ATTITUDE: CONCEPTS AND MODELS- COGNITIVE DISSONANCE AND TRI-COMPONENT THEORY ppt
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Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort or stress experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time
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Cognitive dissonance theory
Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors. When an inconsistency, or dissonance, arises, it produces psychological discomfort that people are motivated to reduce. Dissonance can be reduced by changing one's attitude, adding new consonant beliefs, or reducing the importance of dissonant beliefs. The theory applies to decision-making and problem-solving situations where a choice must be made between incompatible beliefs or actions.
Cognitive dissonance
1. Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people seek consistency between their beliefs and actions, and will experience psychological discomfort when they become aware of inconsistencies (dissonance).
2. The theory is based on the assumptions that people want to resolve dissonance by changing their beliefs, actions, or perception of their actions. Common ways of resolving dissonance include rationalizing actions.
3. An influential experiment found that participants who were paid only $1 to perform a boring task reported enjoying it more than those paid $20, supporting the theory that lower payment led to greater dissonance and rationalization.
Cognitive dissonance theory
The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously causes discomfort, known as cognitive dissonance. People are motivated to reduce this dissonance by changing their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors; or justifying them. Common strategies to reduce cognitive dissonance include focusing on beliefs that outweigh the dissonant one, reducing the importance of conflicting beliefs, or changing beliefs to be consistent.
The dissonance theory
This document provides an overview of cognitive dissonance theory, which suggests that people have an inner drive to hold consistent beliefs and attitudes. It discusses three key areas:
1) Forced compliance behavior - When people are forced to do something they don't want to do, it creates dissonance that they seek to reduce, such as by changing their attitude. An experiment found paying $1 caused more dissonance than $20.
2) Decision-making - Making decisions arouses dissonance that people reduce by increasing the attractiveness of their choice and decreasing alternatives.
3) Effort - We value things more if they required effort, so when we exert effort but then feel negative, we
Cognitive dissonance
cognitive dissonance :Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors.
Q3L04 - Cognitive Dissonance
1. Cognitive dissonance is an unpleasant psychological state that occurs when a person holds two or more inconsistent cognitions.
2. Leon Festinger's theory proposed that people seek to reduce dissonance by changing their cognitions to make them more consistent.
3. Festinger's 1959 experiment found that students who were paid $1 to lie about a boring task came to believe the task was interesting, while those paid $20 did not, in order to reduce dissonance between their actions and attitudes.
Cognitive dissonance
In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is the perception of contradictory information. Relevant items of information include a person's actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment.
Cognitive dissonance theory
Leon Festinger first proposed cognitive dissonance theory in 1957. The theory suggests that people have an inner drive for cognitive consistency and avoid disharmony between attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. When two cognitions clash, it produces an unpleasant feeling of tension called cognitive dissonance that motivates us to resolve the inconsistency. Dissonance can be reduced by changing beliefs, actions, or perceptions to restore cognitive consistency. Understanding cognitive dissonance provides insight into human rationalization and decision making processes.
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Cognitive dissonance theory
Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors. When an inconsistency, or dissonance, arises, it produces psychological discomfort that people are motivated to reduce. Dissonance can be reduced by changing one's attitude, adding new consonant beliefs, or reducing the importance of dissonant beliefs. The theory applies to decision-making and problem-solving situations where a choice must be made between incompatible beliefs or actions.
Cognitive dissonance
1. Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people seek consistency between their beliefs and actions, and will experience psychological discomfort when they become aware of inconsistencies (dissonance).
2. The theory is based on the assumptions that people want to resolve dissonance by changing their beliefs, actions, or perception of their actions. Common ways of resolving dissonance include rationalizing actions.
3. An influential experiment found that participants who were paid only $1 to perform a boring task reported enjoying it more than those paid $20, supporting the theory that lower payment led to greater dissonance and rationalization.
Cognitive dissonance theory
The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously causes discomfort, known as cognitive dissonance. People are motivated to reduce this dissonance by changing their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors; or justifying them. Common strategies to reduce cognitive dissonance include focusing on beliefs that outweigh the dissonant one, reducing the importance of conflicting beliefs, or changing beliefs to be consistent.
The dissonance theory
This document provides an overview of cognitive dissonance theory, which suggests that people have an inner drive to hold consistent beliefs and attitudes. It discusses three key areas:
1) Forced compliance behavior - When people are forced to do something they don't want to do, it creates dissonance that they seek to reduce, such as by changing their attitude. An experiment found paying $1 caused more dissonance than $20.
2) Decision-making - Making decisions arouses dissonance that people reduce by increasing the attractiveness of their choice and decreasing alternatives.
3) Effort - We value things more if they required effort, so when we exert effort but then feel negative, we
Cognitive dissonance
cognitive dissonance :Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors.
Q3L04 - Cognitive Dissonance
1. Cognitive dissonance is an unpleasant psychological state that occurs when a person holds two or more inconsistent cognitions.
2. Leon Festinger's theory proposed that people seek to reduce dissonance by changing their cognitions to make them more consistent.
3. Festinger's 1959 experiment found that students who were paid $1 to lie about a boring task came to believe the task was interesting, while those paid $20 did not, in order to reduce dissonance between their actions and attitudes.
Cognitive dissonance
In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is the perception of contradictory information. Relevant items of information include a person's actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment.
Cognitive dissonance theory
Leon Festinger first proposed cognitive dissonance theory in 1957. The theory suggests that people have an inner drive for cognitive consistency and avoid disharmony between attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. When two cognitions clash, it produces an unpleasant feeling of tension called cognitive dissonance that motivates us to resolve the inconsistency. Dissonance can be reduced by changing beliefs, actions, or perceptions to restore cognitive consistency. Understanding cognitive dissonance provides insight into human rationalization and decision making processes.
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Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people experience psychological discomfort from holding contradictory cognitions, or beliefs, and they are motivated to reduce this discomfort through various dissonance reduction strategies. When making decisions between alternatives, people experience more dissonance the more similar the alternatives are. After deciding, dissonance can be reduced by evaluating the chosen alternative more positively and the rejected one less positively. An experiment found that participants who were paid $1 to lie about an activity experienced more dissonance than those paid $20, supporting that justification of one's actions lowers dissonance.
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- Arousal Theory suggests people seek an optimal level of stimulation, but it is difficult to apply to all motivations like sacrificing sleep.
- In conclusion, while theories provide models, human motivation remains complex and cannot be fully simplified. Maslow's Hierarchy presents a more comprehensive approach than previous theories.
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This document provides an overview of Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. It defines key concepts like cognition, cognitive dissonance, and consistency theories. It explains that cognitive dissonance is an aversive motivational state that occurs when a person holds two inconsistent cognitions. The theory proposes that people are motivated to reduce dissonance by altering their cognitions. The document also summarizes major phenomena studied, including selective exposure to information and post-decision dissonance. It analyzes cognitive dissonance theory as an objective, nomothetic communication theory that seeks to understand universal laws of human behavior.
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Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort experienced when holding conflicting attitudes or beliefs. Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory suggests people are motivated to resolve inconsistencies among their cognitions to achieve harmony. When cognitions clash, dissonance occurs and people are driven to reduce or eliminate it through various methods like changing attitudes, acquiring new information, or justifying behaviors. Common ways dissonance is reduced include forced compliance, effort justification, and rationalizing decisions. Understanding cognitive dissonance provides insights into motivation, persuasion, consumer behavior, and promoting healthy choices.
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This document discusses two cognitive consistency theories of attitude change: Heider's balance theory and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Heider's P-O-X model proposes that relationships between elements can be balanced or imbalanced, and people are motivated to achieve a balanced state. Festinger's theory suggests people have an inner drive for cognitive consistency and will seek to resolve inconsistencies, or dissonance, between attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. Dissonance can be reduced by changing an element or adding new cognitions. Both theories aim to explain how and why attitudes change over time to achieve consistency.
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1. Defence mechanisms are techniques used by individuals to reduce anxiety or resolve conflicts by modifying behavior. They include compensation, denial, displacement, identification, introjection, projection, reaction formation, rationalization, regression, repression, ritual and undoing, and sublimation.
2. Maladaptive behaviors in individuals and groups can occur during times of stress, crisis, or disaster when coping abilities are overwhelmed. Defence mechanisms that are overused can become maladaptive habits.
3. Disasters are defined by the WHO as severe disruptions that exceed a community's coping capacity and can be natural or man-made events with potential adaptive or maladaptive psychological reactions. Overreliance on defence mechanisms in children should be avoided so
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This document describes several counseling techniques including their proponents, descriptions, and goals. Existential therapy emphasizes respect for clients and invites them to live more authentic lives in order to accept freedom and responsibility. Person-centered therapy focuses on clients discovering ways to encounter reality and gain independence. Rational emotive behavior therapy is based on the idea that people can act rationally or irrationally and aims to reduce irrational behavior. Behavior therapy uses scientific principles and expects clients to engage in specific actions to deal with problems and learn new behaviors.
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Motivation Theories
The document discusses several theories of motivation:
- Instinct Theory proposes that behaviors are genetically inherited and motivated by survival, but cannot explain human variability.
- Drive-Reduction Theory claims humans act to reduce feelings of tension, but this does not explain actions that increase tension.
- Arousal Theory suggests people seek an optimal level of stimulation, but it is difficult to apply to all motivations like sacrificing sleep.
- In conclusion, while theories provide models, human motivation remains complex and cannot be fully simplified. Maslow's Hierarchy presents a more comprehensive approach than previous theories.
Congnitive
This document provides an overview of Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. It defines key concepts like cognition, cognitive dissonance, and consistency theories. It explains that cognitive dissonance is an aversive motivational state that occurs when a person holds two inconsistent cognitions. The theory proposes that people are motivated to reduce dissonance by altering their cognitions. The document also summarizes major phenomena studied, including selective exposure to information and post-decision dissonance. It analyzes cognitive dissonance theory as an objective, nomothetic communication theory that seeks to understand universal laws of human behavior.
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. Some key points:
- REBT is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on identifying and disputing irrational beliefs that lead to emotional distress.
- Ellis was influenced by Stoic philosophy which held that people are disturbed not by events but by their views of events. However, REBT recognizes the healthy expression of emotions.
- A core concept is the A-B-C model - that activating events (A) do not directly cause emotional/behavioral consequences (C) but rather the beliefs (B) one holds about the events.
- The goal of REBT counseling is to help clients develop a
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This document discusses the historical opposition between Christianity and psychology, as well as perspectives on integrating the two fields. It notes that while Freud's psychoanalytic theories differed from Christianity, techniques from other therapies like cognitive therapy can align with Christian principles. The document also examines tensions between relying solely on religion or science for healing, as well as debates around the benefits and drawbacks of diagnostic labeling. Ultimately, it argues that the Christian worldview should guide psychological treatment models, and that psychology can systematically inform counseling methods while Christianity provides the overarching framework for understanding people and promoting healing.
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Attitudes are evaluative statements that indicate one's feelings toward people, objects, events, or situations. Attitudes are complex and influenced by cognitive processes and experiences. They have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Attitudes are formed through classical and operant conditioning, vicarious learning from others, communication, and experiences. Theories of attitude formation include cognitive consistency theories like balance theory and congruity theory, and social judgment theories. Attitudes can be changed by providing information, influencing friends, communication, and addressing discrepancies, but prior commitments, strong commitments, publicly expressed attitudes, low credibility of the source, and insufficient information can act as barriers to attitude change.
Attitude
An attitude is a predisposition to act or feel a certain way towards someone or something. Attitudes are formed through direct experiences, associations, and influences from family, peers, environment, education and mass communication. A person's environment, experiences and education are key factors that determine their attitudes. Positive attitudes can increase productivity and problem solving, while negative attitudes can cause bitterness and resentment. There are different types, functions and levels of commitment to attitudes. Maintaining cognitive consistency and reducing dissonance also influence attitudes.
Organizational Behavior.pptx
Cognitive Dissonance Theory refers to conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors that cause internal discomfort. For example, someone who smokes knows it causes cancer, creating cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance can be caused by being forced to comply with something against one's beliefs or having to choose between options. People may experience stress, unhappiness, or feelings of powerlessness from cognitive dissonance. Ways to reduce cognitive dissonance include changing behaviors, thoughts, perceptions, or ignoring thoughts to make them consistent.
Clinical revision.ppt
This document provides an overview of the history and major approaches to psychotherapy. It discusses how psychotherapy has evolved from harsh early treatments like drilling holes in skulls to more humane, evidence-based modern therapies. The major sections summarize psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapies like client-centered therapy, behavior therapies using classical and operant conditioning, and cognitive therapies that aim to change negative thought patterns. A variety of techniques are described for each approach.
Thought
The document discusses how thoughts affect one's life. It outlines that there are two main types of thoughts: positive thinking and negative thinking. Positive thinking can improve focus, reduce stress, boost health, maintain self-esteem, and lead to success and happiness. It also lowers depression and distress while enhancing well-being. Negative thinking is shown to have adverse physical and psychological impacts. The presentation provides tips for cultivating positive thinking such as self-talk, social circles, and consumption of uplifting content. It emphasizes that thoughts influence actions and beliefs.
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The problem with most of the perfumes that are available to the public today is that the regulations of chemical additives and ingredients used in most conventional perfumes can be harmful to not only the person who applies them, but also those in close contact with them. Maybe you have noticed at one point or another that these scents and smells emanating from these topical substances can cause headaches, eye and nose irritation, and a slew of other side effects caused by the toxic petrochemicals that are often used to formulate the appealing fragrance of these colognes and perfumes. Most of the time, these petrochemicals are by-products of petroleum and other natural gases, which you definitely don’t want to be breathing in, or applying to your hands and neck on a daily basis.
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Logistics is process planning, implementing and controlling procedures for ARE EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVE TRANSPORTATION AND STRONG OF GOODS, INCLUDING SERVICE AND RELATED INFORMATION FROM ARE POINT of origin to are point of consumption.
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Evaluation is to measure the performance of salespeople.
A important process which enhances the way organization is managed & provide recommendation for further improvements.
It is a critical function.
It constitutes comparing objectives with results.
Provide feedback.
Take steps to further improvement.
Methods:
Ranking Methods
Management by objectives (MBO)
Graphic Rating and Checklist methods
Performance evaluation
Evaluation is to measure the performance of salespeople
A important process which enhances the way organization is managed & provide recommendation for further improvements.
A important process which enhances the way organization is managed & provide recommendation for further improvements.
A important process which enhances the way organization is managed & provide recommendation for further improvements.
A important process which enhances the way organization is managed & provide recommendation for further improvements.
A important process which enhances the way organization is managed & provide recommendation for further improvements.
It constitutes comparing objectives with results
Provide feedback
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Motivation is defined as the action of orienting ones behavior to a specific goal. There are a lot of theories that try to explain, how and why motivation function as is does. The simplest explication of how motivation functions is “the need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure”, of chorus there are a lot of needs that may act as a motivator (e.g. eating, resting, or a desired object, hobby, goal, state of being, ideal). Other theories attribute motivation to less apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality.
This theory is one of the oldest, and it states that presenting a reward (tangible or intangible) after the occurrence of a certain action will cause the behavior to occur again. The theory is based on the fact that the subjects mind will associate a positive meaning to the behavior. [2](Maslow A., 1970).
The time passed since the occurrence of the action and the moment when the subject is presented with the reward is also very important, it has been shown that for shot periods the impact is greater than for longer ones. If this cycle of action–reward is repeated it is possible to convert that action into a habit.
This theory is one of the oldest, and it states that presenting a reward (tangible or intangible) after the occurrence of a certain action will cause the behavior to occur again. The theory is based on the fact that the subjects mind will associate a positive meaning to the behavior. [2](Maslow A., 1970).
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The time passed since the occurrence of the action and the moment when the subject is presented with the reward is also very important, it has been shown that for shot periods the impact is greater than for longer ones. If this cycle of action–reward is repeated it is possible to convert that action into a habit.
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ATTITUDE: CONCEPTS AND MODELS- COGNITIVE DISSONANCE AND TRI-COMPONENT THEORY ppt
- 1. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR PROF: SACHIN PATRIKAR
- 2. ATTITUDE: CONCEPTS AND MODELS- COGNITIVE DISSONANCE, TRI-COMPONENT THEORY AJINKYA DESAI 19 RUPESH KEDARE 41 NAZIM AHMAD 60 NILESH SABALE 72
- 3. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort or stress experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time . Cognitive dissonance is a concept related to self- doubt when making decisions. Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs,
- 4. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE This discomfort is triggered by a situation in which a belief of a person clashes with new evidence perceived by that person. For example , when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition) .
- 5. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY Festinger‘s cognitive dissonance theory suggest that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and beliefs in harmony & avoid dissonance. According to Festinger, we hold many cognitions about the world and ourselves; when they clash, a discrepancy is evoked. Resulting in a state of tension known as cognitive dissonance. As the experience of dissonance is unpleasant we are motivated to reduce or eliminate it, and achieve consonance. (I .e . Agreement )
- 6. METHODOLOGIES FOR REDUCE COGNITIVE DISSONANCE FORCED COMPLIANCE BEHAVIOUR DECISION MAKING EFFORT
- 7. REDUCING COGNITIVE DISSONANCE BY Changing Our Behavior To Bring It In Line With Dissonance Cognition. By Attempting To Justify Our Behavior Through Changing Our Cognitions. By Attempting To Justify Our Behavior By Adding New Cognitions.
- 8. ATTITUDE It express an individual’s positive and negative feeling about some objectives. It descries an individual’s feeling, thoughts and predisposition to act toward some object in the environment. 1. Positive Attitude 2. Negative Attitude
- 9. TRICOMPONENT ATTITUDE MODEL THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS ARE: Cognitive compone nt Affective component s Behaviour al/Conative component
- 10. AFFECTIVE COMPONENTS • Those components of human attitude that reflect one’s feeling of contentment, excitement, emotions, like and dislike. Are known as affective components Example: A consumer’s emotions, feelings, like and dislike about a particular product or brand
- 11. BEHAVIOURAL/ CONATIVE COMPONENT • Act or Behave in certain way. • Example: I will avoid spiders in scream if I see one
- 12. COGNITIVE COMPONENT • People initially show their attitudes based on their knowledge. Here no interaction with other peop Example: I believe spiders are dangerous