Audio is an electrical or other representation of sound.
An audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data on a computer system.
It can be a raw bitstream, but it is usually a container format or an audio data format with a defined storage layer.
Multimedia data and information must be stored in a disk file using formats similar to image file formats. Multimedia formats, however, are much more complex than most other file formats because of the wide variety of data they must store. Such data includes text, image data, audio and video data, computer animations, and other forms of binary data, such as Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), control information, and graphical fonts. (See the "MIDI Standard" section later in this chapter.) Typical multimedia formats do not define new methods for storing these types of data. Instead, they offer the ability to store data in one or more existing data formats that are already in general use.
For example, a multimedia format may allow text to be stored as PostScript or Rich Text Format (RTF) data rather than in conventional ASCII plain-text format. Still-image bitmap data may be stored as BMP or TIFF files rather than as raw bitmaps. Similarly, audio, video, and animation data can be stored using industry-recognized formats specified as being supported by that multimedia file format.
A font is a graphical representation of text that may include a different typeface, point, size, weight, color, or design. The picture shows some examples of different computer fonts.
Multimedia data and information must be stored in a disk file using formats similar to image file formats. Multimedia formats, however, are much more complex than most other file formats because of the wide variety of data they must store. Such data includes text, image data, audio and video data, computer animations, and other forms of binary data, such as Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), control information, and graphical fonts. (See the "MIDI Standard" section later in this chapter.) Typical multimedia formats do not define new methods for storing these types of data. Instead, they offer the ability to store data in one or more existing data formats that are already in general use.
For example, a multimedia format may allow text to be stored as PostScript or Rich Text Format (RTF) data rather than in conventional ASCII plain-text format. Still-image bitmap data may be stored as BMP or TIFF files rather than as raw bitmaps. Similarly, audio, video, and animation data can be stored using industry-recognized formats specified as being supported by that multimedia file format.
A font is a graphical representation of text that may include a different typeface, point, size, weight, color, or design. The picture shows some examples of different computer fonts.
• Vaccination and how it works?
• Herd Immunity
• COVID-19 vaccines in India
• Who can take the vaccine?
• What to expect during and after vaccination?
• Vaccine Hesitancy
• Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy
EP is the dissemination of Information in electronic format and its distribution to potential users either on electronic networks such as internet and Intranet or in stand-alone formats such as CD-ROMs and Diskette.
Synonym for EP is CAP (Computer Assisted Publishing)
Participants will be able to:
Describe the different types of e-resource
Contrast their features and functionality
Describe the different access routes for electronic resources
Identify some of the access options available within developing countries
Access scholarly electronic resources
The current evolution in Information technology bring major changes in the way of Information communication. Information Communication technology developments opened up new avenues to e-resources publishing in a big way. E- resources is distribution of information in any electronic form such as CD- ROM, Floppy Disk or Magnetic tape or across a computer network like e-journals, E-Books, ETD etc. accessible dial-up bulletin board or on-line services.
Library is the heart of any educational institutions. Nowadays there are two basic form of library, one is traditional library and another is digital library. Traditional library is the library to collection the information in print form like books, journals etc. and digital library is the library to collection information with associated services, where the information is stored in digital format like text, video, audio etc. and accessible over a network. According to Bala and Sagar(2014, 369p.) “Library as an institution has played an important role in the progress of civilization. In the modern age the library users need accurate, current and pinpointed information, and there expectation also high”. Due to lack of time no body have time to visit a library and search catalogue cards. Most of the users prefer the digital resources because these can be used anytime and by everyone over the Internet.
Software's now-a-days became the life line of modern day organizations. Libraries also need software if they want to create a parallel digital library with features which we may not find in a traditional library.
A special library is a term for library that is neither an academic nor school library, nor a public library. Special libraries include law libraries, news libraries, government libraries, corporate libraries, museum libraries, and medical libraries and are not usually open to the public for use. Special libraries are also sometimes known as information centers. They are generally staffed by librarians.
As a job seeker you can expect to have a number of interviews before getting a job offer. Not all of these interviews will be the traditional kind, where you meet the interviewer one-on-one for a discussion.
The data, collected for research, has to be processed, analyzed and interpreted to develop a solution to the research question.
Data analysis is a practice in which unorganized or unfinished data is ordered and organized so that useful information can be extracted from it.
It is the most enjoyable part of carrying out the research since after all of the hard works and waiting the researcher gets the chance to find out the answers. So analyzing the data and interpreting the results are the “reward” for the work of collecting the data.
Standards to facilitate information exchange has always been a subject of concern.
To provide a flexible exchange format that could be used for converting data from libraries and information services of all types, UNESCO developed the Common Communication Format (CCF). The main aim of this format was to produce a method of organising bibliographic descriptions which could be exchanged between institutions. This format was to act as a link between the databases produced in different internal formats of libraries.
Classaurus is a vocabulary control tool.
Developed by Ganesh Bhattacharyya and used for POPSI, the pre-cordinate indexing system.
It is a faceted systematic scheme of hierarchical classification incorporating all the essential features of a conventional retrieval thesaurus,i.e control of synonyms, quasi-synonyms and antonyms in extended senses.
Like faceted classification schemes, there are separate schedules for each of the elementary categories (entity, property and action) and for common modifiers (form, time, place and environment).
Central food technological research institute, mysoreavid
(A constituent laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi) came into existence during 1950 with the great vision of its founders, and a network of inspiring as well as dedicated scientists who had a fascination to pursue in-depth research and development in the areas of food science and technology.
Postulate Approach to Library Classification
Normative Principles
Three Planes of Work
Modes of Formation of Subjects
Systems Approach to the Study of Subjects
Depth Classification
Classification in Electronic Environment
Classificatory basis for metadata
Knowledge Organization
Business organization play very important role in the development of a nation apart from science and technology of the country. But this progress and development of any nation cannot be achieved in the absence of libraries which hold in its stock very important content in the form of information and only this institution can disseminate in an effective manner. These libraries act as a catalogue agents in dissemination.
Business is different catalogue under special library. These libraries are not school of commerce, where people are supposed to learn commerce but a place where skilled commerce people go to obtain their information. This includes libraries attached to business houses, trade organization, industrial organization and commercial organization.
The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is India's premier nuclear research facility based in Trombay, Mumbai,Maharashtra. BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, engineering and related areas.
The Government of India created the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) on 3 January 1954. It was established to consolidate all the research and development activity for nuclear reactors and technology under the Atomic Energy Commission. BARC's core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power generation. It manages all facets of nuclear power generation, from theoretical design of reactors, computerised modelling and simulation, risk analysis, development and testing of new reactor fuel materials, etc
construction of a call number by computer
artificial intelligence
able to identify the subject and sub-subjects of the document
doubt about the capability of computers for classification
similar automatic production of title indexes or keyword enhanced indexes
attempts to design a powerful automatic
Effort to develop computer-based systems that behave like humans:
learn languages
accomplish physical tasks
use a perceptual apparatus
emulate human thinking
Agris international system for agricultural science and technologyavid
AGRIS is the International bibliographic Information System for the Agricultural sciences and technology. It became operational in 1975 and since then AGRIS has accumulated a database of more than 2.8 million bibliographic references .
AGRIS is managed centrally by the WAICENT(WORLD AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION CENTER)/FAOINFO Dissemination Management Branch of the Library and Documentation Systems Division of FAO
AGRIS (International System for Agricultural Science and Technology) is a global public domain database with more than 4 million structured bibliographical records on agricultural science and technology.
the means by which additions are made to the library (Wulfekoetter, 1961)
The process of securing materials for the library collection, whether by purchase, as gifts, or through exchange programs (Evans, 2000).
Primarily concerned with the ordering, claiming and receipt of materials for the library (Gorman, 1998).
tasks include obtaining materials by purchase, gift or exchange; paying for or acknowledging receipt; and maintaining appropriate records
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Audio & Audio File Formats
Audio is an electrical or other
representation of sound.
An audio file format is a file
format for storing digital audio
data on a computer system.
It can be a raw bitstream, but it is
usually a container format or an
audio data format with defined
storage layer.
3. Audio
Format/Codec
It is important to distinguish between a file format and
an audio codec.
A codec performs the encoding and decoding of the
raw audio data while the data itself is stored in a file
with a specific audio file format.
In other words, Codec contains both an ADC and DAC
running off the same clock.
Audio
Source
Audio
Acquiring
Audio
Processing
Audio
Output
Audio
Encoding
4. HISTORY
Phonography
In the early 19th century, it was all but impossible to
imagine what great changes were in store for the
world of audio. Although the first successful
recording device was developed in 1855, it wasn't
until Thomas Edison's phonograph (invented in 1877)
and Emile Berliner's Gramophone (patented in 1887)
that the phonograph started to come into its own.
5. 3 Categories of Audio Files
There are 3 categories in which certain Audio files
belong to:-
Uncompressed: Audio files that are not
compressed and are capable of having a large file
size. Ex) .Wav
Lossless: Audio files that are compressed but
doesn’t lose any quality to the file. Ex) .WMA
Lossy: Audio files that lose some quality when
being compressed. Ex) .Mp3
6. Uncompressed Audio Formats
There is one major uncompressed audio format, PCM,
which is usually stored in a .wav file on Windows or in
a .aiff file on Mac OS.
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to
digitally represent sampled analog signals.
BWF (Broadcast Wave Format) is a standard audio
format created by the E.B.U.as a successor to WAV.
BWF allows metadata to be stored in the file
7. Features of
Uncompressed file Formats
WAV and AIFF are flexible file formats designed to
store more or less any combination of sampling rates
or bitrates.
This makes them suitable file formats for storing and
archiving an original recording.
Examples….
WAV(.wav)
AIFF(.aiff, .aif, .aifc)
AU(.au,.snd)
raw header-less PCM
8. Lossless Audio Formats
A lossless compressed format stores data in less space
by eliminating unnecessary data.
Uncompressed audio formats encode both sound and
silence with the same number of bits per unit of time.
In a lossless compressed format, the music would
occupy a smaller portion of the file and the silence
would take up almost no space at all.
9. Features Of
Lossless Compressed Audio Format
Lossless compression formats enable the original
uncompressed data to be recreated exactly.
They provide a compression ratio of about 2:1.
Examples…
FLAC(.flac)
WavPack(.wv)
Monkey's Audio(.ape)
ALAC (Apple Lossless)(.m4a)
10. Lossy Audio Formats
Lossy compression enables even greater reductions in
file size by removing some of the data.
Lossy compression typically achieves far greater
compression but somewhat reduced quality than
lossless compression by simplifying the complexities
of the data.
A variety of techniques are used, mainly by exploiting
psychoacoustics, to remove data with minimal
reduction in the quality of reproduction
11. Features of
Lossy Compressed Audio Formats
Most formats offer a range of degrees of compression,
generally measured in bit rate.
The lower the rate, the smaller the file and the more
significant the quality loss.
Examples…
MP3,
Vorbis (.ogg ,.oga)
Musepack (.mpc, .mp+, .mpp)
AAC(.m4a, .m4b, .m4p, .m4v, .m4r, .3gp, .mp4, .aac)
ATRAC (.aa3,.oma,.at3)
Windows Media Audio Lossy (WMA lossy)(.wma)
12. Most common audio files
The most common types of
audio files that are still
being used today are .Wav
files and .Mp3 files. Mp3
files are the most popular
because it’s used for
downloading and storing
music into your computer,
CD player, or mp3 player.
Wave files are used for
storing CD-quality sound
files, which can be large in
size.
13. WAVE
WAVE means storing a pattern of music
signals in digital wave form on computer.
This means that any sound can be stored.
However, these sound files are huge and
process over 160KB per second.
These files can be seen with a suffix of .wav
(e.g. Fred.wav)
14. WAVE PRO’S & CON’S
Pro’s Con’s
Its perfect for mastering
high quality audio and
getting the best audio
there is.
it's the windows
standard, making it
widely supported by
audio editors and
applications that can
important sound.
The files are very big and
can take up lots of space,
or if you are importing
them it might take a
while to do.
15. MP3
MP3, or MPEG level 3 indicates a type of sound file
found on computers.
MP3 is designed to store music at CD quality but using
approximately 1/12th of the space.
This compression method is PERCEPTIVE
ENCODING. This means that approximately 90% of
the music which the human ear does not respond to
(I.e. duplicate notes, quieter sounds etc.) is removed.
16. MP3 PRO’S & CON’S
Pro’s Con’s
MP3 files are small and
can be compressed into
very small files.
MP3 is ubiquitous across
all platforms, they have
been around for a while
now and can be used on
nearly any platform.
When the file gets
compressed it loses
certain aspects of the
audio which can make
the quality suffer.
MP3 is technically not
free to use.
17. MIDI
MIDI stands for Musical Instrument
Digital Interface and is used with
computers.
Where a CD stores sound music, MIDI is
the manuscript version. It also involves
hardware within the computer (including
cables, keyboard, computer sequencers,
synthesisers, instruments etc)
It stores the pitch, volume and which
instrument is being played.(channel)
MIDI comes from the notation side of
music and is best thought of in terms of an
orchestral score where lots of different
instruments can be put together in one
entity.
18. Advantages and Disadvantages of
some Audio Files
Not all audio files are the same. They
all have pros and cons. For example,
Mp3 files can be played in nearly all
audio players and devices, but has
lower sound quality than some other
audio files.