Atropine is a core medicine in the World Health Organization's (WHO) "Essential Drugs List", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.
Med chem lecture on Anticholinergic drugs for B.Pharm level in Nepal
Content from Foye's Principle of medicinal chemistry, my own thoughts and some articles
General Anaesthesia (Medicinal Chemistry)Yogesh Tiwari
General anaesthetics are group of drugs that produces loss of consciousness, and therefore, loss of all sensations.
The absolute loss of sensation is termed as anaesthesia.
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
Atropine if it is used as an Antidiarrheal AgentAvinaashChandran
Atropine's story is intertwined with centuries of herbal medicine and the exploration of the plant kingdom's medicinal treasures. The belladonna plant, from which Atropine is derived, has been utilized since ancient times for its therapeutic effects. The alkaloid Atropine, isolated from belladonna, has become a cornerstone in pharmacology, contributing significantly to our understanding of neurotransmission and receptor interactions.
Chemical Composition:
Atropine belongs to the tropane alkaloid family and boasts a complex chemical structure that captures the imagination of chemists and pharmacologists alike. Its molecular makeup serves as a gateway to understanding its diverse effects on the human body.
Med chem lecture on Anticholinergic drugs for B.Pharm level in Nepal
Content from Foye's Principle of medicinal chemistry, my own thoughts and some articles
General Anaesthesia (Medicinal Chemistry)Yogesh Tiwari
General anaesthetics are group of drugs that produces loss of consciousness, and therefore, loss of all sensations.
The absolute loss of sensation is termed as anaesthesia.
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
Atropine if it is used as an Antidiarrheal AgentAvinaashChandran
Atropine's story is intertwined with centuries of herbal medicine and the exploration of the plant kingdom's medicinal treasures. The belladonna plant, from which Atropine is derived, has been utilized since ancient times for its therapeutic effects. The alkaloid Atropine, isolated from belladonna, has become a cornerstone in pharmacology, contributing significantly to our understanding of neurotransmission and receptor interactions.
Chemical Composition:
Atropine belongs to the tropane alkaloid family and boasts a complex chemical structure that captures the imagination of chemists and pharmacologists alike. Its molecular makeup serves as a gateway to understanding its diverse effects on the human body.
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
Parasympatholytics are the drugs that block or inhibit the actions of acetylcholine at postganglionic nerve endings and cholinergic receptors. They are also referred to as anticholinergics or cholinergic blocking agents or antispasmodics.
Anticholinergic drugs include atropine and related drugs- atropine is the prototype. Atropine is obtained from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine and scopolamine (hyoscine) are the belladonna alkaloids. They compete with acetylcholine for muscarinic receptors and block this receptors-they are muscarinic antagonists.
The organisms ( plant ,animal , micro organisms) in which genetic material ( DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and or natural recombination.
The technology is called as gene technology or genetic engineering . The selected individual genes to be transferred from one organism into another.
Terpenoids are volatile substances which give plants and flowers their fragrance. They occur widely in the leaves and fruits of higher plants, conifers, citrus and eucalyptus. The term ‘terpene’ was given to the compounds isolated from terpentine, a volatile liquid isolated from pine trees.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. CONTENTS
• INRODUCTION
• NATURAL SOURCES
• STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
• CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY
• APPLICATIONS
• LABORAORY SYNTHESIS
• BIO SYNTHESIS
• ISOLATION
10/30/2018 2
3. INTRODUCTION
• “Atropine” is a tropane alkaloid extracted from
Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna),
Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium),
Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) and other
plants of the family Solanaceae.
• It is a Secondary metabolite of these plants and
serves as a drug with a wide variety of effects.
• Competitive antagonist for the muscarinic
acetylcholine receptor.
• Classified as an anti cholinergic drug.10/30/2018 3
4. • Atropine is a core medicine in the World
Health Organization's (WHO) "Essential
Drugs List", which is a list of minimum
medical needs for a basic health care system.
• Other names of Atropine…..
* dl-hyoscyamine
* (±)-hyoscyamine,
* Tropic acid ester with tropine
* Tropine (±)tropate
* dl-tropyl tropate
* (±) tropyl tropate
10/30/2018 4
5. Natural sources
• Atropine is found in many
members of the Solanaceae
family.
• The most commonly-found
sources are
Atropa belladonna,
Datura inoxia, D.metel
and D. stramonium.
• Other sources include
members of the
Brugmansia and
Hyoscyamus genera.
10/30/2018 5
6. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
• Systematic (IUPAC) name
(8 - methyl - 8 - azabicyclo [ 3.2.1 ] oct - 3 - yl ) 3 -
hydroxyl - 2 - phenyl propanoate
• Molecular formula
C17H23NO3
• Molar mass
289.38 g mol-1
10/30/2018 6
7. Physical properties
• Solubility: Low solubility in water, 1
gram Atropine dissolves per 2 ml of
alcohol.
• Physical state: White crystals or white
crystalline powder, odorless and has a
sharp bitter taste.
• Melting Point: 114-116 oC
• Boiling Point: 393 oC
10/30/2018 7
8. CHEMISTRY AND
PHARMACOLOGY
• Atropine is a racemic mixture of
D-hyoscyamine and L-hyoscyamine , with
most of its physiological effects due to
L-hyoscyamine .
10/30/2018 8
9. • Its pharmacological effects are due to binding to
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
• It is an antimuscarinic agent.
• The most common atropine compound used in
medicine is “Atropine sulfate”
( C17H23NO3 )2 · H2SO4 ·H2O
• Full chemical name
1α H , 5α H –Tropan – 3 - α ol (±) – tropate (ester) , sulfate mono hydrate
10/30/2018 9
10. APPLICATIONS
• Old uses: Women used to put Atropine, then
known as Belladonna, into their eyes in an
attempt to make their pupils larger.
• Current uses:
• Used as a depressant for the stimulation
of unconscious internal processes.
• A heart stimulant.
• Opposes action of the Vagus Nerve.
10/30/2018 10
11. Drug applications
1. Ophthalmic use
Atropine is used as a cyclo plegic, to
temporarily paralyze the accommodation
reflex, and as a mydriatic, to dilate the pupils.
2. Resuscitation
Injections of atropine are used in the treatment
of bradycardia (an extremely low heart rate),
asystole and pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
in cardiac arrest.
10/30/2018 11
12. 3. Secretions and broncho constriction
Atropine's actions on the parasympathetic
nervous system inhibits salivary, sweat, and
mucus glands. This can be useful in treating
hyperhidrosis, and can prevent the death rattle
of dying patients.
4. Treatment for organo phosphate poisoning
Atropine is given as a treatment for
SLUDGE (Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination,
Diaphoresis, Gastrointestinal motility,Emesis)
symptoms caused by organophosphate
poisoning .
10/30/2018 12
13. LABORATORY SYNTHESIS
• Atropine synthesis involves 2 major steps
1. Synthesis of Tropine
2. Synthesis of Tropic Acid
and last step is there combination to form
ultimately Atropine
The first step is Synthesis of Tropine
The immediate compound are Succinaldehyde,
methylamine and Acetone to form Tropinone,
this Tropinone upon reduction yields Tropine.
10/30/2018 13
14. • The second step is synthesis of Tropic Acid is
carried out via Phenyl Acetic Acid and Propyl
magnesium Chloride in the presence of ether
and intermediate product formation, followed
by subsequent treatment with H2SO4 yields
tropic acid.
The last step in this synthesis is combination of
both products i.e, Tropine + Tropic Acid to
yield Atropine by adding HCl.
10/30/2018 14
18. ISOLATION
• Atropine is racemic form of l-hyoscyamine.
The latter can be racemised by heating with
ethanol alkaline solution
• Procedure
(1)Dry 500 g seeds of plant (D.stramoinum).
(2) Boil the seeds in water for 1-1.5 hours in a
beaker.
(3) Strain the extract through a fine pored mess.
10/30/2018 18
19. (4) Add 4 ml of con. Sulphuric acid into the
liquid and leave for half an hour.
(5) Take out the clear layer of liquor with the
help of a pipette.
(6) Filter to obtain a transparent sherry-coloured
solution.
(7) Add ammonium carbonate to the solution till
saturation.
(8) Find colour change of the solution to black
from sherry.
10/30/2018 19
20. (9) Leave to obtain crystals of atropine in
15-30 minutes.
(10) Take out the upper supernatant with the
help of a Pasteur pipette.
(11) Dry the crystals on a filter paper and
dissolve dried crystals into boiling alcohol.
(12) Evaporate alcohol and obtain pure
crystals of atropine.
10/30/2018 20
21. REFERENCES
• Abdullah A. Al-Badr and Farid J. Muhtadi, “ATROPINE ",
King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (1998)
• A. Fasth, J. Sollenberg, B. Sorbo; "Production and
characterisation of antibodies t o Atropine", Acta Pharm.uec.
12, 311 (1975).
• T.Ismail., "ALKALOIDS & ALKALOIDS PLANTS" , Adana
university and joint research centre.
• R. Nath Singh, J.Kumar, D.Prasad, S.Prasad, " Extraction of
two medicinally active compounds fromplant sources “
10/30/2018 21