Cognitive dissonance theory
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Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors. When an inconsistency, or dissonance, arises, it produces psychological discomfort that people are motivated to reduce. Dissonance can be reduced by changing one's attitude, adding new consonant beliefs, or reducing the importance of dissonant beliefs. The theory applies to decision-making and problem-solving situations where a choice must be made between incompatible beliefs or actions.
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Cognitive Dissonance
(L. Festinger)
Overview:
According to cognitive dissonance theory, there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their
cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance),
something must change to eliminate the dissonance. In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and
behavior, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behavior.
Two factors affect the strength of the dissonance: the number of dissonant beliefs, and the importance attached
to each belief. There are three ways to eliminate dissonance: (1) reduce the importance of the dissonant beliefs,
(2) add more consonant beliefs that outweigh the dissonant beliefs, or (3) change the dissonant beliefs so that
they are no longer inconsistent.
Dissonance occurs most often in situations where an individual must choose between two incompatible beliefs
or actions. The greatest dissonance is created when the two alternatives are equally attractive. Furthermore,
attitude change is more likely in the direction of less incentive since this results in lower dissonance. In this
respect, dissonance theory is contradictory to most behavioral theories which would predict greater attitude
change with increased incentive (i.e., reinforcement).
Scope/Application:
Dissonance theory applies to all situations involving attitude formation and change. It is especially relevant to
decision-making and problem-solving.
Example:
Consider someone who buys an expensive car but discovers that it is not comfortable on long drives.
Dissonance exists between their beliefs that they have bought a good car and that a good car should be
comfortable. Dissonance could be eliminated by deciding that it does not matter since the car is mainly used for
short trips (reducing the importance of the dissonant belief) or focusing on the cars strengths such as safety,
appearance, handling (thereby adding more consonant beliefs). The dissonance could also be eliminated by
getting rid of the car, but this behavior is a lot harder to achieve than changing beliefs.
Principles:
1. Dissonance results when an individual must choose between attitudes and behaviors that are contradictory.
2. Dissonance can be eliminated by reducing the importance of the conflicting beliefs, acquiring new beliefs
that change the balance, or removing the conflicting attitude or behavior.
References:
Behm, J. & Cohen, A. Explorations in Cognitive Dissonance. New York: Wiley.
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
[ INTRO ] [ THEORIES ] [ CONCEPTS ] [ DOMAINS ]
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2) Decision-making - Making decisions arouses dissonance that people reduce by increasing the attractiveness of their choice and decreasing alternatives.
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This document summarizes a chapter about personality and values from an organizational behavior textbook. It defines personality and describes how it is measured. It discusses two frameworks for assessing personality: the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Big Five model. It also covers other personality traits, values, value systems, frameworks for assessing cultural values, and implications for managers regarding personality and values.
Attitude
attitude,components,functions,theories,work attitude..
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please do comment....
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Positive attitude ppt
The document discusses the importance of maintaining a positive attitude. It states that attitude is a mental position relative to thinking and that having a positive attitude can help one achieve goals more easily and experience greater happiness and success in life. Maintaining a positive attitude also makes it easier to focus on positive thoughts and avoid negative thinking. The document provides tips for cultivating a positive attitude such as spreading smiles, focusing on the good in each day, and keeping an open mind.
Organizational Behavior - Values, Attitude, Job Satisfaction
Values represent basic convictions about what is good and desirable. They influence our perceptions and attitudes, and generally shape behavior. There are two main types of values: terminal values which are desirable end-states, and instrumental values which are preferable modes of behavior. Different cultures can be assessed based on their values along dimensions such as individualism versus collectivism. Attitudes are learned predispositions to respond favorably or unfavorably to objects, and are influenced by values. Common attitudes studied in organizational behavior are job involvement, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction.
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Why Awareness of Cognitive Dissonance Is So Elusive
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Similar to Cognitive dissonance theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory refers to a situation where a person holds conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors, causing discomfort. Leon Festinger recognized this inconsistency between actions and beliefs causes dissonance, which people strive to reduce. Festinger's 1957 theory of cognitive dissonance suggests people seek consistency in their beliefs and will change beliefs, actions, or perceptions to reduce dissonance and restore balance. The document discusses cognitive dissonance theory, including how and why dissonance occurs and methods to reduce it such as changing beliefs, actions, or the importance of beliefs.
Attitudes beliefs values ppt @ bec doms bagalkot mba 1
This document discusses attitudes, beliefs, and values. It defines attitude as having three components - cognitive, affective, and conative - and as being oriented positively or negatively towards an object or topic. Attitudes can influence behavior and be influenced by behavior. Beliefs are assumptions held as true, while values represent modes of conduct that are preferable. The document outlines several theories of attitude change and discusses the role of cognitive consistency and dissonance in driving changes. It also defines societal values according to frameworks involving human nature, man-nature relationships, time orientation, and levels of conservatism versus liberalism.
Attitudes beliefs values ppt @ bec doms bagalkot mba
This document discusses attitudes, beliefs, and values. It defines attitude as having three components - cognitive, affective, and conative - and always being oriented toward an object. Attitudes can influence behavior and be influenced by behavior. Beliefs are associations between cognitive elements, while values represent modes of conduct that are preferable. The document outlines several theories of attitude change and discusses the role of cognitive consistency and dissonance in changing attitudes. It also defines societal values frameworks including human-nature orientation, time orientation, and activity orientation.
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Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort or stress experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time
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This presentation discusses attitudes and how they can be defined, measured, and changed. It provides the following key points:
1. An attitude is a positive or negative orientation toward something, and attitudes influence behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.
2. Work attitudes include job satisfaction and organizational commitment. High job satisfaction and commitment can improve performance and retention.
3. Attitude change involves modifying the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Several theories seek to explain how attitudes change, such as reinforcement theory, balance theory, and cognitive dissonance theory.
Attitudes ppt @ bec doms mba bagalkot 1
This presentation discusses attitudes and how they can be defined, measured, and changed. It makes three key points:
1. Attitudes are positive or negative orientations or feelings toward something specific, like a person, place, or idea. They influence behaviors and can be shaped by beliefs and values.
2. Important work attitudes include job satisfaction and organizational commitment, which impact performance, retention, and the employee-organization relationship.
3. Attitudes can change through processes of reinforcement, balancing beliefs to reduce inconsistency, and addressing cognitive dissonance between beliefs and behaviors. Changing the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components is important to shifting perspectives.
Formation of Attitude, How it is Changed and Rule of Prejudice
Let's quickly define the word attitude. An attitude is the value a person assigns to something or someone. How do you feel about the current president of the United States? What do you think about classical music? These questions will reveal your level of value towards these things, or, your attitude about the president or classical music.
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This document discusses attitudes, theories of attitude formation and change, and behavior modification therapy (BMT). It defines attitudes as predispositions involving thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Major theories discussed include Heider's balance theory, Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, and the Yale attitude change approach. BMT techniques are described that are based on classical conditioning principles like systematic desensitization and flooding, operant conditioning using reinforcement, and cognitive therapies aimed at changing thoughts. Factors influencing attitudes include beliefs, social factors, personal experiences, and institutions.
Attitudes1
1) The document discusses various theories and concepts related to attitudes and persuasion. It defines attitudes and lists their three main components: affective, behavioral, and cognitive.
2) Several models and theories of persuasion and attitude change are examined, including the elaboration likelihood model, theory of planned behavior, and cognitive dissonance theory.
3) Factors that influence the effectiveness of persuasive messages and attitude change are also explored, such as message factors, source credibility, and audience characteristics.
Attitudes
Attitudes can be defined conceptually or operationally. Conceptually, attitudes are mental states that influence responses to objects and situations. Operationally, attitudes are measured using questionnaires to assess tendencies to evaluate objects favorably or unfavorably. Attitudes have three components - cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Measurement methods include self-report scales, indirect tests, observation, and reaction techniques. Attitude change considers characteristics of the attitude, personality of the holder, and group affiliations. Cognitive dissonance theory proposes reducing incompatibility between cognitions. The attitude-behavior relationship is complex, depending on moderating factors like situations, attitudes, individuals, and behaviors.
4 Persuasion and Attitude Change
This document discusses theories and concepts related to persuasion and attitude change. It covers:
1) Key factors in persuasion including the communicator, communication/message, and audience. Attitude change can occur through persuasion or counter-attitudinal acts.
2) Yale's communications theory examines who says what to whom with what effect, studying communicator, message, and audience variables.
3) Dual-process models of persuasion including the Elaboration Likelihood Model and Heuristic-Systematic Model which describe central and peripheral routes to persuasion.
Conservation Movement_ Changing Behavior.pptx
Thomas A. Heberlein argues that conservation efforts should focus on changing behaviors rather than attitudes. He advocates using "structural fixes" that change social norms and environments to influence behavior, rather than relying on "cognitive fixes" that aim to change attitudes through increasing knowledge. Norms are powerful because they are specific, observable behaviors that people follow to feel positively regarded by others. While attitudes are resistant to change and take direct experience to shift, behaviors can be influenced by altering social norms without changing underlying attitudes.
Attitudes
This document defines attitudes and discusses several theories related to how attitudes form and change. It provides the following key points in 3 sentences:
Attitudes are psychological tendencies to evaluate entities favorably or unfavorably and are composed of affective, behavioral, and cognitive components. Several theories discussed how attitudes are influenced by cognitive dissonance when behavior contradicts attitudes, and self-perception theory suggests attitudes can form from inferring them based on own behavior. The theory of planned behavior models how behavioral intentions are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
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Presentation by Harry Stefanakis at 2014 Canadian Knowledge Mobilization Forum in Saskatoon, SK, June 9 & 10, 2014.
Dickerson Final Paper
This study examined the effects of emotion-based arguments on attitude change according to social judgment theory. 105 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to read either an emotional or logical argument regarding funding for disabled persons and complete pre- and post-argument attitude measures. The study found that logical arguments produced greater attitude change than emotional arguments, contrary to the first hypothesis. The second hypothesis, that those with higher ego-involvement would experience less attitude change, was also not supported. Limitations included a small sample size and validity questions around the attitude measures.
Report
This document discusses Erik Erikson's contributions to psychology and developmental theory. It outlines Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan, from infancy to late adulthood. It also discusses how Erikson applied psychoanalytic concepts to history and biography. Unlike Freud, Erikson emphasized identity development in adolescence and adulthood. His stages of development focus on resolving crises through developing virtues at each stage.
Attitude report
This document discusses attitudes in psychology. It defines an attitude as a tendency to evaluate things positively or negatively. Attitudes are formed through direct experience, observation, social roles, and social norms. They influence behavior but the relationship is complex. Attitudes can change through learning, persuasion, and reducing cognitive dissonance between beliefs and actions. Attitudes serve functions like helping organize knowledge, protecting self-esteem, and expressing values. They are measured both explicitly through self-reports and implicitly through response times.
Ob unit 1
Organizational behavior helps individuals understand themselves and how to interact with others. It takes a multidisciplinary approach to provide insights in multiple areas like motivation, management, and interpersonal relationships. Understanding organizational behavior can help improve productivity, performance, and maintain positive relationships within an organization.
Festinger-Cognitive-Dissonance-Theory-Labio-and-Lariosa.pptx
In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is the perception of contradictory information and the mental toll of it. Relevant items of information include a person's actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment.
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Attitudes beliefs values ppt @ bec doms bagalkot mba 1
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Formation of Attitude, How it is Changed and Rule of Prejudice
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Cognitive dissonance theory
- 1. TIP: Theories http://tip.psychology.org/festinge.html Cognitive Dissonance (L. Festinger) Overview: According to cognitive dissonance theory, there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance. In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behavior. Two factors affect the strength of the dissonance: the number of dissonant beliefs, and the importance attached to each belief. There are three ways to eliminate dissonance: (1) reduce the importance of the dissonant beliefs, (2) add more consonant beliefs that outweigh the dissonant beliefs, or (3) change the dissonant beliefs so that they are no longer inconsistent. Dissonance occurs most often in situations where an individual must choose between two incompatible beliefs or actions. The greatest dissonance is created when the two alternatives are equally attractive. Furthermore, attitude change is more likely in the direction of less incentive since this results in lower dissonance. In this respect, dissonance theory is contradictory to most behavioral theories which would predict greater attitude change with increased incentive (i.e., reinforcement). Scope/Application: Dissonance theory applies to all situations involving attitude formation and change. It is especially relevant to decision-making and problem-solving. Example: Consider someone who buys an expensive car but discovers that it is not comfortable on long drives. Dissonance exists between their beliefs that they have bought a good car and that a good car should be comfortable. Dissonance could be eliminated by deciding that it does not matter since the car is mainly used for short trips (reducing the importance of the dissonant belief) or focusing on the cars strengths such as safety, appearance, handling (thereby adding more consonant beliefs). The dissonance could also be eliminated by getting rid of the car, but this behavior is a lot harder to achieve than changing beliefs. Principles: 1. Dissonance results when an individual must choose between attitudes and behaviors that are contradictory. 2. Dissonance can be eliminated by reducing the importance of the conflicting beliefs, acquiring new beliefs that change the balance, or removing the conflicting attitude or behavior. References: Behm, J. & Cohen, A. Explorations in Cognitive Dissonance. New York: Wiley. Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. [ INTRO ] [ THEORIES ] [ CONCEPTS ] [ DOMAINS ] 1 of 2 6/25/01 4:12 PM
- 2. TIP: Theories http://tip.psychology.org/festinge.html 2 of 2 6/25/01 4:12 PM