected, and engine parameters that impact efficiency.
This document provides an overview of engine design and operation topics that will be covered in Chapter 3, including the four strokes of a four-stroke engine, compression ratio, camshaft and valvetrain components, cylinder bore and stroke, engine classifications, and the major components and functions of engine lubrication, cooling, and other systems. It lists learning objectives and introduces key terms and concepts to set up explanations that will be provided later in the chapter.
The document provides an overview of the automotive industry, including:
1) It describes the key systems of a vehicle like the engine, drivetrain, chassis, and gives examples of components that make up each system.
2) It explains the different types of repair facilities like dealerships, independent shops, and lube chains and outlines the pros and cons of each.
3) It provides a high-level overview of how new vehicles flow from the manufacturing plant to dealerships where they are inspected and prepared for sale.
This document discusses engine oils and their classifications, performance standards, and benefits. It begins by explaining the basic requirements of passenger car engine oils, including what the vehicle, government, and original equipment manufacturers need. It then discusses how engine oils are classified based on viscosity and performance standards. The rest of the document focuses on Conoil's automotive lubricant portfolio, including their gasoline and diesel engine oil brands and products. It highlights the performance features and benefits of various Conoil oils like Quatro Ultra and Quatro HDX Turbo.
The document discusses lubrication systems in engines. It describes the purposes of lubrication including reducing friction, sealing, cooling, cleaning, absorbing shock, and absorbing contaminants. It discusses viscosity grades and properties of oil. The key components of a lubrication system are described such as oil pumps, pans, filters, galleries, and the positive crankcase ventilation valve. Finally, it covers gear oil ratings by the American Petroleum Institute.
This document provides an overview of the key parts of a car, including the exterior, interior, chassis, brakes, suspension, and engine. It describes different types of cars such as hatchbacks, sedans, sports cars, and SUVs. The document then discusses the internal combustion engine, including the intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust strokes of the engine. It notes that the main internal pieces are the piston, rod, and crankshaft and that engines can be gasoline or diesel powered.
1. The document discusses the lubrication system of an internal combustion engine. It defines lubrication as applying oil or grease to minimize friction between moving parts.
2. The main types of lubrication systems discussed are the petrol, wet-sump, and dry-sump systems. The wet-sump system can be a splash, pressure-feed, or combination system.
3. The components of a lubrication system discussed include the oil sump, filter, pump, galleries, cooler, and strainer. The pump circulates oil through the engine while the filter and strainer clean the oil.
This document provides an introduction to fuel systems for tractors and farm machinery. It defines fuel as a substance that produces energy when consumed by an engine. The key components and workings of fuel systems for spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (diesel) engines are described. For SI engines, the fuel system includes a fuel tank, filter, carburetor and intake manifold. The carburetor mixes air and fuel. For diesel engines, the high-pressure system includes a fuel tank, filter, injection pump and injectors, which supply precisely metered fuel into the combustion chamber. Fuel quality and proper maintenance of filters are discussed as important for optimal system operation.
himachal road transport corporation by sanjeevSanjeev Kumar
The document summarizes an industrial training presentation on a workshop for Himachal Road Transport Corporation buses. It discusses the transmission and braking systems of buses, including components like the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, differential, air compressor, and master cylinder. It also provides technical specifications for Tata and Ashok Leyland buses used in passenger transportation. The trainees learned about industrial discipline and cooperation during their training.
Charging Fueling & Infrastructure (CFI) Program by Kevin MillerForth
Kevin Miller, Senior Advisor, Business Models of the Joint Office of Energy and Transportation gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
car rentals in nassau bahamas | atv rental nassau bahamasjustinwilson0857
At Dash Auto Sales & Car Rentals, we take pride in providing top-notch automotive services to residents and visitors alike in Nassau, Bahamas. Whether you're looking to purchase a vehicle, rent a car for your vacation, or embark on an exciting ATV adventure, we have you covered with our wide range of options and exceptional customer service.
Website: www.dashrentacarbah.com
Dahua provides a comprehensive guide on how to install their security camera systems. Learn about the different types of cameras and system components, as well as the installation process.
Charging Fueling & Infrastructure (CFI) Program Resources by Cat PleinForth
Cat Plein, Development & Communications Director of Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
Charging and Fueling Infrastructure Grant: Round 2 by Brandt HertensteinForth
Brandt Hertenstein, Program Manager of the Electrification Coalition gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
2. PURPOSE : TO TRAIN DEALER SALES CONSULTANTS
ON THE BASICS OF AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY
GOAL : AFTER THE TRAINING, A SALES CONSULTANT
SHOULD BE ABLE TO READ, UNDERSTAND AND
EXPLAIN ALL THE SPECIFICATIONS/TERMINOLOGIES AS
GIVEN IN SALES LEAFLETS & SALES KITS
SALES CONSULTANTS TRAINING
Feedback : premkumar.ks@mahindra.com
6. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
8. ENGINE
ENGINE IS THE HEART OF THE AUTOMOBILE
• IT GENERATES MOTIVE POWER FOR LOCOMOTION
• IT CONVERTS CHEMICAL ENERGY OF THE FUEL TO
MECHANICAL ENERGY
• ENGINE DEVELOPS POWER & TORQUE
TORQUE : - Is the capacity to do work
Measured in Kg-m , N-m , Lb-ft
POWER : - How fast the work can be done
Measured in - Horse Power, Kilo watt
9. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
11. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINES
ENGINES CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN MANY WAYS :
1. By Mechanical construction - 4 Stroke/2-Stroke
2. By type of Ignition - Compression Ignition/Spark Ignition
COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES
• Basically Diesel engines
• Use diesel fuel
• Combustion is initiated by heat, on its own
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
• Basically Petrol engines, LPG engines, CNG engines
• Use leaded or unleaded petrol, Alcohol, LPG or CNG
• Combustion is initiated by a spark from a spark plug
12. DIESEL ENGINE
DIESEL ENGIENS ARE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES & USE DIESEL FUEL
DIESEL ENGINES ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS DIRECT INJECTION (DI) AND
INDIRECT INJECTION (IDI)
DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE (DI)
ON DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES, FUEL IS SPRAYED DIRECTLY ON TOP OF
THE PISTON.
• Highly fuel efficient
• Noisy
• Easy cold starting ability
INDIRECT INJECTION ENGINE
ON INDIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES, FUEL IS SPRAYED ON TO A SEPERATE
PRE-CHAMBER.
• Less fuel efficient
• Less Noisy/smoother
• Requires pre-heating for starting
13. PETROL/CNG/LPG ENGINES
PETROL ENGINES ARE SPARK IGNITION ENGINES & USE GASOLINE/CNG/LPG FUEL
PETROL ENGINES ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS CARBURATED AND FUEL
INJECTED ENGINE
CARBURETED ENGINE
ON CARBURETED ENGINE , THE PETROL & AIR ARE MIXED IN THE CARBURETER
BEFORE BEING SENT IN TO THE ENGINE
FUEL INJECTED ENGINE
ON FUEL INJECTED ENGINES, THE PETROL IS INJECTED SEPERATELY AND THE
PETROL AND AIR ARE MIXED INSIDE THE CYLINDER.
FUEL INJECTED ENGINES CAN BE FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS :
SINGLE/MULTI POINT FUEL INJECTION, Where the fuel is injected outside the cylinder
GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION (GDI) , Where the fuel is injected directly in to the engine
cylinder
14. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
RECIPROCATING ROTARY
SINGLE POINT INJECTION
INDIRECT INJECTION
• XD3P
• XDP 4.90
• SD 25
SPARK IGNITION
(GASOLINE/LPG/CNG)
COMPRESSION IGNITION
(DIESEL)
GAS TURBINE
DIRECT INJECTION
• MDI 3200
• SZ 2600 (SCORPIO)
• NEF NA (LOADKING)
• SIMPSON S4
• GREAVES
MULTI POINT INJECTION
• RENAULT F4R
• ISUZU
CARBURETED
• F4-134
• P 2150
• P2150 CNG
4STROKE 2STROKE
18. ENGINE PARAMETERS
BORE, mm : The diameter of the cylinder
STROKE, mm : The distance between top most point of piston travel to the
bottommost point of piston movement
CAPACITY, cc : Also called displacement. The volume displaced by all
pistons while moving from top to bottom. Also indicated in Liters.
CLEARANCE VOLUME : The volume available above piston, with the
piston in top most point.
COMPRESSION RATIO : The ratio between the total volume to the
clearance volume.
VALVE MECHANISM : The mechanism by which the valves are
operated. It could be push rod type or overhead camshaft type
TIMING SYSTEM : The mechanism by which the camshaft & fuel
injection pump are operated . It could be gear driven, chain driven or
belt driven.
19. VALVE OPERATING MECHANISM
(NO. OF VALVES PER CYLINDER)
E I
II
E
E E
I I
2 VALVES/CYL
• ALL M&M MODELS
3 VALVES/CYL
4 VALVES/CYL
• SCORPIO PETROL
2 VALVES/CYL
I
E
20. CYL
BLOCK
CYL HEAD
CRANKSHAFT
CAMSHAFT
ROCKER ARM
PUSHROD
TAPPET
ROCKER SHAFT
VALVE
FUEL PUMP
PUSH ROD ENGINE
• XD3P
• XDP4.90
• SZ 2600
• MDI 3200
• SIMPSON S4
• GREAVES
VALVE OPERATING MECHANISM
(CAMSHAFT LOCATIONS)
CYL
BLOCK
CYL HEAD
CAMSHAFT
ROCKER ARM
ROCKER SHAFT
HYDRAULIC
TAPPET
OVERHEAD CAM ENGINE
CYL
BLOCK
CYL HEAD
DOHC
• RENAULT F4R
SOHC
21. VALVE OPERATING MECHANISM
SINGLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (SOHC)
E I E I E I E I
E E
I I
E E
I I
E E
I I
E E
I I
2 VALVES/CYL , SOHC - VALVES OPERATED EITHER DIRECTLY OR THROUGH
ROCKERS
4 VALVES/CYL , SOHC - VALVES OPERATED THROUGH ROCKERS
22. VALVE OPERATING MECHANISM
DOUBLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (DOHC)
E E
I I
E E
I I
E E
I I
E E
I I
4 VALVES/CYL , DOHC - VALVES OPERATED EITHER DIRECTLY OR THROUGH
ROCKERS
23. TIMING MECHANISM
CYL HEAD
CAMSHAFT FUEL PUMP
CRANKSHAFT
IDLER
CYL HEAD
GEAR DRIVE ENGINE
• XDP4.90
• SZ 2600
GEAR DRIVE ENGINE
• MDI 3200
CYL HEAD
CHAIN DRIVE ENGINE
• XD 3P
• SZ 2600
CYL HEAD
BELT DRIVE ENGINE
• RENAULT F4R
24. ENGINE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
FOR THE ENGINE TO FUNCTION, IT REQUIRES SUPPORT SYSTEMS.
THE MAJOR SUPPORT SYSTEMS OF AN ENGINE ARE :
FUEL SYSTEM
INTAKE SYSTEM
EXHAUST SYSTEM
COOLING SYSTEM
25. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
26. ENGINE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
FUEL SYSTEM
• FUEL SYSTEM IS THE HEART OF THE ENGINE
• IT TRANSPORTS FUEL FROM THE FUEL TANK AND INJECTS IT UNDER
HIGH PRESSURE IN TO THE ENGINE
• FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM IS A HIGH PRECISION, HIGH TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCT
• FUEL INJECTION PUMPS ARE OF 2 TYPES - INLINE PUMP & ROTARY
PUMP
• IN INDIA, MICO & DELPHI-TVS MANUFACTURES FUEL INJECTION
SYSTEM
• COMPONENTS OF FUEL SYSTEM ARE :
• FUEL INJECTION PUMP(FIP)
• FUEL TRANSFER PUMP
• FUEL INJECTORS
• FUEL FILTERS
• FUEL LINES
28. FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1. FUEL INJECTION PUMP - Fuel injection pump sucks fuel from the
tank , pressurises the fuel to approx. 600 - 1000 bar and sends it to
the injectors.
• Inline FIP - Has separate pumping chambers for each cylinder
• Rotary FIP(Distributor pump) - Has one pumping chamber and the
pump distributes to each cylinder as per sequence- firing order
2. INJECTORS - Inject the high pressure fuel in to each cylinder.
3. FUEL FILTER - Filters the fuel from dirt & sediments, since the Fuel
injection pump requires clean fuel.
29. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
30. ENGINE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
INTAKE SYSTEM
INTAKE SYSTEM CLEANS & TRANSPORTS ATMOSPHERIC AIR
TO THE ENGINE CYLINDERS
NA ENGINE - NATURALLY ASPIRATED ENGINE - The air is
transported to the engine cylinder , at atmospheric pressure
TURBO ENGINE - TURBO CHARGED ENGINE - The air is
compressed and transported to engine cylinder, at higher than
atmospheric pressure.
COMPONENTS OF THE INTAKE SYSTEM
• AIR FILTER
• TURBO CHARGER
• INTERCOOLER
• AIR FILTER CLOGGING INDICATOR
• HOSES
32. INTAKE SYSTEM
ENGINE
AIR FILTER
TURBO CHARGED/INTERCOOLED ENGINE
• SZ 2600
INTERCOOLER
CLOGGING INDICATOR
TURBOCHARGER
EXHAUST
AIR AT ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
HOT COMPRESSED AIR
COOL COMPRESSED AIR
33. INTAKE SYSTEM
1. AIR FILTER - The purpose of the air filter is to clean the atmospheric air
of dirt & dust before entering the engine cylinder. Air filters needs to
cleaned regularly and replaced at recommended intervals.
2. CLOGGING INDICATOR - Clogging indicator indicates the condition of
the air filter as to whether is clean or choked.
A visible RED band in the indicator indicates choked air filter
34. INTAKE SYSTEM
3. TURBOCHARGER - The turbo charger utilizes the wasted heat energy
in the exhaust system, to run a compressor which compresses the intake
air. Compressed intake air has more density and hence more fuel can be
injected increasing the power of the engine.
Turbo charging is an ideal way to increase the engine power without
increasing the engine size.
For trouble free performance of turbocharger a clean air filter element is a
must.
A turbo charger spins at very high speed (~ 1.6 Lakh RPM). The turbo
charger is lubricated by engine oil. If the engine is switched off abruptly ,
the oil supply to turbo bearing stops instantly. Since the turbine is
running at very high speeds, it takes some time to wind down. During this
time the turbine bearing can be starved off oil.
Hence it is recommended to idle the engine for some time before shutting
off the engine.
35. INTAKE SYSTEM
4. INTERCOOLER - When the atmospheric air is compressed by the
compressor in the turbocharger, the temperature of the air increases. The
temperature of the air needs to be reduced before it enters the engine
cylinder. The hot compressed air is passed through a intercooler to
reduce the temperature.
Intercooler is a heat exchanger where the hot compressed air flows on
the inside and cool atmospheric air flows on the outside leading to
cooling of the compressed air
HOT COMPRESSED AIR COOL COMPRESSED AIRINTERCOOLER
ATM
AIR
36. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
37. ENGINE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
EXHAUST SYSTEM
EXHAUST SYSTEM TRANSPORTS THE BURNED EXHAUST
GASES FROM ENGINE CYLINDER TO THE ATMOSPHERE,
TOWARDS THE REAR OR TO THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE VEHICLE.
Since the exhaust gases are at higher pressure than atmospheric
pressure, the exhaust system has to reduce the pressure of
exhaust gases so that there is no noise on discharge to
atmosphere.
Catalytic converter (if fitted) reduces harmful pollutants in the
exhaust gases to un-harmful gases.
COMPONENTS OF EXHAUST SYSTEM
• SILENCER/MUFFLER/EXPANSION CHAMBER
• CATALYTIC CONVERTER
• OXYGEN SENSOR (PETROL VEHICLES)
39. EXHAUST SYSTEM
1. SILENCER/MUFFLER/EXPANSION CHAMBER - Silencers are separate
chambers fitted on the exhaust system fitted with baffles on the inside. The
silencer reduces the pressure of the exhaust gases progressively and lets
out the exhaust gases to atmosphere at atmospheric pressures.
2. CATALYTIC CONVERTER - Catalytic converters are emission control
devices fitted on the exhaust system. Catalytic converters convert harmful
exhaust gases to un-harmful gases. Catalytic converters are coated with
noble metals like Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium on the inside.
Catalytic converters are of 2 types, namely :
A. OXIDATION CATALYST - Fitted on diesel engines. Converts CO, HC to
CO2 and H20.
B. THREE WAY CATALYST - Fitted on Petrol engines. Converts CO, HC &
NOx to CO2 , H20 & N2.
40. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
41. ENGINE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
COOLING SYSTEM
COOLING SYSTEM REMOVES THE EXCESSIVE HEAT OF
COMBUSTION FROM THE ENGINE.
Cooling system circulates coolant (Combination of water and a
chemical) through the engine components which absorbs the heat
and transfers the heat to the atmospheric air through a heat
exchanger.
COMPONENTS OF THE COOLING SYSTEM
• WATER PUMP
• THERMOSTAT
• COOLING FAN
• OIL COOLER
• RADIATOR
• RADIATOR PRESSURE CAP
• COOLANT RECOVERY TANK/DEGASSING TANK
• DRIVE BELTS
43. COOLING SYSTEM
ENGINE
RADIATOR PRESSURE CAP
RADIATOR
WATER PUMP
THERMOSTAT
OIL COOLER
COOLANT RECOVERY SYSTEM
(No Loss System)
• SCORPIO DIESEL
• ALL UV MODELS
COOLING
FAN
AIR
COOLANT
RECOVERY
TANK
45. COOLING SYSTEM
1. WATER PUMP - Water pump sucks water from the radiator bottom tank
and pushes the water in to the engine block/cylinder head. Water pump is
driven by the engine crankshaft by a belt (in some cases it may be gear
driven)
2. THERMOSTAT - Thermostat is a temperature sensitive valve fitted on the
outlet of the engine. The thermostat will open only when the predetermined
temperature (75-90 C) is reached. Thermostat ensures that a cold engine
warms up faster and also ensures engine runs at optimum temperature for
best fuel efficiency.
2.RADIATOR - Radiator is a heat exchanger. The hot coolant (water) from
engine enters to the top tank of the radiator and passes through the core to
the bottom tank of the radiator. Cool atmospheric air is drawn over the core
by the cooling fan, leading to cooling of the radiator water. Radiators can be
of :
Down Flow type - Water passes from top tank to bottom tank in a downward
direction.
Cross Flow type - Water passes from left to right across the radiator.
Radiators can be made of Copper or Aluminum
46. COOLING SYSTEM
4. RADIATOR PRESSURE CAP - Water normally starts boiling at 100 deg C.
In order to increase the boiling temperature of water, the cooling system is
pressurized. The Radiator pressure cap is set at 0.9 Bar so that the cooling
system operates under a pressure of 1.9 Bar. When the pressure exceeds
1.9 Bar, the pressure valve opens and lets out the excessive pressure along
with some coolant. When the engine cools down , the vacuum valve opens
and let in air so that the radiator does not collapse inwards due to vacuum.
5. COOLING FAN - Cooling fan sucks in fresh cool air through the radiator,
thus cooling the hot water. Cooling fan can be of 3 types based on how it is
driven & controlled.
MECHANICAL FAN - Is driven by the engine crankshaft by a belt. Cooling fan speed is
dependent on engine speed.
VISCOUS FAN(Scorpio - Diesel) - Is driven by the engine by a belt. However, the
speed of the fan is controlled by a viscous clutch based on the radiator temperature.
ELECTRIC FAN(Scorpio - Petrol)- Is driven by an electric motor. The motor is
controlled by a controller based on various parameters like engine temperature,
engine speed, A/c operation etc.
47. COOLING SYSTEM
6. OIL COOLER - Oil cooler is a heat exchanger which uses coolant to cool
the engine oil. The hot engine oil is passed through the inside of the oil
cooler and a relatively cool coolant flows on the outside.
OIL COOLER
ENGINE
COOLANT
HOT ENGINE OIL COOLER ENGINE OIL
48. SAMPLE LEAFLET
MARSHAL 2000
ENGINE : MDI 3200 L ; DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL
TYPE : 4 STROKE, 4 CYLINDER, INLINE
BORE/STROKE : 88.9 mm/101.6 mm
CUBIC CAPACITY : 2523 cc
MAX POWER : 58 HP @ 3200 RPM
MAX TORQUE : 16.55 Kg-m @ 1500 RPM
FUEL INJ SYSTEM : INLINE
COMPRESSION RATIO : 18 : 1
WEIGHT : 260 Kg
COOLING SYSTEM : BELT DRIVEN PUMP ON CYLINDER HEAD
THERMOSTAT CONTROLLED
Engine3.exe
49. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
51. DRIVELINE - POWER TRANSMISSION
POWER IS GENERATED BY THE POWER PLANT (ENGINE)
THE GENERATED POWER NEEDS TO BE MODIFIED &
TRANSMITTED TO THE WHEELS FOR VEHICLE LOCOMOTION.
DRIVELINE MODIFIES & TRANSMITS THE POWER/TORQUE TO
THE WHEELS OF THE AUTOMOBILE.
COMPONENTS OF DRIVELINE
• CLUTCH
• PROPELLOR SHAFT
• DIFFERENTIAL
• AXLE SHAFTS
• WHEELS
• TYRES
52. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
53. CLUTCH SYSTEM
CLUTCH IS THE CRUCIAL LINK BETWEEN THE POWER PLANT
(ENGINE) AND THE DRIVELINE
THE PURPOSE OF THE CLUTCH IS TO LINK OR DE-
LINK(ENGAGE OR DIS-ENGAGE) THE ENGINE FROM THE
DRIVELINE, AS DESIRED BY THE DRIVER
COMPONENTS OF CLUCH
• CLUTCH ACTUATION MECHANISM
• LINK TYPE
• CABLE TYPE
• HYDRAULIC TYPE
• CLUTCH CABLE
• CLUTCH MASTER CYLINDER
• CLUTCH SLAVE CYLINDER
• RELEASER BEARING
• CLUTCH PRESSURE PLATE
• CLUTCH DRIVEN PLATE
55. CLUTCH ACTUATION MECHANISM
The clutch operating mechanism transfers the force exerted by the
driver at the clutch pedal to the clutch and either engages or
disengages the clutch.
Clutch actuation mechanism can be classified as :
1. Mechanical Clutch - Where the driver’s foot effort is transmitted
to the clutch through a set of levers and links
2. Cable Clutch - Where the driver’s foot effort is transmitted to the
clutch through a cable.
3. Hydraulic Clutch - Where the driver’s foot effort is transferred to
a hydraulic oil medium, which in turn operates the clutch through
master cylinder & slave cylinder. Pedal efforts are lower & doesnot
require clutch pedal free play adjustments.
57. HYDRAULIC CLUTCH SYSTEM
1. CLUTCH MASTER CYLINDER - Converts driver’s foot effort to
hydraulic pressure and transmits the pressure to clutch slave
cylinder
2. CLUTCH SLAVE CYLINDER - Receives the hydraulic pressure
from Clutch master cylinder and moves the clutch fork to either
disengage or engage the clutch mechanism
3. CLUTCH PIPES/TUBES - The connection between the Clutch
master cylinder and Clutch slave cylinder, transmitting the
hydraulic fluid.
4. RESERVOIR - The storage for clutch fluid
60. CLUTCH MECHANISM
1. CLUTCH DRIVEN PLATE - Clutch pressure plate is the link
between the engine & gear box transmitting power & torque to the
driveline. In engaged condition, the clutch plate is sandwiched
between the engine flywheel & the Clutch pressure plate.
2. CLUTCH PRESSURE PLATE - Clutch pressure plate ensures that
the clutch plate is clamped tightly to the flywheel in engaged
condition and releases the clutch plate from flywheel in dis-
engaged condition. The drivers’ foot effort is transmitted to the
clutch pressure plate through the actuation mechanism and the
releaser bearing.
3. RELEASER BEARING
4. CLUTCH FORK
62. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
63. GEAR BOX
(TRANSMISSION)
GEAR BOX MODIFIES & TRANSMITS THE TORQUE OF THE ENGINE
TO THE DRIVE LINE.
THE AMOUNT OF MODIFICATION OF TORQUE REQUIRED IS
DECIDED BY THE DRIVER AND IS ACTUATED BY A GEAR LEVER
WHICH SELECTS A REQUIRED GEAR RATIO.
COMPONENTS OF GEAR BOX
• GEAR BOX
• GEAR SELECTION LEVER
64. GEAR BOX
(TRANSMISSION)
GEAR BOXES ARE CLASSIFIED AS :
• STEPPED TRANSMISSION
• STEPLESS TRANSMISSION (USED MOSTLY IN 2 WHEELERS)
STEPPED TRANSMISSION ARE GEAR BOXES WHICH HAS
DEFINED STEPS OR GEAR RATIOS. THE NUMBER OF STEPS CAN
BE 3 , 4 OR 5.
STEPPED TRANSMISSIONS CAN BE FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS
MANUAL TRANSMISSION WHERE THE REQUIRED STEP OR GEAR
IS SELECTED BY THE DRIVER, AS PER THE DRIVING
REQUIREMENT
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION WHERE THE STEP OR GEAR RATIO
IS AUTOMATICALLY SELECTED, AS DECIDED BY A ECU BASED
ON INFORMATION FROM VARIOUS SENSORS
65. GEAR BOX
(MANUAL TRANSMISSION)
FROM CLUTCH
TO PROP SHAFT
FIRSTGEAR
SECONDGEAR
THIRDGEAR
FIFTHGEAR
FOURTH GEAR
COUNTER SHAFT
MAIN SHAFT
SHIFT RAILS
GEAR LEVER
SYNCHRONISER
REVERSE GEAR NOT SHOWN
66. GEAR BOX
GEAR RATIO - Gear ratios are gear reduction steps in the gear
box. A gear reduction multiplies the engine torque by the gear
ratio amount. Torque requirement at the wheel depends
operating conditions. For example :
To move a vehicle from standstill requires much more torque than
the peak torque of the engine. Hence the torque is multiplied by
the first gear ratio.
Once the vehicle is started and moved using first gear, it requires
less torque at the wheels to keep it moving. Hence it requires no
multiplication or very less multiplication.
If the vehicle suddenly encounters a gradient , it will require more
torque at the wheels to keep the vehicle moving. Hence a
intermediate ratio is required.
67. GEAR BOX
GEAR CHANGE MECHANISM(EXTERNAL) - A desired gear ratio
can be selected by the driver by selecting and shifting the gear
lever
1
2
3
R4
5 1
2 R4
5 SPEED TRANSMISSION
• BA10
• NISSAN
• ISUZU
4 SPEED TRANSMISSION
• KMT 90
• MS 90
GEAR SELECTION
GEAR SHIFTING
3
68. GEAR BOX
GEAR CHANGE MECHANISM(INTERNAL) - The desired gear ratio
selected by the driver is transmitted through the gear lever, set of
shift rails to the gears located inside the gear box.
The gear shifting mechanism inside the gear box can be broadly
classified as :
SLIDING MESH - In which , the gears needs to be moved physically in
to mesh with the corresponding gear. This requires that the vehicle is
stationary when the gears are shifted, Hence sliding mesh is obsolete
and is used only in First Gear or Reverse gear.
CONSTANT MESH - In which, all the gears are in constant mesh and
the required gear engagement is achieved by operating a
synchroniser mechanism. Synchronisation mechanism can be
classified as :
Manual Synchronisation - As in Leyland trucks - Double de-clutching
Automatic Synchronisation - Single stroke shifting
69. GEAR BOX
SYNCHRONISER MECHANISM - In order to avoid gears crashing,
when shifting from one gear ratio to another, it is required to match
the speeds of both the drive & the driven gears, before the shifting
can happen.
Synchroniser mechanism does the job of synchronising the speeds
of the drive & driven gear so that shifting takes place smoothly.
All forward gears (except First) need to have synchronisers
Synchroniser mechanism are of different designs :
Strut type - As in KMT 90 gear box/Isuzu Gear box
Pin Type - As in BA10 gear box
71. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
72. TRANSFER CASE
TRANSFER CASES ARE FITTED ONLY IN 4WD VEHICLES
TRANSFER CASE MODIFIES & RE-DIRECTS THE TORQUE OF THE
ENGINE TO BOTH FRONT AND REAR AXLES, AS DESIRED.
4WD VEHICLES CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS :
FULL TIME 4WD - Where all the 4 wheels are connected to the
engine, permanently. Also known as All Wheel Drive(AWD)
PART TIME 4WD - Where either 2WD mode or 4WD mode can be
selected by the driver by shifting a gear lever (Manual shift)) or by
turning a switch (Electric shift)
74. TRANSFER CASE
M&M USES 2 TYPES OF TRANSFER CASES , NAMELY :
T-18 TRANSFER CASE - Fitted on all Utility vehicles. T-18 is 2 gear
transfer case - High gear & Low gear, mechanically shifted.
HIGH GEAR RATIO - 1 : 1
LOW GEAR RATIO - 2.46 : 1
All the gears are of sliding mesh type , hence the vehicle needs to
be brought to standstill before shifting.
BORG-WARNER TRANSFER CASE - Fitted on Scorpio & Bolero.
BW is a 2 gear transfer case - High gear & low gear, mechanically or
electrically shifted.
HIGH GEAR RATIO - 1 : 1
LOW GEAR RATIO - 2.48 : 1
Gear reduction is through planetary gear system & Chain
76. TO FRONT
FROM GEAR BOX
TO REAR
TO FRONT
FROM GEAR BOX
TO REAR
4WD HIGH MODE 4WD LOW MODE
TRANSFER CASE
(T-18)
4WD HIGH
2WD HIGH
4WD LOW
N
4WD HIGH
2WD HIGH
4WD LOW
N
77. TO FRONT
FROM GEAR BOX
RING GEAR
PLANET GEAR
SUN GEAR
CHAIN DRIVE
2WD MODE
TO REAR
TRANSFER CASE
(BORG-WARNER)
2WD HIGH
4WD HIGH
N
4WD LOW
78. TO FRONT
FROM GEAR BOX
RING GEAR
PLANET GEAR
SUN GEAR
CHAIN DRIVE
4WD HIGH MODE
TO REAR
TRANSFER CASE
(BORG-WARNER)
2WD HIGH
4WD HIGH
N
4WD LOW
79. TO FRONT
FROM GEAR BOX
RING GEAR
PLANET GEAR
SUN GEAR
CHAIN DRIVE
4WD LOW MODE
TO REAR
TRANSFER CASE
(BORG-WARNER)
2WD HIGH
4WD HIGH
N
4WD LOW
81. PROPELLOR SHAFT
PROPOELLOR SHAFT TRANSMITS THE ENGINE TORQUE FROM
THE GEAR BOX/TRANSFER CASE TO THE DIFFERENTIAL.
PROPELLOR SHAFTS CAN BE EITHER :
SINGLE PROPELLOR SHAFT
SPLIT PROPELLOR SHAFT
82. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
83. DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL RECEIVES TORQUE FROM THE GEAR BOX,
MODIFIES AND TRANSMITS IT TO THE WHEELS, IN A
PERPENDICULAR DIRECTION.
DIFFERENTIAL ALSO ALLOWS EACH WHEEL TO ROTATE AT
DIFFERENT SPEEDS, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE VEHICLE TAKES A
TURN
COMPONENTS OF DIFFERENTIAL
• CROWN WHEEL /PINION (REAR AXLE RATIO)
• DIFFERENTIAL GEARS
85. DIFFERENTIAL
1. CROWN WHEEL/PINION - Also known as rear axle ratio, is fixed
gear reduction at the rear axle. Crown wheel/pinion receives the
torque from gear box (through propeller shaft) , multiplies the
torque and directs it to both wheels in a perpendicular direction,
through the differential. Crown & Pinion pair is known as Hypoid
pair.
2. DIFFERENTIAL MECHANISM - Equalises the torque between both
wheels. Allows both wheels to rotate at different speeds to avoid
tyre slippage during cornering. Due to the feature of “torque
equalisation” , if one tyre is stuck in soft ground.mud, the other tyre
will not rotate.
3. AXLE SHAFTS - Carries the torque from the differential to the
wheels.
86. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
87. WHEELS
WHEELS CARRY THE LOAD OF THE VEHICLE & TRANSMIT THE
TORQUE TO THE TYRES
WHEELS ARE SUPPORTED IN WHEEL BEARINGS
BASED ON WAY IN WHICH THE LOAD IS CARRIED AND THE
TORQUE IS TRANSMITTED, THE AXLE CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS :
SEMI-FLOATING AXLE - In which the vehicle load as well as the
torque are transmitted by the axle shaft
FULL FLOATING AXLE - In which the axle shaft only transmits the
drive torque to the wheels. The vehicle load is taken up by the rear
axle housing.
COMPONENTS OF WHEELS
• AXLE SHAFT
• WHEEL SPINDLE
• WHEEL BEARINGS
89. WHEEL RIM
WHEEL RIMS ARE ATTACHED TO THE WHEEL AND CARRY THE
TYRE & TUBE AT THE OTHER END.
WHEEL RIMS ARE SPECIFIED AS :
1. WHEEL RIM DIAMETER - The diameter of the wheel rim is
specified in inches - 16”, 15” etc
2. WHEEL RIM OFFSET - It is the difference between the wheel rim
centre and the wheel rim mounting face
DIAMETER
OFFSET
90. WHEEL RIM
WHEEL RIM SPECIFICATIONS
6J X 15
WHEEL RIM OFFSET
WHEEL RIM DIAMTER, in
91. TYRE
THE PURPOSE OF THE TYRE IS TO PROVIDE A FRICTIONAL
INTERFACE WITH THE ROAD SO THAT THE DRIVE TORQUE CAN
BE TRANSMITTED TO THE ROAD FOR VEHILCE MOTION.
TYRE ALSO SUPPORTS THE VEHICLE LOAD
TYRES ARE CLASSIFIED AS :
CROSS PLY TYRES - The inner plies run at an angle to the tyre
centre line
RADIAL PLY TYRE - The inner plies run perpendicular to the tyre
centre line. Radial tyres have low rolling resistance and hence the
fuel efficiency of the vehicle improves. Radial tyres also provide
softer ride due to the softer side walls.
95. SAMPLE LEAFLET
MARSHAL 2000
REAR AXLE : FULL FLOATING, HYPOID TYPE
CAPACITY 1700 Kg, RATIO 4.27 : 1
WHEELS : DISC TYPE, RIM SIZE 6J X 15
TYRE : P215/75 R 15,RADIAL,
97. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
98. RUNNING SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT GENERATES THE POWER/TORQUE
• DRIVELINE MODIFIES & TRANSMITS THE TORQUE
THE RUNNING SYSTEM CONTROLS THE VEHICLE
RUNNING SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
SUSPENSION - Provides a comfortable ride
BRAKES - Allows to slow down the vehicle
STEERING - Allows to change direction of the vehicle
99. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
100. SUSPENSION
SUSPENSION ABSORBS ROAD SHOCKS AND PROVIDES
COMFORTABLE RIDE FOR THE PASSENGERS
SUSPENSION CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS :
RIGID SUSPENSION
INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION
COMPONENTS OF SUSPENSION
• SPRINGS
• SHOCK ABSORBER
• STABILIZER BAR
101. SUSPENSION
1. SPRINGS - Springs are mounted at each wheel and they absorb
the road shocks created when the vehicle travels over potholes or
speed breakers.
Springs are of various types, namely :
Leaf springs - Leaf springs are multi-layered steel plates clamped
together.
Coil springs - Coil springs are made of thick steel wires wound in a
spring form - Scorpio Front, Bolero Front
Torsion bar - Torsion bar are long steel rods of either circular or
square cross section. The springing action is generated by the
torsional forces when the torsion bar is twisted - Scorpio 4WD
Front
102. SUSPENSION
2. SHOCK ABSORBERS - The springs absorb road shocks. While
absorbing the shock , the spring is compressed. However, due to
the characteristic of springs, the absorbed shock will be released
immediately with the rebound of the spring. Hence , the vehicle will
start oscillating after encountering a road irregularity.
The purpose of the shock absorber is to absorb the shocks when
the spring starts oscillating, thus providing a smooth ride.
Shock absorbers are of Hydraulic , double acting type or Gas filled
BUMP/REBOUND
REBOUND VALVE
BUMP VALVEHYDRAULIC OIL
103. SUSPENSION
3. STABILIZER BAR - Stabilizer bars are fitted on the axles to
reduce the amount of body roll, when the vehicle is cornered.
Stabilizers bar acts as torsion bars and twist , restricting the
excessive body roll.
104. SUSPENSION
TYPES OF SUSPENSIONS
SUSPENSION TYPES CAN BE BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS :
RIGID SUSPENSION - In rigid suspension both the wheels in an
axle are connected by a rigid beam or a tube. Road irregularities
encountered by one wheel is partially passed on to the other wheel
TYRE
SPRING
AXLE
105. SUSPENSION
TYPES OF SUSPENSIONS
INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION - In independent suspension, each
wheel is mounted separately. Road irregularities encountered by
one wheel is absorbed by that wheel only.
IFS - Independent Front Suspension - Bolero , Scorpio
IRS - Independent Rear Suspension
106. SAMPLE LEAFLET
MARSHAL 2000
SUSPENSION FRONT : SEMI-ELLIPTICAL LEAF SPRING
REAR : SEMI-ELLIPTICAL LEAF SPRING
: HYDRAULIC , DOUBLE ACTING, TELESCOPIC
SHOCK ABSORBERS
FRONT : STABILIZER BAR
Suspension4.exe
107. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
108. STEERING
THE PURPOSE OF THE STEERING IS TO CHANGE THE
DIRECTION OF VEHICLE MOVEMENT, AS DESIRED BY THE
DRIVER.
STEERING SYSTEMS CAN BE :
MANUAL STEERING
POWER ASSISTED STEERING
COMPONENTS OF STEERING SYSTEM
• STEERING GEAR BOX
• STEERING WHEEL
• STEERING INNER/OUTER COLUMNS
• TIE RODS
• POWER STEERING PUMP
• POWER STEERING RESERVOIR
• POWER STEERING HOSES/PIPES
109. STEERING
MANUAL STEERING - In which, the driver’s muscular energy is
directly used in steering the wheels of the vehicle.
POWER ASSISTED STEERING - In which, the driver is aided by
an external power assistance, so that the efforts required at the
steering wheel is lower.
In case of failure of the source of power, the steering system
reverts to manual steering.
Power source for the steering can be :
1. Hydraulic power - Hydraulic pressure generated by a power
steering pump, driven by the engine.
2. Electric power - An electric motor driven by the vehicle
electrical system and controlled by a an ECU. Also known as
Electronic Power Steering (EPS)
110. STEERING
STEERING WHEEL
STEERING INTERMEDIATE COLUMN
STEERING COLUMN
STEERING GEAR BOX
TIE ROD
ENGINE
RESERVOIR
POWER STEERING PUMP
STEERING GEAR BOX
POWER ASSISTED STEERING
(HYDRAULIC)
MANUAL STEERING
111. STEERING
1. STEERING GEAR BOX - Steering gear box converts driver’s
effort at steering wheel (Rotary) to a linear movement at tie rods.
The tie rods are connected to the wheels which turn either left or
right.
Various types of steering gear box designs are available. The
various designs are based on the type of gear reduction used
inside the steering gear box
Worm & roller
Re-circulating Ball type (RCBT)
Rack & pinion type - Scorpio , Bolero
Steering gear can be either Manual or Power assisted
112. STEERING
2. STEERING WHEEL - Transmits the driver’s hand effort to the steering
gear box.
3. STEERING COLUMNS - Link between the steering wheel and the
steering gear box.
4. TIE-RODS - The connection between the steering gear box and the
wheels.
5 .POWER STEERING RESERVOIR - Holds the hydraulic steering fluid
and supplies the same to Steering pump , as and when required.
113. STEERING
6. POWER STEERING PUMP - Driven by engine. Generates hydraulic
pressure and directs it to the steering gear box.
Since the power steering pump is driven by the engine, the pump speed
increases as the engine speed increases. Increase in the engine speed
generates more pressure of the power steering fluid. Due to higher
steering fluid pressures, the amount of assistance also increases at
higher engine/vehicle speeds. This is not desirable as the steering
becomes softer and softer as the vehicle speed increases, leading to
difficulty in controlling the vehicle.
SPEED SENSITIVE POWER STEERING - In which a special valve
reduces the steering fluid pressure as the engine speed increases. This
is known as speed sensitive power steering.
115. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
116. BRAKES
THE PURPOSE OF THE BRAKES IS TO SLOW DOWN OR STOP
THE VEHICLE AS DESIRED BY THE DRIVER
BRAKE SYSTEMS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS :
HYDRAULIC BRAKES
POWER ASSISTED BRAKES
• VACUUM ASSISTED
• COMPRESSED AIR ASSISTED
AIR BRAKES (Used in heavy commercial vehicles)
COMPONENTS OF THE BRAKING SYSTEM
• TANDEM MASTER CYLINDER
• WHEEL BRAKES
• BRAKE BOOSTER
• VACUUM PUMP
• PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES (G VALVE/LSPV)
• BRAKE FLUID RESERVOIR
120. BRAKES
1. TANDEM MASTER CYLINDER - Converts driver’s foot effort to
hydraulic pressure and transmits the pressure to wheel cylinders.
The tandem master cylinder has 2 compartments for safety . Each
compartment is connected separately and independently to either
front or rear wheel brakes. Failure of one circuit (leakage) will lead
to brake failure in that particular axle. The vehicle can be brought to
stop with the working brakes in the other axle, with higher pedal
effort.
121. BRAKES
2. WHEEL BRAKES - Wheel brakes are fitted on each wheel.Wheel
brakes can be classified as Drum brakes & Disc brakes
DRUM BRAKES - Where a set of brake liners expand against a
brake drum leading to braking of the vehicle.The brake liners are
operated by a wheel cylinder which receives hydraulic pressure
form the tandem master cylinder.
Drum brakes are normally fitted on Front & Rear brakes
Drum brakes can be further classified as :
Simplex(HNSS) - Hydraulic Normal Shoe Sliding - Fitted at
Rear/Front
Duplex (HLSS) - Hydraulic Leading Shoe Sliding - Fitted at Front
Duo-Duplex -
122. BRAKES
BRAKE DRUM
BRAKE LINER
WHEEL CYLINDER
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER
SIMPLEX
• REAR BRAKE OF ALL MODELS
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER
DUPLEX
• FRONT BRAKE OF ALL MODELS
(Except disc brake models)
DRUM BRAKES
124. BRAKES
DISC BRAKES - Where a set of brake pads expand against a brake disc
leading to braking of the vehicle.The brake liners are operated by a
wheel cylinder which receives hydraulic pressure form the tandem
master cylinder.
Disc brakes are normally fitted on Front brakes
Disc brakes can be further classified as :
Fixed Caliper - Where there are separate wheel cylinders each for inner
& outer brake pad. (used in earth moving equipment)
Floating Caliper - Where there is only inner pad is moved by the wheel
cylinder , the outer pad is moved by the caliper.
Floating caliper brakes can be further classified as :
Single pot - Where one wheel cylinder operates the inner pad
Twin pot - Where two wheel cylinders operates the inner pad
125. BRAKES
DISC BRAKES - FLOATING CALIPER - SINGLE POT
BRAKE FLUID
FROM MASTER
CYLINDER
BRAKE DISC
WHEEL CYLINDER
BRAKE CALIPER (MOVING)
BRAKE PADS
128. BRAKES
3. BRAKE BOOSTER - Also known as Brake Servo. Brake booster is
fitted between the brake pedal and the tandem master cylinder.
Brake booster supplies additional effort to the tandem master
cylinder as soon as the brake pedal is pressed by the driver. The
additional effort is derived from the vacuum generated by the
vacuum pump. Brake pedal efforts are lower when equipped with
brake booster.
Brake boosters are specified by the diameter of the diaphragm - 9”
or 10”
In case of failure of the brake booster or loss of vacuum, the braking
system reverts to manual system. More effort will be required to
stop the vehicle.
TANDEM BOOSTER - Tandem boosters are 2 boosters of different
sizes sandwiched in to one housing.
129. BRAKES
VACUUM FROM
VACUUM PUMP
MASTER CYL
AIR VALVE
- CLOSED
BRAKE RELEASED
VACUUM VALVE
- CLOSED
VACUUM VALVE
- OPEN
AIR VALVE
- OPEN
VACUUM FROM
VACUUM PUMP
BRAKE PRESSED
MASTER CYL
BOOSTER
ATM AIR
130. BRAKES
TANDEM BOOSTER
VACUUM FROM
VACUUM PUMP
BRAKE RELEASED
VACUUM VALVES
- OPEN
AIR VALVES
- CLOSED
MASTER CYL
VACUUM FROM
VACUUM PUMP
ATM AIR
AIR VALVES
- OPEN
VACUUM VALVES
- CLOSED
MASTER CYL
BRAKE PRESSED
131. BRAKES
4. PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES - Pressure control valves modify
the brake fluid pressure to the rear braking circuit, under certain
conditions to avoid rear wheel locking.
When a vehicle is braked at high speeds, weight transfer happens.
The vehicle weight shifts to the front axle. There will be relatively
very less weight in the rear axles. The brake fluid pressure is same
for both front & rear axles. This will lead to “Rear Wheel Lock”
condition. A locked rear wheel will lead to vehicle instability and
skidding/Tail swing.
Pressure control valves reduce the brake fluid pressure to the rear
circuit , under these conditions. Pressure control valves are
classified as :
PCRV - Pressure Conscious Regulating Valve
DCRV - Deceleration Conscious Regulating Valve - Bolero (G-valve)
LCRV - Load Conscious Regulating Valve - Scorpio (LSPV)
132. BRAKES
G-VALVE - G-valve is a deceleration conscious pressure regulating
valve, fitted on the rear brake circuit. When the vehicle is braked
hard, the g-level of the deceleration is sensed by a steel ball , which
rolls forward and partially blocks the brake fluid to the rear brakes.
TYRE
BRAKE
TYRE
BRAKE
TYRE
BRAKE
TYRE
BRAKE
G-Valves are fitted at a specified angle in direction of vehicle motion
G-VALVE
133. BRAKES
LCRV (Load Conscious Regulating Valve) - Also known as LSPV
(Load Sensitive Pressure Valve). LCRV detects the load on the
vehicle and accordingly regulates the brake fluid pressure to the rear
brakes.
Load (fully laden or unladen) is detected by height difference
between the rear axle and the body , using levers or springs.
BODY
UNLADEN
LCRV/LSPV
SPRING
BODY
LADEN
134. BRAKES
5. VACUUM PUMP - Vacuum pump generates vacuum for the
brake booster. Vacuum pumps are mounted on the rear side of
the alternator and are generally driven by the engine by a belt.
Failure of the belt will lead to vacuum pump stopping functioning
leading to loss of vacuum to the booster and hard brakes.
6. BRAKE FLUID RESERVOIR - Stores brake fluid and supplies to
tandem master cylinder. Brake fluid reservoir has 2 separate
compartments for front circuit and rear circuit.
135. SAMPLE LEAFLET
MARSHAL 2000
BRAKES : SERVICE - HYDRAULIC WITH TANDEM
MASTER CYLINDER. VACUUM ASSISTED
SERVO BRAKES
drum_break.exe Disk_break.exe
137. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
138. COMFORT/CONVIENIENCE SYSTEMS
• POWER PLANT GENERATES THE POWER/TORQUE
• DRIVELINE MODIFIES & TRANSMITS THE TORQUE
• THE RUNNING SYSTEM CONTROLS THE VEHICLE
COMFORT/CONVIENIENCE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
HVAC/AC - Provides a comfortable climate inside the vehicle
ELECTRICALS - Operates a host of electrical aggregates
INSTRUMENTS - Provides information about vehicle systems
AUDIO/VIDEO - Provides in-car entertainment
SEAT/UPHOLSTRY
139. A. POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
• POWER PLANT (POWER GENERATION - ENGINE)
• ENGINE
• FUEL SYSTEM
• INTAKE SYSTEM
• EXHAUST SYSTEM
• COOLING SYSTEM
• DRIVE LINE (POWER TRANSMISSION )
• CLUTCH
• GEAR BOX/TRANSMISSION
• TRANSFER CASE
• DIFFERENTIAL
• WHEELS/TYRES
B. RUNNING SYSTEM
• SUSPENSION
• STEERING
• BRAKING
C. COMFORT SYSTEM
• HVAC/AC/HEATER SYSTEM
• SEATING/UPHOLSTRY/FACIA/INSTRUMENTS
• AUDIO/VIDEO/GPS
SYSTEMS IN AN AUTOMOBILE
140. HEATING, VENTILATION & COOLING
HVAC SYSTEM ALLOWS THE PASSENGERS TO CONTROL THE
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS INSIDE THE VEHICLE TO THEIR COMFORT
& CONVIENIENCE.
THE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS OF THE HVAC SYSTEM ARE :
COOLING - Brings down the temperature of air inside the vehicle
when the outside temperatures are very high
HEATING - Brings up the temperature of inside the vehicle when the
outside temperatures are very low.
VENTILATION - Allows to purge the stale air inside the vehicle and
bring in fresh air from outside.
141. HOT AIR
W
A
R
M
A
I
R
HEATING, VENTILATION & COOLING
(HVAC SYSTEM - SCORPIO)
ENGINE
COOL AIR
RECEIVER-DRIER
RD BOTTLE
CONDENSOR
CONDENSOR
FAN
EVAPORATOR
BLOWER
FAN
HEATER
EXPANSION
VALVE
AC COMPRESSOR
HEATER
VALVE
R-134a REFRIGERANT - CFC FREE
ATM AIR
142. HEATING, VENTILATION & COOLING
(HVAC SYSTEM - SCORPIO)
THE HVAC SYSTEM FITTED ON SCORPIO IS OF AIR MIXING TYPE,
WHERE THE DESIRED TEMPERATURE IS OBTINED BY MIXING THE
HOT AIR FROM HEATER & COLD AIR FROM THE EVAPORATOR.
AIR MIXING IS CONTROLLED BY ADJUSTING THE VARIOUS FLAPS
& THE HEATER VALVE INSIDE THE HVAC UNIT.
SCORPIO USES R134a REFRIGERANT, WHICH IS CFC-FREE
143. W
A
R
M
A
I
R
HEATING, VENTILATION & COOLING
(AC SYSTEM - BOLERO)
ENGINE
COOL AIR
RECEIVER-DRIER
RD BOTTLE
CONDENSOR
CONDENSOR
FAN
EVAPORATOR
BLOWER
FAN
EXPANSION
VALVE
AC COMPRESSOR
R-134a REFRIGERANT - CFC FREE
THERMOAMPLIFIER
BLOWER
SWITCH
TEMP
CONTROL
THERMISTOR
ATM AIR
144. HEATING, VENTILATION & COOLING
(AC SYSTEM - BOLERO)
THE AC SYSTEM FITTED ON BOLERO IS OF THERMO AMPLIFIER
TYPE, WHERE THE DESIRED TEMPERATURE IS OBTAINED BY
SWITCHING ON & OFF THE AC COMPRESSOR.
REQUIRED TEMPERATURE IS SET BY ADJUSTING THE
TEMPERATURE CONTROL KNOB & BLOWER SWITCH.
BOLERO USES R134a REFRIGERANT, WHICH IS CFC-FREE
145. HOT AIR
W
A
R
M
A
I
R
HEATING, VENTILATION & COOLING
(AC + HEATER SYSTEM - BOLERO)
ENGINE
COOL AIR
RECEIVER-DRIER
RD BOTTLE
CONDENSOR
CONDENSOR
FAN
EVAPORATOR
BLOWER
FAN
EXPANSION
VALVE
AC COMPRESSOR
R-134a REFRIGERANT - CFC FREE
THERMOAMPLIFIER
BLOWER
SWITCH
TEMP
CONTROL
THERMISTOR
ATM AIR
HEATER
VALVE
HEATER
SWITCH
146. HEATING, VENTILATION & COOLING
(AC + HEATER SYSTEM - BOLERO)
THE AC + HEATER SYSTEM FITTED ON BOLERO IS OF THERMO
AMPLIFIER + HOT WATER VALVE TYPE, WHERE THE DESIRED
TEMPERATURE IS OBTAINED BY SWITCHING ON & OFF THE AC
COMPRESSOR FOR COOLING AND SWITCHING ON THE HEATER
FOR HEATING
AC AND HEATER CANNOT BE OPERATED SIMULTANEOUSLY
REQUIRED TEMPERATURE IN AC MODE IS SET BY ADJUSTING THE
TEMPERATURE CONTROL KNOB & BLOWER SWITCH.
REQUIRED TEMPERATURE CANNOT BE ADJUSTED IN HEATER
MODE. HEATER HAS TO BE SWITCHED OFF FOR TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
BOLERO USES R134a REFRIGERANT, WHICH IS CFC-FREE
147. HEATING, VENTILATION & COOLING
1. COMPRESSOR - Compressor sucks the refrigerant from
evaporator , compresses the same and delivers to condenser.
2. CONDENSOR - Condenser is similar to radiator , where the hot,
compressed refrigerant is cooled.
3. CONDENSOR FAN - Condenser fan sucks fresh atmospheric air
through the condenser aiding in cooling of the refrigerant inside
the condenser.
4. REECEIVER-DRIER (RD BOTTLE) - Receives the compressed
and cooled refrigerant and removes any humidity from the
refrigerant.
5. EXPANSION VALVE - Receives cooled & compressed refrigerant
and expands the refrigerant and passes it in to the evaporator.
Expanded refrigerent gases are very cold
6. EVAPORATOR - Evaporator is similar to radiator. The expanded
cold refrigerant is passed over warm air from inside the vehicle.
148. HEATING, VENTILATION & COOLING
7. BLOWER - Blower fan sucks warm air from inside the vehicle
and passes it over the evaporator which has cold refrigerant on
the inner side , thus cooling the vehicle interiors.
8. HEATER - Heater is similar to radiator , where hot coolant from
the engine is circulated on the inside. Blower fan passes cold air
from the vehicle interior.
149. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
THE VEHICLE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM CAN BE BROADLY
CLASSIFIED AS :
POWER GENERATION - Generation of electrical power when the
engine is running - Alternator
STORAGE - Storage of electrical energy for use in the vehicle when
the engine is not running - Battery
TRANSMISSION & CONTROLS - Transmits & controls the power
flow to the consumers - Wiring harness, Fuses, Relays.
CONSUMERS - Electrical aggregates which consume electricity for
functioning.
VEHICLE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OPERATE ON 12 V DC
150. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
POWER GENERATION - Power generation is done by the
Alternator. Alternator is driven by the engine through a belt.
Alternator consists of :
Generation Unit - Generates AC power
Rectifier - Rectifies the AC and converts to DC
Regulator - Regulates the alternator output voltage to a maximum
of 14.5 Volts
GENERATION
RECTIFIER REGULATOR
ALTERNATOR PULLEY
Driven by engine
VACUUM PUMP
151. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
STORAGE - The electrical energy generated by the Alternator is
stored in a Battery for use when the engine is not running. Battery
stores the energy in an electro-chemical form.
While starting the vehicle , the starter motor , takes electrical
energy from the battery. This drains the battery. As soon as the
engine is started, the alternator starts charging the battery .
AMARON
- +
152. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
TRANSMISSION AND CONTROLS - The electrical energy from
alternator or battery is transmitted to the various consumers
through wires. A bunch of wires is called wiring harness. Also, the
flow of electrical energy is controlled by various controls, namely,
Fuses, Relays, Switches etc.
153. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
CONSUMERS - Consumers are electrical aggregates which
consume electricity for functioning. Some of the major consumers
are :
• LIGHTING SYSTEM
• WINDSHIELD WIPE/WASH SYSTEM
• HEATERS/DEMISTERS
• WINDOW OPERATING SYSTEMS
• DOOR LOCKING SYSTEM
• ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
• STARTING SYSTEM
• HVAC - BLOWER FAN/CONDENSOR FAN
154. VEHICLE DIMENSIONS
ANGLE OF APPROACH ANGLE OF DEPARTURE
WHEEL BASE
WHEEL TRACK GROUND CLEARANCE
OVERALL HEIGHTOVERALLWIDTH OVERALL LENGTH
155. VEHICLE WEIGHTS
KERB WEIGHT - The unladen weight of the vehicle - No passengers
GVW (Gross Vehicle Weight) - The fully laden weight of the vehicle
with passengers/goods.
PAYLOAD - The difference between GVW and Kerb weight
156. VEHICLE PARAMETERS
GRADEABILITY - The maximum gradient a vehicle can climb, under
GVW conditions, in first gear.
GRADEABILITY , Deg
157. VEHICLE PARAMETERS
TURNING RADIUS
MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS - The radius of the circle made by the
outermost point in the vehicle, while taking a turn with maximum
wheel turning
158. VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
A A N A A A A/N N A N N N N N
DRIVE TRANSMISSION YEAR PLANT MONTH
WMI
MODEL CODE ENGINE VEHICLE SERIAL NO.
VDS VIS
A AN A
M
A
1 MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA LTD
ASIA
INDIA
WMI
CODE PLANT
1 KANDIVLI
2 NASIK
3 Z'BAD
4 IGATPURI
PLANT CODE
2 2 WD
4 4 WD
DRIVE CODE
YEAR CODE YEAR CODE
1997 V 2019 K
1998 W 2020 L
1999 X 2021 M
2000 Y 2022 N
2001 1 2023 P
2002 2 2024 R
2003 3 2025 S
2004 4 2026 T
2005 5 2027 V
2006 6 2028 W
2007 7 2029 X
2008 8 2030 Y
2009 9 2031 1
2010 A 2032 2
2011 B 2033 3
2012 C 2034 4
2013 D 2035 5
2014 E 2036 6
2015 F 2037 7
2016 G 2038 8
2017 H 2039 9
2018 J 2040 A
YEAR CODE
MONTH CODE
JANUARY A
FEBRUARY B
MARCH C
APRIL D
MAY E
JUNE F
JULY G
AUGUST H
SEPTEMBER J
OCTOBER K
NOVEMBER L
DECEMBER M
MONTH CODE
MODEL CODE $
ENGINE CODE $
VEH SERIAL NO
$ - REF CHART
CODE TRANSMISSION
A KMT 90 (4 SPEED)
C KMT 90 T 18
J BA 10 / 5
N RS5W81A 2DI
P RS5W81A 5SD
TRANSMISSION CODE