In any research in the Educational or Social field, different tools & techniques are required for the data collection. In this presentation, attitude tests, personality tests, projective technique & sociometric technique are discussed in brief.

1. Attitude
Tests(Opinnionnair)
Other Tests
Personality
Projective Technique
Sociometric technique
&

2. Attitude…… They say it…..
 Your attitude, not your aptitude, will determine your
altitude. ...
 A positive attitude can really make dreams come true - it did
for me. ...
 Excellence is not a skill, it's an attitude. ...
 It is our attitude at the beginning of a difficult task which,
more than anything else, will affect its successful outcome.
 Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference.
 Time plays very important role in almost every
 decision & some decisions define your attitude about
 time.

3. Attitude-Meaning
 Attitude is the degree of positive or negative affect
associated with some psychological object, any
institution, ideal, symbol, phrase, slogan, job or idea
towards which people can differ with respect to positive
or negative affect.
 Attitude is a sum total of a man’s inclination & feelings,
prejudice & or bias, preconceived notions,
ideas, threats & convictions about any
specific topic.

4. Attitude- Meaning
 An attitude may be defined as a learned emotional
response set for or against something.- Barr, David &
Johnson
 Attitude is a settled way of thinking or feeling about
something
 A feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a
way of behaving that
is caused by this.
continued

5. How to measure an attitude?
 By direct asking –orally or in a written format–
inquiry technique.
 By asking to check statements.
 By asking the extent of agreement.
 Using Projective technique.

6. 1.Thurstone Technique
 Statements showing positive or negative attitude are
prepared –the number of statements is more than 20.
 They are sent to a panel of referees to check & to
categories.
 Experts are asked to categories them in to 11 groups –
ranked from Extremely negative to Extremely positive.
 The statements on which the experts having
contradictory judgment, they are discarded.

7. Thurstone Technique
 For each statement –median value is found out ( as per the
group number as per categorized by different experts.) e.g.a
panel of 7 referees given following categories to two
statements.
St one 1,2,1,3,2,4,2—1,1,2,2,2,3,4---- median value is 2
St two 7,8,6,8,9,10,9---6,7,8,8,9,9,10----median value is 8
 Now the final list is prepared & given to the
subjects/respondents.
 Subjects are asked to select the statements to which they are
agreeing.
 The attitude is the sum of the median values of the
statements selected by the subject.
Continued.

8. 2.Likert Method
 A number of statements (including positive or negative both)
–are prepared –regarding which attitude is to be measured.
 Generally the number of positive & negative statements is
the same.
 The trial is given to subjects.
 Only those statements are kept in the scale which are having
good correlation with the total test.
 Five point scale is given for each statement.
i.e. Strongly agree, Agree, Indifferent, Disagree, Strongly
disagree.

9. Likert Method
 If there are 30 statement then
 30×5= 150-Strongly positive attitude.
 30×3=90 Indifferent.
 30×1=30=Strongly negative attitude.
 30to 59 ---negative
 60 to 89--- medium
 90 & above--- positive.
Continued.

10. Limitations of the attitude testing-
 Socially accepted responses are given.
 the respondents may not select the correct alternative.
 The distance between the five point scale may not
remains the same.
 All the statements may not have the same value.
 Validity with the factual situation may not be there.
 Respondents always select those
options which is expected by the society.

11. Personality-meaning & definitions
 The different qualities of a person's character that
make him/ her different from other people..
 The quality of having a strong, interesting and
attractive character.
 According to Traxler,
personality is the sum total of an individual‘s
behaviour in social situations

12. Personality-meaning & definitions
 Personality, a characteristic way of thinking, feeling,
and behaving. Personality embraces moods, attitudes,
and opinions and is most clearly expressed in
interactions with other people. It includes behavioral
characteristics, both inherent and acquired, that
distinguish one person from another and that can be
observed in people’s relations to the environment and
to the social group.

13. 1.Allport defines personality as the dynamic organisation
within the individual of those psychophysical systems
that determine his unique adjustment to his
environment.
2.According to MC Daugall personality is a synthetic unity
of all mental features and functions in their innate
interplay.
3.Lewin defines personality as a dynamic totality of
systems present in the individual.
Personality-meaning & definitions-

14. 4.Personality is an organised set of physical, ment
al and emotional traits which are unique and dy
namic and which enables one to adjust to one's
environment.
5.In Catell’s opinion personality is that which permits
a prediction of what a person will do in a given
situation.
Personality-meaning & definition

15. Personality Testing
 Personality tests are the instruments for the
measurement of emotional, motivational,
interpersonal & attitudinal characteristics as
distinguished from abilities.
 Personality tests are of different types.
 They may be of paper pencil type or activity
tests or projective technique may also
be used to measure personality.

16. Personality-Testing
 MMPI-Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory
 CPI-California Personality Inventory
 Projective techniques
 Problem inventories

17. Projective Technique
 Sentence Completion
 Story completion
 Picture reading
 Doll’s play
 Diary writing
 Essay writing.
 Rorschach ink blot test
 TAT
In all these techniques inner thoughts, emotions, ideas, feelings
are projected on some other outside object.

18.  In sociometric technique behaviour of a person in social group
is found out..These techniques are very useful for school going
children. From these techniques students with social skills &
qualities can be found out. e.g. leadership, co-operation etc.
From that their adjustment related problems can also be found
out. To find out social behaviour, two techniques are used.
1.Guess Who?—teacher asks all the students in the group to
identify the student having specified characteristic.
The one who is always ready to help others…….guess who?
Sociometric Technique.

19. 2.Nominating technique--Respondents are asked to select an ideal
student, a monitor or select a partner for completing project or
assignment. From that data a Sociogram can be drawn. One can find
out different groups in the classroom.
Student most liked by others also can be found out .One who is not
selected by other students that can also be found out.
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Sociometric Technique.