International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Effect Of Compression Ratio On The Performance Of Diesel Engine At Different ...IJERA Editor
Variable compression ratio (VCR) technology has long been recognized as a method for improving the
automobile engine performance, efficiency, fuel economy with reduced emission. The main feature of the VCR
engine is to operate at different compression ratio, by changing the combustion chamber volume, depending on
the vehicle performance needs .The need to improve the performance characteristics of the IC Engine has
necessitated the present research. Increasing the compression ratio to improve on the performance is an option.
The compression ratio is a factor that influences the performance characteristics of internal combustion engines.
This work is an experimental investigation of the influence of the compression ratio on the brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure and specific fuel consumption of the Kirloskar variable
compression ratio duel fuel engine. Compression Ratios of 14, 15, 16 and 18 and engine loads of 3kg to 12 kg,
in increments of 3kg, were utilized for Diesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Effect Of Compression Ratio On The Performance Of Diesel Engine At Different ...IJERA Editor
Variable compression ratio (VCR) technology has long been recognized as a method for improving the
automobile engine performance, efficiency, fuel economy with reduced emission. The main feature of the VCR
engine is to operate at different compression ratio, by changing the combustion chamber volume, depending on
the vehicle performance needs .The need to improve the performance characteristics of the IC Engine has
necessitated the present research. Increasing the compression ratio to improve on the performance is an option.
The compression ratio is a factor that influences the performance characteristics of internal combustion engines.
This work is an experimental investigation of the influence of the compression ratio on the brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure and specific fuel consumption of the Kirloskar variable
compression ratio duel fuel engine. Compression Ratios of 14, 15, 16 and 18 and engine loads of 3kg to 12 kg,
in increments of 3kg, were utilized for Diesel.
Performance and emission analysis of four stroke twin spark single cylinder S...ijsrd.com
An internal combustion (IC) engine has a predominant role in a low power generation and a virtual monopoly in mobile applications today. One of the best methods to improve the engine performance and reduce the exhaust emission in a SI engine is by using introduction of twin spark into the combustion chamber. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of twin spark using CNG fuel in SI engine. The performance and emission analysis of an engine are investigated by experiment with CNG kit and gas analyzer. From this study the fuel consumption is reduce in twin spark arrangement for the same power output as compare to single spark using both of the fuel gasoline as well as CNG. Engine emission is considerably reduced using twin spark plug.
Prediction on Increasing the Efficiency of Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine U...IJMER
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System means to use the Exhaust Gas coming from
Exhaust Manifold to Inlet Manifold in order to reduce the Emission of NOX which is particularly very
harmful. Engine without EGR are more pollutant & uses more atmospherically air for combustion. By
Implementation of EGR system in Engine, the Partial Exhaust Gas is re-circulated again in Engine. The
aim of this work is to review the potential of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce the exhaust
emissions, particularly NOX emissions, and to delimit the application range of this technique. The
system is very much Eco Friendly. Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Technique in engines, the
emissions are very much controlled. This method is very reliable in terms of fuel consumption.
Computer simulation of ci engine for diesel and biodisel blendsLaukik Raut
Among the alternative fuels, biodiesel and its blends
are considered suitable and the most promising fuel for diesel
engine. The properties of biodiesel are found similar to that of
diesel. Many researchers have experimentally evaluated the
performance characteristics of conventional diesel engines
fuelled by biodiesel and its blends. However, experiments require
enormous effort, money and time. Hence, a cycle simulation
model incorporating a thermodynamic based single zone
combustion model is developed to predict the performance of
diesel engine. A comprehensive computer code using “C”
language was developed for compression ignition (C.I) engine.
Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat
release, heat transfer and performance characteristics such as
work done, brake power and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were
analyzed. On the basis of first law of thermodynamics the
properties at each degree crank angle was calculated. The
simulated combustion and performance characteristics are found
satisfactory with the experimental results
Investigation of Boiler Performance in a Power PlantAM Publications
In any modern power plant, the efficiency calculation and loss analysis of a boiler are the first steps to maintain and improve the overall power plant efficiency. The efficiency of the boiler was calculated by the losses or indirect method which is more complicated and more accurate than the direct method. The specific objective of this paper is to calculate the efficiency of a boiler and to identify and analyse the losses involved in the boiler. Boiler’s performance deviations were analysed and the causes for these deviations are found. To minimise these deviations the possible remedial measures were found and also aims to suggest methods which would aid in the reduction of the specific fuel consumption and the carbon footprint, apart from calculating the efficiency and analysing the losses involved in a boiler.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The present paper describes some results of research in the area of twin spark ignition engine. The potential of dual plug spark ignition engine is assessed by studying its performance and emission characteristics relative to that of single plug ignition engine using gasoline as fuel at different ignition timings. A new dual ignition engine has been developed by introducing two spark plugs at suitable locations. Experiments were conducted at different load conditions and three different ignition timings. The results have shown that performance of dual plug engine is comparatively better than the conventional single plug ignition engine under all three ignition timings. The results have shown considerable performance improvement in power output and thermal efficiency, as well as reduction in BSFC, HC, and CO emission in dual plug mode of operation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Performance and emission analysis of four stroke twin spark single cylinder S...ijsrd.com
An internal combustion (IC) engine has a predominant role in a low power generation and a virtual monopoly in mobile applications today. One of the best methods to improve the engine performance and reduce the exhaust emission in a SI engine is by using introduction of twin spark into the combustion chamber. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of twin spark using CNG fuel in SI engine. The performance and emission analysis of an engine are investigated by experiment with CNG kit and gas analyzer. From this study the fuel consumption is reduce in twin spark arrangement for the same power output as compare to single spark using both of the fuel gasoline as well as CNG. Engine emission is considerably reduced using twin spark plug.
Prediction on Increasing the Efficiency of Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine U...IJMER
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System means to use the Exhaust Gas coming from
Exhaust Manifold to Inlet Manifold in order to reduce the Emission of NOX which is particularly very
harmful. Engine without EGR are more pollutant & uses more atmospherically air for combustion. By
Implementation of EGR system in Engine, the Partial Exhaust Gas is re-circulated again in Engine. The
aim of this work is to review the potential of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce the exhaust
emissions, particularly NOX emissions, and to delimit the application range of this technique. The
system is very much Eco Friendly. Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Technique in engines, the
emissions are very much controlled. This method is very reliable in terms of fuel consumption.
Computer simulation of ci engine for diesel and biodisel blendsLaukik Raut
Among the alternative fuels, biodiesel and its blends
are considered suitable and the most promising fuel for diesel
engine. The properties of biodiesel are found similar to that of
diesel. Many researchers have experimentally evaluated the
performance characteristics of conventional diesel engines
fuelled by biodiesel and its blends. However, experiments require
enormous effort, money and time. Hence, a cycle simulation
model incorporating a thermodynamic based single zone
combustion model is developed to predict the performance of
diesel engine. A comprehensive computer code using “C”
language was developed for compression ignition (C.I) engine.
Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat
release, heat transfer and performance characteristics such as
work done, brake power and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were
analyzed. On the basis of first law of thermodynamics the
properties at each degree crank angle was calculated. The
simulated combustion and performance characteristics are found
satisfactory with the experimental results
Investigation of Boiler Performance in a Power PlantAM Publications
In any modern power plant, the efficiency calculation and loss analysis of a boiler are the first steps to maintain and improve the overall power plant efficiency. The efficiency of the boiler was calculated by the losses or indirect method which is more complicated and more accurate than the direct method. The specific objective of this paper is to calculate the efficiency of a boiler and to identify and analyse the losses involved in the boiler. Boiler’s performance deviations were analysed and the causes for these deviations are found. To minimise these deviations the possible remedial measures were found and also aims to suggest methods which would aid in the reduction of the specific fuel consumption and the carbon footprint, apart from calculating the efficiency and analysing the losses involved in a boiler.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The present paper describes some results of research in the area of twin spark ignition engine. The potential of dual plug spark ignition engine is assessed by studying its performance and emission characteristics relative to that of single plug ignition engine using gasoline as fuel at different ignition timings. A new dual ignition engine has been developed by introducing two spark plugs at suitable locations. Experiments were conducted at different load conditions and three different ignition timings. The results have shown that performance of dual plug engine is comparatively better than the conventional single plug ignition engine under all three ignition timings. The results have shown considerable performance improvement in power output and thermal efficiency, as well as reduction in BSFC, HC, and CO emission in dual plug mode of operation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF TWO STROKE SPARK IGNITION EN...IAEME Publication
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of two stroke single cylinder, spark ignition (SI) engine, with alcohol blended gasoline (80% gasoline, 20% methanol, by volume) having copper coated engine [CCE, copper-(thickness, 300 μ) coated on piston crown] and compared with
conventional SI engine (CE) with pure gasoline operation. Performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and volumetric efficiency) were determined with different values of brake mean effective pressure of the engine Copper coated engine (CCE) with methanol blended
gasoline considerably improved the performance in comparison with CE with pure gasoline operation. CCE with methanol blended gasoline increased the brake thermal efficiency, decreased the exhaust gas temperature and
increased the volumetric efficiency.
THE PERFORMANCE OF BIODIESEL MIXTURES IN A VCR ENGINEIAEME Publication
In recent years alternate fuels have received much attention because the world is confronted with the twin crisis of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil by transesterification process represents one of the most promising options to reduce the use of conventional fossil fuels. The present work studies the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder water cooled variable compression ratio engine using jatropha biodiesel and its mixtures as fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. An additive DEE (Di-ethyl ether) is used to enhance the combustion properties of biodiesel. A total of 3 samples of fuels are used such as diesel, BD25 (Jatropha biodiesel 25%), BDM (Biodiesel mixture). The performance and emission characteristics are measured at compression ratios of 16, 17 and18 by varying the load and maintaining the speed constant at 1500 rpm. From the study results it has been found that better results are obtained at a compression ratio of 18. At this best compression ratio the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel mixture is compared with BD 25 and Diesel Fuel (DF). It is observed that the use of additive have improved the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel mixture and can be used as a substitute for diesel.
Testing of the gasoline ethanol blends in carburetor type spark ignition engineIAEME Publication
This paper presents an analysis of carburetor type spark ignition (SI) engine using gasolineethanol blends. The most captivating properties of ethanol as a SI engine fuel are that it can be produced from renewable energy sources such as agricultural feedstock and has high octane number (108) and flame speed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE AND COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE F...IAEME Publication
The experimental investigation is made to estimate the combustion and performance characteristics of direct injection diesel engine using different blends of karanja methyl ester with diesel. The Karanja biodiesel is mixed with diesel in proportions of 20%, 50% and 100% by volume and studied under various loading conditions i.e. at No load, 25%, 50%, 75% and full load in diesel engine. The combustion parameters were found close to that of diesel. The blend of karanja biodiesel performed complete and smoother combustion process than diesel.
Performance and combustion characteristics of single cylinder diesel engine f...Er Sandeep Duran
The experimental investigation is made to estimate the combustion and performance
characteristics of direct injection diesel engine using different blends of karanja methyl ester with
diesel. The Karanja biodiesel is mixed with diesel in proportions of 20%, 50% and 100% by volume
and studied under various loading conditions i.e. at No load, 25%, 50%, 75% and full load in diesel
engine. The combustion parameters were found close to that of diesel. The blend of karanja biodiesel
performed complete and smoother combustion process than diesel. The various parameters values
like brake thermal efficiency, and heat equivalent to useful work wererecorded nearest to diesel. The
fuel air ratio also recorded higher than diesel. Whereas the mean gas temperature for pure karanja
biodiesel was higher than diesel which is on account of complete combustion on account of 10-12%
fuel bound oxygen. On the basis of brake thermal efficiency, KB20 blend was found to be the best
blend.
Performance and combustion characteristics of single cylinder diesel engine f...Er Sandeep Duran
The experimental investigation is made to estimate the combustion and performance characteristics of direct injection diesel engine using different blends of karanja methyl ester with diesel. The Karanja biodiesel is mixed with diesel in proportions of 20%, 50% and 100% by volume and studied under various loading conditions i.e. at No load, 25%, 50%, 75% and full load in diesel
engine. The combustion parameters were found close to that of diesel.
STUDIES ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF CERAMIC COATED DI DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH ...IAEME Publication
Investigations were carried out to study exhaust emissions of a low grade low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine with ceramic coated cylinder head [ceramic coating of thickness 500 microns was done on inside portion of cylinder head] with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] of cotton seed biodiesel with varied injector opening pressure and injection timing
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*
Ah4101193200
1. Juhi sharaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.193-200
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Experimental Investigation of Bio-Diesel Obtained From Waste
Cooking Oil and Its Blends with Diesel on Single Cylinder Engine
*R. B. Sharma, **Dr. Amit Pal, ***Juhi Sharaf
*HOD, Mechanical Engineering, RJIT, BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, M.P., India
** Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, D.T.U., Delhi
***Scholar, M Tech Automobile Engineering, RJIT, BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, M.P., India
Abstract
In this experiment a comprehensive experimental investigation of bio-diesel oil on single cylinder engine
running with biodiesel obtained from Waste cooking oil and its blends with diesel was carried out for its
performance and emission analysis. The results which obtained are significantly comparable to pure diesel. It
shows that biodiesel obtained from cooking oil can be used as alternative fuel with better performance and lower
emissions compared with diesel and play a very vital role for the overall economic development of the country.
Keywords: Waste Cooking oil, Transesterification, Engine performance, Exhaust emission.
I.
Introduction
The setup consists of single cylinder, four
strokes, connected to eddy current type dynamometer
for loading as shown in Figure.1. Setup is provided
with necessary instruments for combustion pressure
and crank-angle measurements. These signals are
interfaced to computer through engine indicator for
Pθ−PV diagrams. Provision is also made for
interfacing airflow, fuel flow, temperatures and load
measurement. The set up has stand-alone panel box
consisting of air box, two fuel tanks for duel fuel test,
Manometer, fuel measuring unit, transmitters for air
and fuel flow measurements, process indicator and
engine indicator. Rotameters are provided for cooling
water and calorimeter water flow measurement. The
setup enables study of performance for brake power,
indicated power, frictional power, BMEP, IMEP,
brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal
efficiency,mechanical
efficiency,
volumetric
efficiency, specific fuel consumption, A/F ratio and
heat balance. Lab view based Engine Performance
Analysis software package “Engine soft LV” is
provided for on line performance evaluation. A
computerized Diesel injection pressure measurement
is optionally provided.
Figure 1.Experimental setup Features
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193 | P a g e
2. Juhi sharaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.193-200
No alteration in Combustion chamber
geometry
Arrangement for duel fuel test
Online measurements and performance
analysis
Data logging, editing, printing and export,
Configurable graphs
IP, IMEP, FP indication
Combustion analysis
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Table 1 Specifications of engine test setup
Single cylinder, 4 stroke, Diesel
Product
(Computerized)
Make Kirloskar, Type 1 cylinder,
4 stroke Diesel, water cooled,
power 3.5 kW at 1500 rpm, stroke
110 mm, bore 87.5 mm. 661 cc,
CR 17.5, Modified to VCR
engine CR range 12 to 18
Engine
Dynamometer
Type eddy current, water cooled,
Temperature
sensor
Rota meter
Type RTD, PT100 and
Thermocouple, Type K
Engine cooling 40-400 LPH;
Calorimeter 25-250 LPH
w
Software
“EnginesoftLV”engine
performance analysis software
Overall
dimensions
Smoke meter
W 2000 x D 2500 x H 1500 mm
III.
Figure2. Line diagram of experimental setup
F1
Fuel flow unit
F2
Air flow unit
F4
Calorimeter water flow kg/hr
T1, T3 Inlet water
temperature 0K
T2
Outlet engine jacket water temperature 0K
T4 Calorimeter water outlet temperature 0K
T5 Exhaust gas to calorimeter inlet temp. 0K
T6 Exhaust gas from calorimeter outlet temp. 0K
II.
Eddy Current Dynamometer
It consists of a stator on which are fitted a
number of electromagnets and a rotor disc and
coupled to the output shaft of the engine. When
rotor rotates eddy currents are produced in the stator
due to magnetic flux set up by the passage of field
current in the electromagnets. These eddy currents
oppose the rotor motion, thus loading the engine.
These eddy currents are dissipated in producing heat
so that this type of dynamometer needs cooling
arrangement. A moment arm measures the torque.
Regulating the current in electromagnets controls
the load.
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Make
AVL,
measurement
for
opacity
Performance Evaluation
A single cylinder Diesel engine is used for
the experimental analysis. Fuel was supplied to the
engine from an outside tank. All runs started with a
15-min warm-up period prior to data collection. The
gap of 5 minutes was provided between the two
consecutive runs. The data measured during the tests
included, brake power, torque, and fuel
consumption, sfc, opacity. During the test Brake
power was varied by adjusting the brake power
knob provided on the control panel of the test rig.
The tests were performed with pure diesel fuel and
blends (B-20, B-40 and B-60). Blends of waste
cooking oil biodiesel and diesel were used. The
observations were taken at Brake power of 0.5kW,
1kW, 1.5kW, 2kW, 2.5kW, 3kW, 3.5KW and
4.0kW.
Formulation used for calculation of various
parameters are described below
i.
Torque (kg m) =Brake power × Arm length
ii.
Brake power (kW) = (2 × π × Speed ×
Torque × 9.81) / (60 × 1000)
194 | P a g e
3. Juhi sharaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.193-200
iii. Brake Thermal Efficiency (%) =
Brake power (kW )×3600 ×100
kg
Fuelflowin
×calorificvalue
hr
iv.
Supplied By Fuel (%) - {(Heatin Jacket Cooling
Water (%) + Heat to Exhaust (%) + Heat
Equivalent to Useful Work (%)}
(kJ /kg )
Fuelflowin
kg
hr
IV.
Brake power (kW )
Mechanical Efficiency (%) =
Brake power (kW )×100
Indicated power (kW )
vi.
c) Heat to Radiation and unaccounted (%)= Heat
Specific fuel consumption (Kg/kWh)
=
v.
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Heat balance (kJ/h):
a) Heat supplied by fuel (kJ/h) = fuel
flow (kg/h) × Calorific value
(kJ/kg)
b) Heat equivalent to useful work
(kJ/h) = Break power (kW) ×
3600
Heat Break power (%)
Heat equivalent to useful work × 100
=
Heat supplied by fuel
Table 2 Description of different blends of
biodiesel
Type of
blend
Amount
of
biodiese
l (ml)
Amount
of
diesel(ml
)
Resulta
nt
calorifi
c value
(kJ/kg)
Resultant
Density
(kg/m3)
Diesel
0
1000
42000
830
B-20
200
800
41500
835
B-40
400
600
41000
839
a) Heat carried in jacket cooling
water = F3 × C pw × (T2 – T1)
Heat carried in jacket cooling water %
Heat carried in jacket cooling water × 100
=
Heat supplied by fuel
b) Heat in Exhaust (calculate value):
𝐶𝑝𝑒𝑥
= 𝐹4 ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑤
𝑇4 − 𝑇3
∗
𝐹1 + 𝐹4 (𝑇5 − 𝑇6)
Where,
Cpex= Specific heat of exhaust gas (kJ/kg 0C).
C pw= Specific heat of water (kJ/kg0C).
F1=
Fuel consumption (kg/hr).
F2 =
Air consumption (kg/hr).
F3=
Engine water flow rate (kg/hr).
F4=
Calorimeter water flow rate
(kg/hr).
Tamb=ambient temperature (0C).
T1=Engine water inlet temperature (0C).
T2=Engine water outlet temperature (0C).
T3 =Calorimeter water inlet temperature (0C).
T4=Calorimeter water outlet temperature (0C).
T5=Exhaust gas to calorimeter inlet temp(0C).
T6=Exhaust gas from calorimeter outlet temp (0C).
Preparation of Blends
This engine experiment has been performed with
different blends of WCO biodiesel and diesel
(Diesel, B-20 and B-40). These blends are prepared
in quantity of one litre each by mixing required
quantity of WCO biodiesel in petroleum diesel.
Their description is shown in Table 2.
Calorific value of diesel = 42000 kJ/kg.
Calorific value of WCO biodiesel = 39500 kJ/kg.
Density of diesel = 830 kg/m3.
Density of WCO biodiesel = 852 kg/m3.
V.
Performance Data
Experimental data for performance study
are given below:
Diesel
Engine performance parameters obtained
from performance testing in single cylinder C. I.
engine against different loads for pure diesel are
given below in Table 3.
Heat in Exhaust (kJ / h) = (F1+ F2)
×Cpex(T3- Tamb)
Heat in Exhaust × 100
Heat in Exhaust % =
Heat supplied by fuel
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195 | P a g e
4. Juhi sharaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.193-200
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Table 3 performance parameters C. I. engine against different loads for pure diesel
FP
IP
BThE IThE MechE
Sfc
Opa LOA
C
T1
T2
(kW (kW
(%)
(%)
(%)
(kg/k city D
R
deg C deg C
)
)
Wh)
(%) (kg)
0.54
2.15
2.69
11.85
59.16
20.03
0.72
1.75
18 18.20
25.46
5.4
Torq
ue
(Nm)
3.18
BP
(kW)
6.06
1.01
1.98
2.99
19.01
56.42
33.69
0.45
13.5
3.34
18
18.28
9.28
1.52
1.94
3.46
24.62
56.04
43.93
0.35
19.2
5.11
18
12.64
2.06
1.85
3.91
26.4
55.69
52.72
0.32
26.2
6.97
15.21
2.47
1.81
4.28
31.67
54.96
57.72
0.27
31.1
18.61
2.98
1.71
4.69
33.86
53.26
63.58
0.25
22.06
3.52
1.62
5.14
35.87
52.37
68.44
0.24
25.32
4.01
1.57
5.58
37.12
51.68
71.82
0.23
VI.
T3
deg C
T4
deg C
T5
deg C
T6
deg C
18.20
20.34
145.66
109.87
25.27
18.28
20.08
168.70
125.15
18.30
25.96
18.30
20.36
184.00
130.04
18
18.43
28.76
18.43
21.96
215.83
148.33
8.38
18
18.53
32.17
18.53
23.52
244.57
169.53
39.5
10.25
18
18.55
33.41
18.55
24.60
263.67
177.24
54.6
59.2
1
12.16
18
18.58
36.08
18.58
25.59
285.78
189.60
13.95
18
18.61
37.73
18.61
27.99
312.18
203.26
Biodiesel Blends from Waste
Cooking Oil
diesel in proportion of 20% and 40% respectively
as a diesel engine fuel and following parameters has
been obtained and shown in table 4 and 5
Experiments has been performed by taking
waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO-B) blends with
Table 4 performance parameters of blends of biodiesel with diesel in proportion of 20%
Torqu
e
(Nm)
BP
(kW
)
FP
(kW
)
IP
(kW
)
BThE
(%)
IThE
(%)
Mech
E
(%)
Sfc
(kg/k
Wh)
Opacit
y
(%)
LOA
D
(kg)
C
R
T1
deg C
T2
deg C
T3
deg C
T4
deg C
T5
deg C
T6
deg C
3.16
0.54
2.27
2.80
11.94
62.41
19.28
0.74
9.1
1.75
18
17.33
23.26
17.30
19.05
145.76
102.6
6.20
1.05
2.16
3.19
19.58
60.30
32.91
0.48
13.02
3.43
18
17.35
23.60
17.35
19.54
162.72
111.45
9.26
1.54
2.05
3.58
25.21
58.58
43.01
0.36
16.8
5.11
18
17.38
23.99
17.36
19.79
182.1
122.84
12.58
2.07
2.02
4.06
28.94
57.24
50.98
0.32
22.2
6.94
18
17.40
24.55
17.40
20.21
205.33
136.92
15.75
2.56
1.90
4.48
31.90
55.21
57.14
0.27
27.7
8.66
18
17.46
24.85
17.41
20.80
228.17
150.84
18.81
3.02
1.92
4.96
33.70
55.24
61.88
0.25
37.8
10.46
18
17.46
25.44
17.44
21.64
255.14
170.10
21.86
3.49
1.85
5.35
35.07
53.63
65.23
0.24
42.5
12.09
18
17.50
25.85
17.48
22.13
280.46
182.65
25.22
3.99
1.79
5.78
38.42
52.70
69.03
0.23
45.9
13.89
18
17.54
26.78
17.54
23.08
308.99
200.00
Table 5 performance parameters of blends of biodiesel with diesel in proportion of 20%
Torqu
e
(Nm)
BP
(k
W)
FP
(kW)
IP
(kW
)
BThE
(%)
IThE
(%)
MechE
(%)
Sfc
(kg/k
Wh)
Opac
ity
(%)
LOA
D
(kg)
CR
T1
deg C
T2
deg C
T3
deg C
T4
deg C
T5
deg C
T6
deg C
3.37
0.55
2.18
2.74
12.94
63.04
20.07
0.67
13.67
1.87
18
17.70
23.96
17.70
19.98
149.80
109.78
6.10
1.02
2.08
3.06
19.37
59.64
32.93
0.48
18.92
3.35
18
17.69
24.11
17.68
20.09
162.56
113.11
8.92
1.48
2.04
3.52
24.56
59.23
41.98
0.36
18.01
4.92
18
17.68
24.56
17.68
20.60
182.50
124.02
12.25
1.99
1.94
3.98
29.33
58.37
50.27
0.32
20.72
6.74
18
17.69
25.20
17.69
21.42
203.72
136.78
2.54
2.03
4.52
35.24
63.39
55.98
0.26
28.13
8.67
18
17.72
25.94
17.72
22.15
226.06
150.17
19.12
3.03
1.96
4.95
36.22
68.37
61.21
0.24
34.21
10.34
18
17.78
26.30
17.78
22.56
251.80
164.67
22.41
3.52
1.92
5.42
38.72
76.70
65.99
0.19
44.03
12.14
18
17.79
27.13
17.79
23.26
276.84
179.75
25.01
3.99
1.82
5.76
40.32
78.24
70.21
0.16
46.20
13.98
18
17.81
27.36
17.81
23.74
303.30
194.32
15.54
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196 | P a g e
5. Juhi sharaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.193-200
Results and Discussions
The experimental investigations are carried
out using the diesel and blends on the test engine.
The detailed analyses of these results are discussed
in this section.
VIII.
Variation of Torque v/s Brake
Power
Figure 3 shows the variation of torque with
brake power for diesel and blends of waste cooking
oil and diesel. Variations of torque for different
blends and diesel at all values of brake powers are
within a very narrow range. The torque developed
for diesel (25.32 Nm) is little more than blends
(25.22 Nm, 25.01 Nm respectively for WCO-B20,
WCO-B40) at 4.0 kW.
4.5
CR=18
4
3.5
3
Torque (kNm)
2.5
2
1.5
diesel
1
WCO-B-20
0.5
0.8
0.7
sfc (kg/kwh)
VII.
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CR=18
0.6
diesel
WCO-B20
WCO-B40
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Brake Power(kw)
4
Figure 4 Variation of Specific fuel Consumption
v/s Brake Power
Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency v/s
Brake Power
Figure 5 shows comparison of Brake
thermal efficiency v/s brake power for different
blends in comparison to diesel. For WCO-B20 AND
WCO-B40 blend brake thermal efficiency values are
higher as compared to diesel at higher load. This is
due to better combustion efficiency of blends caused
by presence of extra amount of oxygen. The
maximum thermal efficiency achieved by WCOB40 is around 40.32 % at 4.0 kW.
WCO-B-40
0
0.5
1
1.5
2 2.5 3 3.5
Brake power (Kw)
40
Figure 3 Variation of Torque v/s Brake Power
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35
30
bThE (%)
Variation of Specific fuel Consumption v/s Brake
Power
The variation of specific fuel consumption
vs. brake power is shown in Figure 4 for blends and
diesel. For all cases the sfc initially decreases
sharply with increase in brake power and afterward
remains stable. In case of blends sfc values are
higher at the beginning because of higher viscosity.
Once the required temperature is attained inside the
engine cylinder the values are comparable with
diesel but little bit higher specifically for WCO-B20
and WCO-B40 as compared to diesel for a wide
range of brake power as shown in Figure 4.
CR=18
45
4
25
20
Diesel
WCO-B20
WCO-B40
15
10
5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Brake Power (kw)
3.5
4
Figure 5 Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency
v/s Brake Power
Variation of Mechanical Efficiency Vs. Brake
Power
Figure 6 shows comparison of mechanical
efficiency and v/s brake power for different blends
of wco. For all blends and diesel the variations in
values are in the range of 4 % to 6% as shown in
Figure 6. Diesel has higher value as compared to
blends because of better heat release rate.
197 | P a g e
6. Juhi sharaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.193-200
80
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350
CR=18
70
300
60
250
50
Diesel
WCO-B20
WCO-B40
30
20
Ex. Temp.
(CelCius)
M e Eff (%)
200
40
150
100
Diesel
WCO-B20
WCO-B40
50
10
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Brake Power (kw)
4
3
3.5
4
Brake Power(kW)
Figure 6 Variation of Mechanical Efficiency Vs.
Brake Power
Figure 8 Variation of Exhaust Gas Temperature
v/s Brake Power
Variation of Smoke Opacity v/s Brake Power
To understand the pollution aspect of WCO
and diesel blends the variation of opacity v/s brake
power are shown in Figure 7 for blends in
comparison to pure diesel. The opacity value for
pure diesel is higher as compared to all type of
blends for wide range of Brake power. At all brake
power condition the opacity of all blends has less
value than diesel oil. Maximum value of opacity has
obtained at 59.21 at 4.0 kW brake power for pure
diesel and for blends 45.9 at 4.0 kW for B-20.
Variation of CO Emission v/s Brake Power
The characteristics of CO emission are
shown in Figure 9, for each fuel, there is a decrease
of CO emission on increase of the engine load or
brake power. The peak concentrations at the 0.5 kW
brake power are0.045%, 0.034% and 0.035%, for
diesel, WCO-B20, WCO-B40 respectively. Then
higher combustion temperature at higher engine
load contributes to the general decreasing trend.
With the addition of biodiesel, CO emission also
decreases. The reason lies in the fact that the oxygen
contained in the biodiesel fuel enhances complete
combustion in the cylinder and reduces CO
emission.
70
CR=18
60
0.1
40
0.09
0.08
30
DIESEL
0.07
Diesel
WCO-B20
WCO-B40
20
10
0
WCO-B20
0.06
WCO-B40
Co (%)
Opacity (%)
50
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Brake Power(kw)
Figure 7 Variation of Smoke Opacity v/s Brake
Power
Variation of Exhaust Gas Temperature v/s Brake
Power
Exhaust Temperature of the blends such as
WCO-B20 and WCO-B40 at various brake powers
compared to diesel are shown in the Figure 8. The
Ex. Temperature values are higher for blends
because of better combustion efficiency. This high
temperature is also indication of more NOx
emission in case of blends.
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0.02
0.01
0
0.5
2
Brake Power (kW)
4
Figure 9 Variation of CO Emission v/s Brake
Power
Variation of HC Emission v/s Brake Power
As shown in Figure 10 for Diesel, the HC
emission decreases with increase of brake power
due to the increase in combustion temperature
associated with higher engine load. For biodiesel
blended fuel, the HC emission is lower than that of
diesel and decreases with increase of biodiesel in the
fuel. However, the lower volatility of biodiesel
198 | P a g e
7. Juhi sharaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 1), January 2014, pp.193-200
compared with diesel contributes to the larger
difference in HC emission at low engine loads. The
maximum concentrations of HC are 38 ppm, 28ppm,
26 ppm respectively, for diesel, WCO-B20 and
WCO-B40.
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the biodiesel blended fuel increases slightly at all
tested engine loads and the increase is more obvious
at higher engine loads. The peak concentrations at 4
kW bp are 1316 ppm, 1316 and 1388 ppm
respectively, for diesel, WCO-B20 and WCO-B40.
1500
50
45
1000
NOx (ppm)
40
HC ppm)
35
500
30
25
DIESEL
WCO-B20
WCO-B40
0
20
15
0.5
Brake 2
Power (kW) 4
Figure 12Variation of NOX Emission v/s
Brake Power
DIESEL
10
WCO-B20
5
WCO-B40
0
0.5
2
Brake Power (kW)
IX.
4
Figure10 Variation of HC Emission v/s
Brake Power
Variation of CO2 Emission v/s Brake Power
Figure 11 compares the CO2 emissions of various
fuels used in the diesel engine. The CO2 emission
increases with increases in brake load. The lower
percentage of biodiesel blends emits very low
amount of CO2 in comparison to diesel. Using
higher concentration biodiesel blends as the fuel,
CO2 emission is found to increase. But, its emission
level is lower than that of the diesel mode. More
amount of CO2 in exhaust emission is an indication
of the complete combustion of fuel. This supports
the higher value of exhaust gas temperature.
8
References
[1]
[2]
7
6
CO2 (%)
5
4
[3]
DIESEL
3
WCO-B20
2
WCO-B40
1
[4]
0
0.5
2
Brake Power (kW)
4
[5]
Figure11 Variation of CO2 Emission v/s
Brake Power
Variation of NOX Emission v/s Brake Power
As shown in Figure 12 The NOx
concentration increases with increase of bp for all
the fuels. Compared with diesel, NOx emission of
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Conclusion
The performance parameter like brake
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption,
brake specific energy consumption, torque have
similar as mineral diesel. It is observed that the
Exhaust gas temperature for biodiesel blends is
lower than diesel. The smoke emissions of biodiesel
blends are considerably less as compare to diesel
due to complete combustion of the fuel. The results
confirm the potential of these blends have in
reducing the overburdening imports of diesel fuel.
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