1. The document provides information on a course titled "Digital Video and Audio" being taught in July-December 2012. It outlines the topic of introduction to digital audio systems that will be covered in the first week.
2. The topic will include the history of digital audio, understanding the differences between analog and digital audio, file sizes in digital audio, and digital audio formats. By completing this topic, students will gain an understanding of these concepts.
3. The document then provides details on the history of audio recording technologies from mechanical to electrical to magnetic to digital formats. It also explains the processes of analog and digital audio as well as factors that influence digital audio file sizes and common digital audio formats.
The VS-41AV is a compact mechanical switcher that switches between four composite video and stereo audio inputs to a single output. It requires no power and can switch video signals up to 520MHz and audio signals up to 100kHz. The unit is small enough to mount two side-by-side in a 1U rack space with an optional adapter.
This document discusses the key components and layout of a recording studio. It explains that proper planning of speaker placement, monitor positioning facing the producer, and inclusion of a mixing desk and MIDI keyboard are important for the studio layout. The control room layout centers around a computer connected to instruments for multi-track recording and editing. Professional studios also include soundproof recording rooms and a window between rooms for communication.
The EMS Musys system was the first digital sampler, developed in the late 1960s using two PDP-8 mini computers with 12k of memory. The Fairlight CMI, designed in 1979, was an early digital sampling synthesizer that used recorded sounds as starting points due to limitations of earlier synthesizers. The SP-1200 became iconic for hip hop due to allowing artists to construct full songs on a portable device.
The document announces an open tender for sound system and stage equipment for "The 35th Jazz Goes To Campus" festival on November 25, 2012 at FEUI Campus Ground. The tender will accept bids from September 3 to September 28 for 3 stages (A, B, C) and lighting, with specifications provided for the equipment needed for each including sound systems, instruments, and rigging. Interested vendors should submit their details, portfolio, equipment specifications and bid price by email.
The document provides technical specifications for the DVR-D Series security cameras from Xenyum including:
- The XDVR-D04, XDVR-D08, and XDVR-D16 models support 4, 8, and 16 video channels respectively and have features like video recording, playback, backup and remote access.
- Key specifications include HD storage capacity, video compression using H.264, various resolutions and frame rates, and network functions like TCP/IP, DDNS, and remote operation via monitor, PTZ control and playback.
- Connectivity includes BNC video inputs/outputs, VGA output, USB, RS-232, RS-485, audio I
This document provides instructions for a project in Adobe Illustrator where students will create 3 characters and 3 objects solely from text/type. It consists of 8 steps: 1) open Illustrator and set the document size, 2) select the Type tool and start typing, 3) choose typefaces creatively for each character, 4) rotate, scale and position the type, 5) use Garamond type for the body of a car character, 6) experiment with compositions, 7) review the completed characters, and 8) the assignment requires labeling and submitting the characters and objects created from type on a single A4 page for grading.
This document provides an introduction to digital typography. It discusses key topics such as:
- The definition and functions of typography, including type arrangement, selection, and modification.
- The uses of type in areas like art, design, books, magazines, advertising, and more.
- The different types of typography like display, advertising, and text typography.
- An assignment for students to practice creating characters and objects using type in Adobe Illustrator.
This document provides an overview of action and adventure game design. It discusses key genres like shooters and non-shooters. It also examines important design elements for these types of games like rules, setting, victory conditions, interaction models, and perspective. Shooter games are divided into first-person shooters and 2D shooters. Examples are provided for different genres and how some games have been updated while maintaining core mechanics. Overall the document analyzes the characteristics of action and adventure games.
The VS-41AV is a compact mechanical switcher that switches between four composite video and stereo audio inputs to a single output. It requires no power and can switch video signals up to 520MHz and audio signals up to 100kHz. The unit is small enough to mount two side-by-side in a 1U rack space with an optional adapter.
This document discusses the key components and layout of a recording studio. It explains that proper planning of speaker placement, monitor positioning facing the producer, and inclusion of a mixing desk and MIDI keyboard are important for the studio layout. The control room layout centers around a computer connected to instruments for multi-track recording and editing. Professional studios also include soundproof recording rooms and a window between rooms for communication.
The EMS Musys system was the first digital sampler, developed in the late 1960s using two PDP-8 mini computers with 12k of memory. The Fairlight CMI, designed in 1979, was an early digital sampling synthesizer that used recorded sounds as starting points due to limitations of earlier synthesizers. The SP-1200 became iconic for hip hop due to allowing artists to construct full songs on a portable device.
The document announces an open tender for sound system and stage equipment for "The 35th Jazz Goes To Campus" festival on November 25, 2012 at FEUI Campus Ground. The tender will accept bids from September 3 to September 28 for 3 stages (A, B, C) and lighting, with specifications provided for the equipment needed for each including sound systems, instruments, and rigging. Interested vendors should submit their details, portfolio, equipment specifications and bid price by email.
The document provides technical specifications for the DVR-D Series security cameras from Xenyum including:
- The XDVR-D04, XDVR-D08, and XDVR-D16 models support 4, 8, and 16 video channels respectively and have features like video recording, playback, backup and remote access.
- Key specifications include HD storage capacity, video compression using H.264, various resolutions and frame rates, and network functions like TCP/IP, DDNS, and remote operation via monitor, PTZ control and playback.
- Connectivity includes BNC video inputs/outputs, VGA output, USB, RS-232, RS-485, audio I
This document provides instructions for a project in Adobe Illustrator where students will create 3 characters and 3 objects solely from text/type. It consists of 8 steps: 1) open Illustrator and set the document size, 2) select the Type tool and start typing, 3) choose typefaces creatively for each character, 4) rotate, scale and position the type, 5) use Garamond type for the body of a car character, 6) experiment with compositions, 7) review the completed characters, and 8) the assignment requires labeling and submitting the characters and objects created from type on a single A4 page for grading.
This document provides an introduction to digital typography. It discusses key topics such as:
- The definition and functions of typography, including type arrangement, selection, and modification.
- The uses of type in areas like art, design, books, magazines, advertising, and more.
- The different types of typography like display, advertising, and text typography.
- An assignment for students to practice creating characters and objects using type in Adobe Illustrator.
This document provides an overview of action and adventure game design. It discusses key genres like shooters and non-shooters. It also examines important design elements for these types of games like rules, setting, victory conditions, interaction models, and perspective. Shooter games are divided into first-person shooters and 2D shooters. Examples are provided for different genres and how some games have been updated while maintaining core mechanics. Overall the document analyzes the characteristics of action and adventure games.
This document discusses managing sound data from digitized sound archives. It covers inventorying and cataloguing physical media like tapes, discs, and cassettes to make the digital sound files accessible. Topics include writing file specifications, assigning metadata, and ensuring files are stored securely and can be discovered. Proper storage conditions and handling of physical media are also reviewed to support long-term preservation of and access to the digitized content.
This document discusses the history and technology behind different methods of audio recording, including mechanical, magnetic, optical, and digital formats. It covers early developments like the phonograph and gramophone, as well as modern technologies like vinyl record cutting lathes, magnetic tape recording using reel-to-reel and cassette tapes, optical discs like CDs that use lasers to read encoded data pits, and digital audio formats like DAT tapes and portable recorders that store audio digitally. Key advantages of digital formats are freedom from noise, error correction, high information density, and ability to compress data.
Audio Disc - Processing of the Audio signal - read out from the Disc Reconstruction of audio signal - Video Disc – Video disc formats - recording systems - Play back Systems, CD player and DVD player, Blue ray discs.
Slideshow summarizing some of the technology used for popular music over the past 150 years. Part of my course MUSC 1800: Popular Music at Lakeland Community College.
This document provides guidelines for cataloging sound recordings according to MARC format. It describes the key fields for identifying the chief source of the recording, physical description including extent and dimensions, notes on contents and intended audience, and subject analysis. Sample catalog records are given to illustrate the proper formatting.
09 waves and er day 9 digital vs analogJames Wampler
This document discusses the transition from analog to digital signals, specifically for audio recording and transmission. It describes how early analog technologies like the phonautograph and phonograph led to technologies like vinyl records and magnetic tapes for storing and playing back sound. However, these analog formats had limitations in terms of quality degradation and copies. The document then outlines the development of digital audio technologies like digital audio recorders and compact discs, which took samples of sound thousands of times per second and stored information using binary digits for perfect reproduction. Current audio is typically stored and transmitted in digital MP3 format. Overall, the document argues that digital signals provide more reliable encoding and transmission of information compared to analog signals due to their resistance to degradation, perfect reproducibility, and
Sources for audio lesson two second year fourt quarterPerry Mallari
There are several methods for producing and capturing sounds, including audio recording and reproduction techniques as well as obtaining sounds from the web. Audio can be recorded using both analog and digital methods. Analog recording stores audio as a continuous wave in a medium, such as using early phonographs, wire recordings, or magnetic tape. Digital recording converts analog sound waves into a stream of discrete numbers through techniques like pulse code modulation, allowing for clearer reproduction of sound.
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of analogue and digital technologies for sound. It covers topics such as longevity, copying, storage, length of play, and flexibility. Analogue formats like tapes and records can degrade over time and have limited storage and playback duration. In contrast, digital formats like MP3s and CDs have much longer longevity and greater storage capacity without degradation. They also allow for easier copying and more flexible playback through features like playlists and randomization.
The document discusses analog and digital recording platforms. It states that analog and digital platforms are still standard in recording studios, with each having distinct sounds and applications in audio production. Analog recording uses magnetic tape that stores magnetic remnants representing audio signals. Digital recording represents audio as binary code by sampling amplitude over time at set bit rates. Both platforms remain important tools for music recording and production.
The document summarizes the history of audio and video tapes, including cassettes and videotapes. It discusses the introduction and popularity of cassettes in the 1960s and VHS tapes in the 1970s. It then performs a SWOT analysis of cassettes and discusses weaknesses like limited storage capacity. Finally, it proposes a marketing strategy to relaunch advanced cassette tapes, including developing a special player with "brain wave technology" and targeting mature music lovers.
ITT TY Music Technology - Week 1 - Analogue & Digital Audiophillthomas
The document provides an introduction to music technology, including analog and digital audio. It discusses how all sound is made by fluctuations in air pressure and is recorded as voltage in analog audio. It then explains how analog waves are pressed into vinyl disks or magnetized onto tape. The document also summarizes how digital audio works, including analog to digital conversion, digital compression formats like MP3, and using a DAW like ProTools.
The document discusses how technological innovations have impacted the music industry, both positively and negatively. It covers the history and issues of production technologies like the piano, synthesizers, sampling, and computers and delivery technologies like the phonograph, radio, vinyl records, cassettes, CDs, MP3s and streaming. While technologies have increased efficiency and access to music, they have also disrupted business models, contributed to widespread piracy, and shifted revenue streams in the industry.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on basics of audio and video media. The course is divided into 4 modules that cover characteristics of sound and acoustics, electro-acoustic transducers and filters, sound recording and playback techniques, and video recording and playback techniques. Module 1 discusses the nature of sound and acoustics concepts like reverberation. Module 2 covers microphones, loudspeakers, equalization filters and noise reduction techniques. Module 3 presents analog and digital audio recording and playback methods as well as compression standards. Module 4 examines analog and digital video recording principles and compression standards.
Estudi original per al set up quadrofònic dels pink floydJose Luis Tamborero
The document summarizes the quadraphonic production process for Pink Floyd's album "Dark Side of the Moon". It discusses how the album was recorded with quadraphonic mixing in mind, though initially mixed in stereo. For the quad mix, sounds were distributed across four tracks and four channels to create a spatial experience. Challenges included positioning sounds to work for both discrete quad and encoded quad disc formats while avoiding phase issues. Complex techniques were used for certain songs to achieve interesting quad effects within the technical limitations.
Both analogue and digital recordings start by converting sound into an electrical analog signal using a microphone. Analogue recordings directly transfer this signal to tape or vinyl records, while digital recordings convert the analog signal into numeric code. After digitization, digital recordings can be copied to formats like CDs, hard drives, or streamed online. While both methods have advantages, analogue recordings are vulnerable to deterioration over time and have limited editing capabilities, while digital recordings have greater editing flexibility but risk data corruption and compatibility issues between software.
Audio media refers to forms of media that use audio or voice recordings to deliver information. There are two main types of audio media: radio broadcasts and audio recordings. The history of audio media has progressed from early inventions like the phonograph to modern digital formats like MP3s, AAC, and audio streaming. New technologies continue to improve audio quality and accessibility while reducing file sizes.
The document discusses the history and development of various video tape recording formats. It begins with early reel-to-reel analog formats like VERA developed by BBC in 1952 and the influential 2-inch Quadruplex format introduced by Ampex in 1956. Subsequent sections describe the evolution of 1-inch Type A, B, and C professional reel-to-reel formats and early cassette/cartridge systems like U-matic. Later sections cover the introduction of digital videotape formats including D1, D2, D3, and consumer formats like VHS and Betamax.
The document discusses the history and development of various video and magnetic tape recording formats. It begins with early experimental reel-to-reel formats in the 1950s like VERA, and the first practical commercial format, 2-inch quadruplex videotape, developed by Ampex in 1956. Subsequent sections describe the evolution of various analog and digital reel-to-reel, cassette, and camcorder formats over time, including 1-inch Type A, B, and C; U-matic; Betacam; D1; D2; Digital Betacam; DVCAM; and early attempts at high definition formats like D5 and D6.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
This document discusses managing sound data from digitized sound archives. It covers inventorying and cataloguing physical media like tapes, discs, and cassettes to make the digital sound files accessible. Topics include writing file specifications, assigning metadata, and ensuring files are stored securely and can be discovered. Proper storage conditions and handling of physical media are also reviewed to support long-term preservation of and access to the digitized content.
This document discusses the history and technology behind different methods of audio recording, including mechanical, magnetic, optical, and digital formats. It covers early developments like the phonograph and gramophone, as well as modern technologies like vinyl record cutting lathes, magnetic tape recording using reel-to-reel and cassette tapes, optical discs like CDs that use lasers to read encoded data pits, and digital audio formats like DAT tapes and portable recorders that store audio digitally. Key advantages of digital formats are freedom from noise, error correction, high information density, and ability to compress data.
Audio Disc - Processing of the Audio signal - read out from the Disc Reconstruction of audio signal - Video Disc – Video disc formats - recording systems - Play back Systems, CD player and DVD player, Blue ray discs.
Slideshow summarizing some of the technology used for popular music over the past 150 years. Part of my course MUSC 1800: Popular Music at Lakeland Community College.
This document provides guidelines for cataloging sound recordings according to MARC format. It describes the key fields for identifying the chief source of the recording, physical description including extent and dimensions, notes on contents and intended audience, and subject analysis. Sample catalog records are given to illustrate the proper formatting.
09 waves and er day 9 digital vs analogJames Wampler
This document discusses the transition from analog to digital signals, specifically for audio recording and transmission. It describes how early analog technologies like the phonautograph and phonograph led to technologies like vinyl records and magnetic tapes for storing and playing back sound. However, these analog formats had limitations in terms of quality degradation and copies. The document then outlines the development of digital audio technologies like digital audio recorders and compact discs, which took samples of sound thousands of times per second and stored information using binary digits for perfect reproduction. Current audio is typically stored and transmitted in digital MP3 format. Overall, the document argues that digital signals provide more reliable encoding and transmission of information compared to analog signals due to their resistance to degradation, perfect reproducibility, and
Sources for audio lesson two second year fourt quarterPerry Mallari
There are several methods for producing and capturing sounds, including audio recording and reproduction techniques as well as obtaining sounds from the web. Audio can be recorded using both analog and digital methods. Analog recording stores audio as a continuous wave in a medium, such as using early phonographs, wire recordings, or magnetic tape. Digital recording converts analog sound waves into a stream of discrete numbers through techniques like pulse code modulation, allowing for clearer reproduction of sound.
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of analogue and digital technologies for sound. It covers topics such as longevity, copying, storage, length of play, and flexibility. Analogue formats like tapes and records can degrade over time and have limited storage and playback duration. In contrast, digital formats like MP3s and CDs have much longer longevity and greater storage capacity without degradation. They also allow for easier copying and more flexible playback through features like playlists and randomization.
The document discusses analog and digital recording platforms. It states that analog and digital platforms are still standard in recording studios, with each having distinct sounds and applications in audio production. Analog recording uses magnetic tape that stores magnetic remnants representing audio signals. Digital recording represents audio as binary code by sampling amplitude over time at set bit rates. Both platforms remain important tools for music recording and production.
The document summarizes the history of audio and video tapes, including cassettes and videotapes. It discusses the introduction and popularity of cassettes in the 1960s and VHS tapes in the 1970s. It then performs a SWOT analysis of cassettes and discusses weaknesses like limited storage capacity. Finally, it proposes a marketing strategy to relaunch advanced cassette tapes, including developing a special player with "brain wave technology" and targeting mature music lovers.
ITT TY Music Technology - Week 1 - Analogue & Digital Audiophillthomas
The document provides an introduction to music technology, including analog and digital audio. It discusses how all sound is made by fluctuations in air pressure and is recorded as voltage in analog audio. It then explains how analog waves are pressed into vinyl disks or magnetized onto tape. The document also summarizes how digital audio works, including analog to digital conversion, digital compression formats like MP3, and using a DAW like ProTools.
The document discusses how technological innovations have impacted the music industry, both positively and negatively. It covers the history and issues of production technologies like the piano, synthesizers, sampling, and computers and delivery technologies like the phonograph, radio, vinyl records, cassettes, CDs, MP3s and streaming. While technologies have increased efficiency and access to music, they have also disrupted business models, contributed to widespread piracy, and shifted revenue streams in the industry.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on basics of audio and video media. The course is divided into 4 modules that cover characteristics of sound and acoustics, electro-acoustic transducers and filters, sound recording and playback techniques, and video recording and playback techniques. Module 1 discusses the nature of sound and acoustics concepts like reverberation. Module 2 covers microphones, loudspeakers, equalization filters and noise reduction techniques. Module 3 presents analog and digital audio recording and playback methods as well as compression standards. Module 4 examines analog and digital video recording principles and compression standards.
Estudi original per al set up quadrofònic dels pink floydJose Luis Tamborero
The document summarizes the quadraphonic production process for Pink Floyd's album "Dark Side of the Moon". It discusses how the album was recorded with quadraphonic mixing in mind, though initially mixed in stereo. For the quad mix, sounds were distributed across four tracks and four channels to create a spatial experience. Challenges included positioning sounds to work for both discrete quad and encoded quad disc formats while avoiding phase issues. Complex techniques were used for certain songs to achieve interesting quad effects within the technical limitations.
Both analogue and digital recordings start by converting sound into an electrical analog signal using a microphone. Analogue recordings directly transfer this signal to tape or vinyl records, while digital recordings convert the analog signal into numeric code. After digitization, digital recordings can be copied to formats like CDs, hard drives, or streamed online. While both methods have advantages, analogue recordings are vulnerable to deterioration over time and have limited editing capabilities, while digital recordings have greater editing flexibility but risk data corruption and compatibility issues between software.
Audio media refers to forms of media that use audio or voice recordings to deliver information. There are two main types of audio media: radio broadcasts and audio recordings. The history of audio media has progressed from early inventions like the phonograph to modern digital formats like MP3s, AAC, and audio streaming. New technologies continue to improve audio quality and accessibility while reducing file sizes.
The document discusses the history and development of various video tape recording formats. It begins with early reel-to-reel analog formats like VERA developed by BBC in 1952 and the influential 2-inch Quadruplex format introduced by Ampex in 1956. Subsequent sections describe the evolution of 1-inch Type A, B, and C professional reel-to-reel formats and early cassette/cartridge systems like U-matic. Later sections cover the introduction of digital videotape formats including D1, D2, D3, and consumer formats like VHS and Betamax.
The document discusses the history and development of various video and magnetic tape recording formats. It begins with early experimental reel-to-reel formats in the 1950s like VERA, and the first practical commercial format, 2-inch quadruplex videotape, developed by Ampex in 1956. Subsequent sections describe the evolution of various analog and digital reel-to-reel, cassette, and camcorder formats over time, including 1-inch Type A, B, and C; U-matic; Betacam; D1; D2; Digital Betacam; DVCAM; and early attempts at high definition formats like D5 and D6.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
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How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
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Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
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Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
1. Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA
Rembau, Negeri Sembilan
INFORMATION SHEET
COURSE: Digital Video And Audio
SESSION : July-Dec 2012 SEMESTER : 3
CODE/SUBJECT : SHEET NO : 1
LECTURER : Ahmad Kamsol Bin Mat Yusop WEEK : 1
TOPIC : Introduction to Digital Audio System
1.1. History
1.2. Understand Analog and Digital Audio
SUB-TOPIC : 1.3. File Size
1.4. Digital Audio Format
After completing this chapter, students will be able to:
1. Understand the history of digital audio system
LEARNING 2. Understand the different between analog and digital audio
OUTCOME :
3. Explain type of file size in digital audio system
4. Interpret about digital audio format
Digital Video And Audio – Ahmad Kamsol Bin Mat Yusop Information Sheet 1
2. UNIT 1: Introduction to Digital Audio System
1. Digital audio is the process of converting media from analog to digital form (digitizing)
is achieved through a process called sampling.
2. The most common method of creating digital audio is Pulse-code modulation (PCM)
ADCs and DACs
Real sound input ADC - Analog to Digital Converter
-Recorder through microphone
Reproduce sound DAC - Digital to Analog Converter
Sampling Process
1. Here is an analog 2. To digitize sound, 3. These samples are
sound wave. Analog samples are taken at trimmed to the nearest
sound is continuous even intervals of times value and encoded in
variation in air binary
pressure.
Digital Video And Audio – Ahmad Kamsol Bin Mat Yusop Information Sheet 1
3. 1.1. History of Audio
History of Audio Format
An audio format is a medium for storing sound and music. Music is recorded and distributed
using a variety of audio formats, some of which store additional information
Timeline of audio format developments.
Year Media formats Recording formats
1877 Mechanical analog; "hill-and-dale" grooves, vertical
stylus motion
Phonograph cylinder
1883 Mechanical digital (automated musical instruments)
Music roll
1895 Mechanical analog; lateral grooves, horizontal stylus
motion
Gramophone record
1898 Analog; magnetization; no "bias"
Wire recording
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4. 1925 Electrical cut record Mechanical analog; electrically cut from amplified
microphone signal, lateral grooves, horizontal stylus
motion, discs at 7", 10", 12", most at 78 rpm
1930 Analog; magnetization; "bias" dramatically increases
linearity/fidelity, tape speed at 30 ips, later 15 ips
with NAB equalization; refined speeds: 7 1/2 ips, 3
3/4 ips, 1 7/8 ips
Reel-to-Reel, Magnetic Tape
1930 Electrical transcriptions Mechanical analog; electrically cut from amplified
microphone signal, high fidelity sound, lateral or
vertical grooves, horizontal or vertical stylus motion,
most discs 16" at 33 1/3 rpm
1948 Analog, with preemphasis and other equalization
(Commercial techniques (LP, RIAA); lateral grooves, horizontal
release) stylus motion; discs at 7" (most 45 rpm), 10" and 12"
(most 33 1/3 rpm)
Vinyl Record
1957 Stereophonic Vinyl Record Analog, with preemphasis and other equalization
techniques. Combination lateral/vertical stylus
motion with each channel encoded 45 degrees to the
vertical.
1962 4-Track (Stereo-Pak) Analog, 1/4 inch wide tape, 3 3/4 in/s, endless loop
cartridge.
1963 Analog, with bias, preemphasis, 0.15 inch wide tape,
17/8 in/s. 1970: introduced Dolby noise reduction.
Compact Cassette
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5. 1965 8-Track (Stereo-8) Analog, 1/4 inch wide tape, 3 3/4 in/s, endless loop
cartridge.
1969 Analog, 1/8 inch wide tape, used generally for
notetaking, mostly mono, some stereo. 2.4 cm/s or
1.2 cm/s.
Microcassette
1970 Quadraphonic 8-Track Analog, 1/4 inch wide tape, 3 3/4 in/s, 4 Channel
(Quad-8) (Q8) Stereo, endless loop cartridge.
1971 Quadraphonic Vinyl Record
(CD-4) (SQ Matrix)
1975 'Dolby Stereo' cinema surround sound
Betamax Digital Audio
1976
Elcaset
1978
Laserdisc
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6. 1982 PCM
Compact Disc (CD-DA)
1985 Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF)
1985 Sound Designer (by Digidesign)
1986 High Definition Compatible Redbook compatible physical CD containing 20-24
Digital (HDCD) bit information.
1987
Digital Audio Tape (DAT)
1991 MiniDisc (MD) ATRAC
1992 Digital Compact Cassette
(DCC)
1992 Waveforms (WAV)
Dolby Digital surround cinema sound
1993 Digital Theatre System (DTS)
Sony Dynamic Digital Sound (SDDS)
1995 MP3
1997 DVD Dolby Digital
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7. 1997 DTS-CD DTS Audio
1999 DVD-Audio
1999 Super Audio CD (SACD)
1999 Windows Media Audio (WMA)
1999 The True Audio Lossless Codec (TTA)
2000 Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC)
2001 Advanced audio coding (AAC)
2002 Ogg Vorbis
2003 DualDisc
2004 Apple Lossless (ALE or ALAC)
2005 HD DVD
2005 OggPCM
2006 Blu-Ray
2008 slot Music 320kb/s MP3 on microSD or microSDHC
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8. History of Sound Recording
1. Mechanical Recording
The first devices for recording and reproducing sound were mechanical in nature and
could not record arbitrary sounds such as the human voice.
In 1796 a Swiss watchmaker named Smooth Nikola described his idea for what we
now call the cylinder musical box.
- Phonautograph
1857, Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville invented the phonautograph, the first device
to record arbitrary sound.
Used a membrane (which vibrated in response to sound) attached to a pen, which
traced a line roughly corresponding to the sound's waveform onto a roll of paper
-Phonograph and Gramophone
Phonograph Invented by Thomas Edison in 1877
phonograph was a device with a cylinder covered with a hard material such as tin foil,
lead, or wax on which a stylus drew grooves
The depth of the grooves made by the stylus corresponded to change in air pressure
created by the original sound.
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9. Recording could be played back by tracing a needle through the groove and
amplifying, through mechanical means, the resulting vibrations
Edison's cylinder-based Phonograph The disk-based gramophone
..Cont: Phonograph and Gramophone
A disadvantage of the early phonographs was the difficulty of reproducing the
phonograph cylinders in mass production.
This changed with the advent of the gramophone (phonograph in American English),
which was patented by Emile Berliner in 1887
The gramophone imprinted grooves on the flat side of a disc rather than the outside of
a cylinder
Instead of recording by varying the depth of the groove (vertically), as with the
phonograph, the vibration of the recording stylus was across the width of the track
(horizontally)
2. Electrical Recording
Both phonograph cylinders and gramophone discs were played on mechanical devices
most commonly hand wound with a clockwork motor.
The sound was amplified by a cone that was attached to the diaphragm
The disc record fell into public favor quickly, and cylinders were not produced after
1929
The advent of electrical recording in 1925 drastically improved the quality of the
recording process of disc records
Electrically powered phonographs were introduced c. 1930, but crystal pickups and
electronic reproduction did not become common until the late 1930s.
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10. The advent of electrical recording made it possible to use microphones to capture the
sound of the performance
3. Magnetic Recording
Magnetic recording was demonstrated in principle as early as 1898 by Valdemar
Poulsen in his telegraphone
Magnetic wire recording, and its successor, magnetic tape recording, involve the use
of a magnetizable medium which moves with a constant speed past a recording head
electrical signal, which is analogous to the sound that is to be recorded, is fed to the
recording head, inducing a pattern of magnetization similar to the signal
A playback head can then pick up the changes in magnetic field from the tape and
convert it into an electrical signal.
1932 the British Broadcasting Corporation first used a steel tape recorder for their
broadcasts
4. Recording On Film
The first attempts to record sound to an optical medium occurred around 1900
1906 Lauste applied for a patent to record sound on film, but was ahead of his time
In 1923 Lee de Forest applied for a patent to record to film; he also made a number of
short experimental films, mostly of vaudeville performers
William Fox began releasing sound-on-film newsreels in 1926, the same year that
Warner Brothers released Don Juan with music and sound effects recorded on discs,
as well as series of short films with fully synchronized sound on discs
In 1927 the sound film The Jazz Singer was released; while not the first, it made a
tremendous hit and made the public and the film industry realize that sound film was
more than a mere novelty
There are really two different types of synchronized film soundtrack, optical and
magnetic
Optical sound tracks are visual renditions of sound wave forms and provide sound
through a light beam and optical sensor within the projector
Magnetic sound tracks are essentially the same as used in conventional analog
tape recording
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11. In the late 1950s the cinema industry, desperate to provide a theatre experience that
would be overwhelmingly superior to television, introduced wide-screen processes
such as Cinerama, Todd-AO, and CinemaScope.
In the 1990s, digital systems were introduced and began to prevail. Ironically, in
many of them the sound recording is, as in Vitaphone, again recorded on a separate
disk; but now, digital processes can achieve reliable and perfect synchronization
5. Digital recording
The first digital audio recorders were reel-to-reel decks introduced by companies such
as Denon (1972), Soundstream (1979) and Mitsubishi
Used a digital technology known as PCM recording
Within a few years, many studios were using devices that encoded the digital audio
data into a standard video signal, which was then recorded on a U-matic or other
videotape recorder, using the rotating-head technology that was standard for video
Similar technology was used for a consumer format, Digital Audio Tape (DAT)
which used rotating heads on a narrow tape contained in a cassette
In the early 1990s, relatively low-priced multitrack digital recorders were introduced
for use in home studios; they returned to recording on videotape.
The development of the MP3 audio file format, and legal issues involved in copying
such files, has driven most of the innovation in music distribution since their
introduction in the late 1990s
At the end of the 1990s, hard disk recording became more popular
1.2 Understanding Analog and Digital Audio
Analog
Also spelled analogue, describes a device or system that represents changing values as
continuously variable physical quantities.
A typical analog device is a clock in which the hands move continuously around the
face
When used in reference to data storage and transmission, analog format is that in
which information is transmitted by modulating a continuous transmission signal,
such as amplifying a signal's strength or varying its frequency to add or take away
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12. data. For example, telephones take sound vibrations and turn them into electrical
vibrations of the same shape before they are transmitted over traditional telephone
lines
Radio wave transmissions work in the same way. Computers, which handle data in
digital form, require modems to turn signals from digital to analog before transmitting
those signals over communication lines such as telephone lines that carry only analog
signals. The signals are turned back into digital form (demodulated) at the receiving
end so that the computer can process the data in its digital format.
Digital
Describes any system based on discontinuous data or events
Computers are digital machines because at their most basic level they can distinguish
between just two values, 0 and 1, or off and on. There is no simple way to represent
all the values in between, such as 0.25. All data that a computer processes must be
encoded digitally, as a series of zeroes and ones
Digital clock is capable of representing only a finite number of times (every tenth of a
second, for example)
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13. 1.3 File Size
1. Sound file contain large amount of data and uncompress they are huge
2. A sound file generally has audio data and metadata
3. Audio data is sound that you hear
4. Metadata can include the name of the sound file, its size, duration, number of channels,
resolution or sample size (in bits), sampling rate (in kilohertz), types of compression,
information about streaming, special instruction, text or graphic.
Amplitude Type of Sound
130 dB Gunshot @5 feet
120 dB Live Rock Band @10 feet
110 dB Loud Car Stereo (interior)
90 dB Underground Train Station + The Train
80 dB A Busy Street
70 dB Vacuum Cleaner @10 feet
A Conversation @5 feet
60 dB An office cubicle
50 dB En. Alfian’s office with air-con turned off
40 dB A Whisper @5feet
30 dB Very Quiet Room
20 dB A Recording Studio
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14. 1.4 Digital Audio Format
Let us firstly look at the file formats commonly used:
1. WAV
Developed by Microsoft (intended for Intel-based computers)
Comes with the file extension *.wav
16-bit wav has high sound quality, but the tradeoff is with size
Very low compression
8-bit wav has medium sound quality, but medium file size
2. AIFF
Developed primarily for use on the MAC
Come with a few extensions
*.aif, *.aiff, *.aife
16-bit and 8-bit AIFFs have almost similar properties with its WAV
counterpart
3. AU or MU- LAW or u-LAW
Most prevalent on the web (platform independent) and also needs plug-in to
play
Comes with a *.au extension
Medium file sizes but bad sound quality (suitable for web though due to its
size)
4. MP3
One of the best known formats around
Achieves quite high compression rates while maintaining good sound quality
Extension = *.mp3
Is actually MPEG-1 Audio Layer Layer-3
Good sound quality (with data rate of above 128 kbps that is), good
compression (only ~10% of CD-Audio)
5. RM
Format by RealNetworks
Extension = .ra, *.rm, *.ram
Advantage = Real-time playability, small file size
Disadvantage = Very not-good sound quality
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15. 6. MIDI
MIDI as you’ve learned is very2 small in file size
But the only thing they’re good at is producing musical-instrument-sound
Advantage = Small file size
Disadvantage = Not suitable for dialogue
Extension = *.mid, *.midi, *.kar, *.smf
REFERENCES:
Book: Vaughan T., 2004, Multimedia: Making It Work, 6th Ed, McGraw-Hill, UK.
Web: http://homepages.cwi.nl
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoring_systems
http://www.cit.cornell.edu/atc/materials/dig/audioformats.shtml
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