Some babies with tricuspid atresia have other conditions, such as pulmonary stenosis or transposition of the great arteries, that also affect blood flow through their heart. These conditions require treatment, too.
Some babies with tricuspid atresia have other conditions, such as pulmonary stenosis or transposition of the great arteries, that also affect blood flow through their heart. These conditions require treatment, too.
A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart. It is present at birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. The defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the arteries and veins near the heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart.
Congenital heart disease occurs as a result of an early developmental problem in the heart’s structure. The defect typically interferes with the normal flow of blood through the heart, which may affect breathing.
ACYANOTIC DISEASE- Non cyanotic heart diseasesNelsonNgulube
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Congenital heart disease occurs in 8 per 1,000 births. The spectrum of lesions ranges from asymptomatic to fatal. Although most cases of congenital heart disease are multifactorial, some lesions are associated with chromosomal disorders, single gene defects, teratogens, or maternal metabolic disease (see Table139-2).
Congenital heart defects can be divided into three pathophysiological groups (Table 143.1).
1. Left-to-right shunts
2. Right-to-left shunts
3. Obstructive, stenotic lesions
Acyanotic congenital heart disease includes left-to-right shunts resulting in an increase in pulmonary blood flow (patent ductus arteriosus [PDA], ventricular septal defect [VSD], atrial septal defect [ASD]) and obstructive lesions (aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, coarctation of the aorta), which usually have normal pulmonary blood flow.
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTEtiology and Epidemiology
The ventricular septum is a complex structure that can be divided
into four components. The largest component is the muscular
septum. The inlet or posterior septum comprises endocardial
cushion tissue. The subarterial or supracristal septum com
prises conotruncal tissue. The membranous septum is below
the aortic valve and is relatively small. VSDs occur when any of these components fail to develop normally (Fig. 143.1). VSD,
the most common congenital heart defect, accounts for 25% of all congenital heart disease. Perimembranous VSD
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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3. Atrial Septal Defect
An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the heart between the upper
chambers (atria). The hole increases the amount of blood that flows
through the lungs. The condition is present at birth (congenital heart
defect).
Small atrial septal defects might be found by chance and never cause a
concern. Others close during infancy or early childhood.
A large, long-term atrial septal defect can damage the heart and lungs.
Surgery may be needed to repair an atrial septal defect and to prevent
complications.
4. Pathophysiology
in Atrial septal defect, the hole in the atrial septum allows oxygen-rich
blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium, resulting in
increased blood flow to the lungs. This leads to an increase in blood
pressure in the lungs, which over time can lead to lung stiffness and
problems with breathing.
Additionally, the increased blood flow to the lungs can lead to an
increased risk of infection and an overworking of the right ventricle, which
may cause it to enlarge. This can lead to right heart failure over time
The oxygen-poor blood from the body also mixes with oxygen-rich blood
which decreases the oxygen saturation in the body's blood which can lead
to cyanosis and other symptoms.
5. Causes
The cause of atrial septal defect is unclear. Atrial septal defect is a structure
problem that occurs during heart development while a baby is still in the
womb.
Genetics, certain medical conditions, use of certain medications, and
environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking or alcohol misuse, may
play a role.
6. Types of Atrial Septal Defect
There are several types of atrial septal defects, including:
Ostium secundum ASD, which is the most common type of ASD and
occurs the opening in the middle of the atrial septum.
Ostium primum ASD, which occurs the opening in the lower part of the
atrial septum.
Sinus venosus ASD, which occurs the opening is near the junction of the
superior vena cava and the right atrium.
7. Symptoms
Atrial septal defect signs and symptoms can include:
Shortness of breath, especially when exercising
Fatigue Swelling of legs, feet or belly (abdomen)
Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias)
Sensation of a rapid, pounding heartbeat (palpitations) or skipped beats
Whooshing sound that can be heard through a stethoscope (heart
murmur)
8. Risk factors
Atrial septal defect (ASD) occurs as the baby's heart is developing during
pregnancy. Certain health conditions or drug use during pregnancy may
increase a baby's risk of atrial septal defect or other congenital heart defect.
These things include:
German measles (rubella) infection during the first few months of pregnancy
Diabetes
Lupus
Alcohol or tobacco use
Illegal drug use, such as cocaine
Use of certain medications, including some anti-seizure medications and drugs
to treat mood disorders
9. Complications
A small atrial septal defect might never cause any concern. Small atrial
septal defects often close during infancy.
Larger atrial septal defects can cause serious complications, including:
Right-sided heart failure
Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias)
Stroke
Early death
High blood pressure in the lung arteries (pulmonary hypertension)
10. Diagnosis
Tests that are done to help diagnose an atrial septal defect include:
Echocardiogram.
Chest X-ray.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.
Computed tomography (CT) scan.
11. Treatment
Medications : Medications won't repair an atrial septal defect, but they can help
reduce signs and symptoms. Medications for atrial septal defect might include
drugs to control the heartbeat (beta blockers) or to reduce the risk of blood
clots (anticoagulants).
Surgery or other procedures :
Catheter-based repair.: A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood
vessel. A plug is passed through the catheter and used to close the hole. Heart
tissue grows around the seal, permanently closing the hole (used only for the
secundum type).
Open-heart surgery : This type of atrial septal defect repair surgery involves an
incision through the chest wall to access the heart directly. The surgeons use
patches to close the hole. This open-heart repair surgery is the only way to fix
primum, sinus venosus and coronary sinus atrial defects.
12. Management
Nutrition: many patients have decreased growth because of the decrease
cardiac output (heart failure)…calculating caloric intake, weights, educated
about nutrition, patient may be a candidate for a feeding tube “risk for
imbalance nutrition”
Heart rhythm: at risk for dysrhythmias, monitor rhythm, heart sounds,
signs of heart failure “decreased cardiac output”, “activity intolerance”
Hespiratory: monitor lungs sounds for crackles (indicate fluid overload),
education about risk of frequent respiratory infections (vaccines to
prevent, especially childhood vaccines) “risk for infection)
13. References
M. C. S. (2022, March 1). Atrial septal defect (ASD). Mayoclinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-this-site/meet-our-medical-editors.
