This document provides apparel performance specifications for Nordstrom. It outlines testing requirements and performance standards for various types of knit and woven apparel. The document is divided into sections covering specifications for different fibers and fabric types, including knit apparel made of natural fibers, wool/silk, man-made fibers and sweaters. Requirements address factors like fabric weight, fiber content, dimensional stability, colorfastness and formaldehyde levels. The specifications aim to ensure quality and consistency in Nordstrom's apparel.
This document provides information about process control in the textile industry. It discusses quality definition and management, as well as quality control in textile pretreatment, coloration, and finishing. Specific parameters that are monitored and controlled during processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization, dyeing, and jig dyeing are outlined. Maintaining optimal conditions, chemical concentrations, temperatures, and other factors helps achieve consistent quality and minimize waste.
This document discusses testing the bursting strength and tearing strength of fabrics. It describes two common methods for measuring bursting strength - mechanical and hydraulic burst testing. Hydraulic burst testing involves clamping a fabric sample over an inflating rubber diaphragm and increasing the liquid pressure until the fabric bursts. The tearing strength is measured using an Elmendorf tearing tester, which involves clamping a fabric sample and creating a tear using the falling weight of a pendulum from a fixed height. Sample preparation and testing procedures are provided for both bursting strength and tearing strength tests.
This document discusses different types of strength tests for fabrics, including tensile, tear, and bursting strength tests. It describes various tear strength tests like the tongue tear test, tongue double tip test, trapezoid tear test, and ballistic tear test. The document provides details on how to perform the tongue double rip test and the trapezoid tear test. It also briefly mentions the elmendorf tearing test and different types of bursting strength tests.
This document is an assignment submission for a course on testing textiles. It describes an experiment conducted on a Yarn Lea Strength Tester to determine the strength of a cotton yarn sample. The experiment found that the yarn strength was 79.32 lbs/lea and the Count Strength Product (CSP) was 2379.6. Since the CSP was greater than the standard of 2200, the document concludes that the yarn sample had good strength fibers.
The document discusses the key processes that take place in the blowroom of a yarn production facility. These include opening bales of fiber, cleaning the fiber through pre-cleaning and fine cleaning, removing dust, blending different fiber types, and evenly feeding the prepared fiber to the carding process. The goal of blowroom processes is to prepare fibers for subsequent processing while minimizing fiber loss and maintaining fiber quality.
This document provides information and formulas for calculating the weight and grams per square meter (GSM) of a fabric based on its warp and weft yarn counts, ends per inch (EPI), picks per inch (PPI), and warp and weft crimp percentages. It first lists relevant yarn counts, weave structures, and conversion factors. It then shows the specific calculations to determine the warp and weft yarn lengths and weights based on given sample data, and sums the weights to find the total GSM of 110.5.
Hey everyone, This Slide I have to introduce about Yarn Manufacturing and it's processed. I have explained About Yarn and types of Yarn, Blowroom, carding, Ring frame and it's advantage and disadvantage and also function.
Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) is very important work or process in each department of export oriented industry. Buyers want quality but not quantity. In every department of textile industry quality maintained of each material, Because one material’s quality depend on another’s quality. For example, if qualified fiber is inputted then output will be good yarn.
This document provides information about process control in the textile industry. It discusses quality definition and management, as well as quality control in textile pretreatment, coloration, and finishing. Specific parameters that are monitored and controlled during processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization, dyeing, and jig dyeing are outlined. Maintaining optimal conditions, chemical concentrations, temperatures, and other factors helps achieve consistent quality and minimize waste.
This document discusses testing the bursting strength and tearing strength of fabrics. It describes two common methods for measuring bursting strength - mechanical and hydraulic burst testing. Hydraulic burst testing involves clamping a fabric sample over an inflating rubber diaphragm and increasing the liquid pressure until the fabric bursts. The tearing strength is measured using an Elmendorf tearing tester, which involves clamping a fabric sample and creating a tear using the falling weight of a pendulum from a fixed height. Sample preparation and testing procedures are provided for both bursting strength and tearing strength tests.
This document discusses different types of strength tests for fabrics, including tensile, tear, and bursting strength tests. It describes various tear strength tests like the tongue tear test, tongue double tip test, trapezoid tear test, and ballistic tear test. The document provides details on how to perform the tongue double rip test and the trapezoid tear test. It also briefly mentions the elmendorf tearing test and different types of bursting strength tests.
This document is an assignment submission for a course on testing textiles. It describes an experiment conducted on a Yarn Lea Strength Tester to determine the strength of a cotton yarn sample. The experiment found that the yarn strength was 79.32 lbs/lea and the Count Strength Product (CSP) was 2379.6. Since the CSP was greater than the standard of 2200, the document concludes that the yarn sample had good strength fibers.
The document discusses the key processes that take place in the blowroom of a yarn production facility. These include opening bales of fiber, cleaning the fiber through pre-cleaning and fine cleaning, removing dust, blending different fiber types, and evenly feeding the prepared fiber to the carding process. The goal of blowroom processes is to prepare fibers for subsequent processing while minimizing fiber loss and maintaining fiber quality.
This document provides information and formulas for calculating the weight and grams per square meter (GSM) of a fabric based on its warp and weft yarn counts, ends per inch (EPI), picks per inch (PPI), and warp and weft crimp percentages. It first lists relevant yarn counts, weave structures, and conversion factors. It then shows the specific calculations to determine the warp and weft yarn lengths and weights based on given sample data, and sums the weights to find the total GSM of 110.5.
Hey everyone, This Slide I have to introduce about Yarn Manufacturing and it's processed. I have explained About Yarn and types of Yarn, Blowroom, carding, Ring frame and it's advantage and disadvantage and also function.
Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) is very important work or process in each department of export oriented industry. Buyers want quality but not quantity. In every department of textile industry quality maintained of each material, Because one material’s quality depend on another’s quality. For example, if qualified fiber is inputted then output will be good yarn.
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
This document discusses testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance of fabrics. It describes that pilling is the formation of small balls of entangled fibers on fabric surfaces due to rubbing, and is influenced by fiber properties like strength and stiffness. Methods to measure pilling include objective counting/weighing of pills or subjective comparison to standards. Tests for pilling include the ICI pilling box method and Martindale abrasion tester. Abrasion resistance depends on fiber type, properties, yarn twist, and fabric structure, and is measured using the Martindale abrasion tester by recording cycles until thread breakage. Grading scales are used to assess levels of pilling and abrasion damage.
Testing is the process or procedure to determines the quality of a product.The testing of textile products is an expensive business. A textile commercial laboratory has to be set up and furnished with a range of test equipment.Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) is very important work or process in each department of export oriented industry. Buyers want quality but not quantity. In every department of textile industry quality maintained of each material, because one material’s quality depend on another’s quality. For example, if qualified fiber is inputted then output will be good yarn.
The comber is a machine that prepares cotton fibers for spinning into yarn by removing short fibers and impurities. It improves the quality characteristics of yarns such as evenness, strength, and cleanliness. To achieve these quality improvements, the comber must eliminate short fibers, remaining impurities, and neps from the fiber material while forming an optimal sliver. Modern comber preparation systems use a draw frame followed by a sliver doubling machine like a UniLap to prepare uniform batts for feeding into rectilinear combers, which have stationary detaching rollers and swinging nippers to further clean and parallelize the fibers.
This document provides information on denim washing processes. It discusses the types of denim washes including enzyme wash, stone wash, bleach wash, and acid wash. It also describes the purpose of washing denim garments, which is to remove sizing, soften the fabric, modify appearance, and create different finishes and effects. The document outlines the chemical washes used such as bleach wash, which uses a strong oxidizing bleaching agent like sodium hypochlorite. It also lists the types of machines commonly used in washing plants.
This document discusses color fastness testing and quality control for textiles. It covers:
1. Color fastness is the resistance of a color to fading or bleeding from factors like washing, light, water, dry cleaning, and chemicals. It is assessed by changes in the sample color and staining of adjacent fabrics.
2. Various types of color fastness are described, including to washing, light, rubbing/crocking, perspiration, and more. Tests evaluate color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3. Factors like dye structure, bonding to fibers, shade depth, fiber chemistry, and test conditions impact color fastness properties. Standard tests and assessment methods following organizations
The document defines non-woven fabrics as sheets or webs of natural or man-made fibers bonded together without weaving or knitting. It discusses the key differences in structure between non-wovens and woven/knitted fabrics. The document also describes various processes for forming non-woven webs and bonding the fibers, and how the fiber orientation distribution impacts mechanical properties depending on the testing direction. Failure mechanisms are dominated by defects from non-uniform fiber distribution or over/under bonding.
Machinery for textile preparation can be classified as batch, semi-continuous, or continuous. Batch machines are used for fibers, yarns, and fabrics/garments. Common batch machines include kiers for scouring cotton ropes, jiggers for pre-treating open-width fabrics, and winches for processing delicate fabrics with low tension. Semi-continuous and continuous machines like padding mangles and J-boxes allow for larger fabric volumes to be processed. These pass fabric continuously through stages for chemical application, dwell time, and rinsing. Mercerization swells cotton fibers in a caustic soda solution to improve luster, strength, and dye uptake.
1. Mercerization is a finishing treatment for cotton that improves luster, hardness, and other properties by treating cotton with a strong alkaline solution.
2. It involves immersing cotton yarn or fabric under tension in a cold sodium hydroxide solution, then neutralizing it in acid. This causes swelling of the cotton fibers and increases their luster.
3. The ideal conditions for mercerization are a caustic concentration of 250-320 g/L at 18-20°C for 30-60 seconds, as this provides the best luster with minimal shrinkage.
FAST is a fabric testing system developed by CSIRO in Australia. It consists of four instruments (FAST 1-3) and one test (FAST 4) to predict how fabrics will perform when made into garments. The instruments measure properties like thickness, bending, extension, and stability. Results are plotted to create a "fabric fingerprint" showing suitability for intended use. Unlike other systems, FAST is cheaper, simpler, and better for industrial use.
This document discusses wrinkle resistant finishes for fabrics using resin treatments. It describes the mechanism of wrinkle formation in cellulosic fibers and how formaldehyde-based resins can be used to crosslink fibers and reduce hydrogen bonding. The process involves impregnating fabrics with urea-formaldehyde or dimethylol ethylene urea precondensate solutions, curing the treated fabrics, washing and softening. Effects of the finishes on fabric properties like recovery angle, tensile strength and stiffness are analyzed. Recipes for resin treatments of cotton, viscose and polyester fabrics are provided.
Yarn unevenness and its empact on qualityArNesto WaHid
This document discusses yarn unevenness, its causes, measurement, and impact on quality. Yarn unevenness refers to variations in yarn thickness along its length. It is influenced by raw material variations and spinning process irregularities. Unevenness is measured using the irregularity percentage and coefficient of variation. Higher unevenness can reduce yarn strength, impact fabric appearance with defects, and lower productivity. Careful control of the spinning process is needed to minimize unevenness and maximize quality.
This document compares ring spinning and rotor spinning methods of yarn formation. It discusses that rotor spinning is a more recent method that omits the step of forming a roving. In rotor spinning, fibers are fed into a rotary beater and deposited onto the sides of a rotating disc called a rotor, where they are twisted without requiring package rotation. Rotor spinning allows for higher twisting speeds with lower power usage compared to ring spinning. It provides characteristics like higher productivity, larger sliver/package sizes, less power consumption, and more automation/flexibility. The document provides details on the parts of a rotor spinning machine and compares various parameters of ring-spun and rotor-spun yarns.
The document discusses recent developments in combers. It outlines new features such as the SB D 22 + E 35 Omega lap that provides homogeneous batt build-up and even tension. Production has increased to 520kg/hr with higher batt weights up to 80g/m. Nippers now open more than 8 times per second and have reduced vibrations. Advanced ri-q combs have up to 900 points per inch and ensure consistent combing. New detaching rollers and feed mechanisms improve quality and reduce waste.
stiffness,Handle,Drape properties of fabric ,Fabric property TTQC-2AtiqFaysal
This presentation discusses the stiffness, handle, and drape properties of fabrics. It will cover stiffness and how it is tested using machines like the Shirley Stiffness tester. It will also discuss fabric handle properties, the factors that influence handle, and how to measure drape properties using a drape tester to determine the drape coefficient. Relevant apparatus and testing procedures will be explained.
1) Fluorocarbon polymers are the only type of finishes that can achieve oil repellency on textiles. Water repellency can be achieved through different product groups including paraffin emulsions, stearic acid-melamine resins, and silicone and fluorocarbon polymers.
2) Repellent finishes work by reducing the surface energy of fibers to make them less attractive to water, oil, and dirt. Fluorocarbon polymers have the lowest surface energy and can repel both water and oil.
3) While fluorocarbon finishes provide the best oil and water repellency as well as durability, they can be modified through additives like boosters to further improve properties like handle,
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
Calendering is a process used to upgrade fabric handle and impart a smooth, silky touch. There are several types of calenders that produce different effects. The 7 bowl calender passes fabric between heated iron bowls and cotton bowls to compress, reduce thickness, and improve opacity and luster. Friction and Schreiner calenders use heated, engraved steel bowls to polish fabrics. Chasing and swizzing calenders overlap fabric layers to produce textured finishes. Felt calenders dry and finish fabrics using an endless felt blanket around a heated cylinder. Calendering effects depend on factors like moisture, bowl composition and arrangement, and pressure.
The document compares the requirements for flash fire protective clothing standards from four organizations: ASTM F 1506-00, NFPA 1975 (1999), NFPA 2112 (2001 proposed), and CAN/CGSB 155.20 (2000). It outlines the key differences between the standards in areas such as certification requirements, product labeling, flame resistance testing, and physical performance testing. The standards have both similarities and differences in their requirements for clothing design, construction, and testing to demonstrate flame resistance and durability.
This document summarizes key apparel testing requirements for the US market. It discusses mandatory regulated testing for flammability, care labeling, and content labeling. It also discusses discretionary physical and chemical testing required by retailers and manufacturers. Specific tests are outlined to evaluate flammability classification, care instructions, fiber content identification, dimensional stability, colorfastness, formaldehyde levels, and other physical and performance properties. Exemptions to flammability standards are also noted.
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
This document discusses testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance of fabrics. It describes that pilling is the formation of small balls of entangled fibers on fabric surfaces due to rubbing, and is influenced by fiber properties like strength and stiffness. Methods to measure pilling include objective counting/weighing of pills or subjective comparison to standards. Tests for pilling include the ICI pilling box method and Martindale abrasion tester. Abrasion resistance depends on fiber type, properties, yarn twist, and fabric structure, and is measured using the Martindale abrasion tester by recording cycles until thread breakage. Grading scales are used to assess levels of pilling and abrasion damage.
Testing is the process or procedure to determines the quality of a product.The testing of textile products is an expensive business. A textile commercial laboratory has to be set up and furnished with a range of test equipment.Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) is very important work or process in each department of export oriented industry. Buyers want quality but not quantity. In every department of textile industry quality maintained of each material, because one material’s quality depend on another’s quality. For example, if qualified fiber is inputted then output will be good yarn.
The comber is a machine that prepares cotton fibers for spinning into yarn by removing short fibers and impurities. It improves the quality characteristics of yarns such as evenness, strength, and cleanliness. To achieve these quality improvements, the comber must eliminate short fibers, remaining impurities, and neps from the fiber material while forming an optimal sliver. Modern comber preparation systems use a draw frame followed by a sliver doubling machine like a UniLap to prepare uniform batts for feeding into rectilinear combers, which have stationary detaching rollers and swinging nippers to further clean and parallelize the fibers.
This document provides information on denim washing processes. It discusses the types of denim washes including enzyme wash, stone wash, bleach wash, and acid wash. It also describes the purpose of washing denim garments, which is to remove sizing, soften the fabric, modify appearance, and create different finishes and effects. The document outlines the chemical washes used such as bleach wash, which uses a strong oxidizing bleaching agent like sodium hypochlorite. It also lists the types of machines commonly used in washing plants.
This document discusses color fastness testing and quality control for textiles. It covers:
1. Color fastness is the resistance of a color to fading or bleeding from factors like washing, light, water, dry cleaning, and chemicals. It is assessed by changes in the sample color and staining of adjacent fabrics.
2. Various types of color fastness are described, including to washing, light, rubbing/crocking, perspiration, and more. Tests evaluate color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3. Factors like dye structure, bonding to fibers, shade depth, fiber chemistry, and test conditions impact color fastness properties. Standard tests and assessment methods following organizations
The document defines non-woven fabrics as sheets or webs of natural or man-made fibers bonded together without weaving or knitting. It discusses the key differences in structure between non-wovens and woven/knitted fabrics. The document also describes various processes for forming non-woven webs and bonding the fibers, and how the fiber orientation distribution impacts mechanical properties depending on the testing direction. Failure mechanisms are dominated by defects from non-uniform fiber distribution or over/under bonding.
Machinery for textile preparation can be classified as batch, semi-continuous, or continuous. Batch machines are used for fibers, yarns, and fabrics/garments. Common batch machines include kiers for scouring cotton ropes, jiggers for pre-treating open-width fabrics, and winches for processing delicate fabrics with low tension. Semi-continuous and continuous machines like padding mangles and J-boxes allow for larger fabric volumes to be processed. These pass fabric continuously through stages for chemical application, dwell time, and rinsing. Mercerization swells cotton fibers in a caustic soda solution to improve luster, strength, and dye uptake.
1. Mercerization is a finishing treatment for cotton that improves luster, hardness, and other properties by treating cotton with a strong alkaline solution.
2. It involves immersing cotton yarn or fabric under tension in a cold sodium hydroxide solution, then neutralizing it in acid. This causes swelling of the cotton fibers and increases their luster.
3. The ideal conditions for mercerization are a caustic concentration of 250-320 g/L at 18-20°C for 30-60 seconds, as this provides the best luster with minimal shrinkage.
FAST is a fabric testing system developed by CSIRO in Australia. It consists of four instruments (FAST 1-3) and one test (FAST 4) to predict how fabrics will perform when made into garments. The instruments measure properties like thickness, bending, extension, and stability. Results are plotted to create a "fabric fingerprint" showing suitability for intended use. Unlike other systems, FAST is cheaper, simpler, and better for industrial use.
This document discusses wrinkle resistant finishes for fabrics using resin treatments. It describes the mechanism of wrinkle formation in cellulosic fibers and how formaldehyde-based resins can be used to crosslink fibers and reduce hydrogen bonding. The process involves impregnating fabrics with urea-formaldehyde or dimethylol ethylene urea precondensate solutions, curing the treated fabrics, washing and softening. Effects of the finishes on fabric properties like recovery angle, tensile strength and stiffness are analyzed. Recipes for resin treatments of cotton, viscose and polyester fabrics are provided.
Yarn unevenness and its empact on qualityArNesto WaHid
This document discusses yarn unevenness, its causes, measurement, and impact on quality. Yarn unevenness refers to variations in yarn thickness along its length. It is influenced by raw material variations and spinning process irregularities. Unevenness is measured using the irregularity percentage and coefficient of variation. Higher unevenness can reduce yarn strength, impact fabric appearance with defects, and lower productivity. Careful control of the spinning process is needed to minimize unevenness and maximize quality.
This document compares ring spinning and rotor spinning methods of yarn formation. It discusses that rotor spinning is a more recent method that omits the step of forming a roving. In rotor spinning, fibers are fed into a rotary beater and deposited onto the sides of a rotating disc called a rotor, where they are twisted without requiring package rotation. Rotor spinning allows for higher twisting speeds with lower power usage compared to ring spinning. It provides characteristics like higher productivity, larger sliver/package sizes, less power consumption, and more automation/flexibility. The document provides details on the parts of a rotor spinning machine and compares various parameters of ring-spun and rotor-spun yarns.
The document discusses recent developments in combers. It outlines new features such as the SB D 22 + E 35 Omega lap that provides homogeneous batt build-up and even tension. Production has increased to 520kg/hr with higher batt weights up to 80g/m. Nippers now open more than 8 times per second and have reduced vibrations. Advanced ri-q combs have up to 900 points per inch and ensure consistent combing. New detaching rollers and feed mechanisms improve quality and reduce waste.
stiffness,Handle,Drape properties of fabric ,Fabric property TTQC-2AtiqFaysal
This presentation discusses the stiffness, handle, and drape properties of fabrics. It will cover stiffness and how it is tested using machines like the Shirley Stiffness tester. It will also discuss fabric handle properties, the factors that influence handle, and how to measure drape properties using a drape tester to determine the drape coefficient. Relevant apparatus and testing procedures will be explained.
1) Fluorocarbon polymers are the only type of finishes that can achieve oil repellency on textiles. Water repellency can be achieved through different product groups including paraffin emulsions, stearic acid-melamine resins, and silicone and fluorocarbon polymers.
2) Repellent finishes work by reducing the surface energy of fibers to make them less attractive to water, oil, and dirt. Fluorocarbon polymers have the lowest surface energy and can repel both water and oil.
3) While fluorocarbon finishes provide the best oil and water repellency as well as durability, they can be modified through additives like boosters to further improve properties like handle,
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
Calendering is a process used to upgrade fabric handle and impart a smooth, silky touch. There are several types of calenders that produce different effects. The 7 bowl calender passes fabric between heated iron bowls and cotton bowls to compress, reduce thickness, and improve opacity and luster. Friction and Schreiner calenders use heated, engraved steel bowls to polish fabrics. Chasing and swizzing calenders overlap fabric layers to produce textured finishes. Felt calenders dry and finish fabrics using an endless felt blanket around a heated cylinder. Calendering effects depend on factors like moisture, bowl composition and arrangement, and pressure.
The document compares the requirements for flash fire protective clothing standards from four organizations: ASTM F 1506-00, NFPA 1975 (1999), NFPA 2112 (2001 proposed), and CAN/CGSB 155.20 (2000). It outlines the key differences between the standards in areas such as certification requirements, product labeling, flame resistance testing, and physical performance testing. The standards have both similarities and differences in their requirements for clothing design, construction, and testing to demonstrate flame resistance and durability.
This document summarizes key apparel testing requirements for the US market. It discusses mandatory regulated testing for flammability, care labeling, and content labeling. It also discusses discretionary physical and chemical testing required by retailers and manufacturers. Specific tests are outlined to evaluate flammability classification, care instructions, fiber content identification, dimensional stability, colorfastness, formaldehyde levels, and other physical and performance properties. Exemptions to flammability standards are also noted.
This document provides an overview of apparel testing requirements for the US market, including both regulated and discretionary testing. It discusses flammability testing according to the Flammable Fabrics Act, which establishes three classes of flammability for fabrics. It also covers care labeling regulations from the FTC, which require manufacturers to provide care instructions and test for things like shrinkage and colorfastness. Finally, it lists various physical and chemical tests that are recommended to ensure quality and safety, such as testing for weight, strength, pilling, formaldehyde content, and colorfastness.
This document outlines performance specifications for woven fabrics used in manufacturing men's, women's, and children's handkerchiefs. It specifies requirements in areas such as breaking strength, tear strength, dimensional stability after laundering, and colorfastness to laundering, light exposure, and other factors. Requirements are provided in Table 1 and test methods for measuring each property are referenced. The purpose is to establish common quality standards for handkerchief fabrics that can be agreed upon between fabric suppliers and purchasers.
Ty-Rap® Detectable Cable Ties are made from nylon or polypropylene and contain a compound that makes them detectable by metal detectors and x-ray equipment. Their bright blue color also makes them easy to visually identify. They provide detection capabilities while maintaining the same smooth design and high strength of standard Ty-Rap® Cable Ties. Ty-Rap® Detectable Cable Ties can help companies meet food safety standards by preventing contamination in food processing facilities. They are suitable for use in various industries where contamination detection is important.
This document provides specifications for various reusable garments from Nitritex Ltd. It includes specifications for coats, coveralls, hoods, overboots, and undergarments. For each item it lists key features, available fabrics, colors, sizes, and typical applications based on ISO cleanroom standards. It also provides sizing charts and recommendations on garment selection and laundry frequency based on the cleanroom classification.
This document discusses various types of textile testing instruments. It begins by explaining why quality testing is important for the textile industry in Bangladesh. It then lists the main reasons for textile testing such as checking raw materials and monitoring production. The document proceeds to describe different types of textile tests including mechanical, physical, chemical and product tests. It provides examples of specific instruments used such as the crimp rigidity tester, GSM cutters, and tensile testing machines. The document discusses the features and uses of several key textile testing instruments.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effect of raw material parameters on the performance of mechanically crimp textured yarn. Various polyester and nylon yarns differing in fineness, filament size, and cross-section were textured at different false twist levels. The textured yarns were evaluated for properties like bulk, linear density, strength, and shrinkage. Finer filament yarns like 44d/24f nylon and 70d/36f polyester showed higher numbers of smaller curls compared to coarser yarns. At the same yarn fineness, a higher number of finer filaments played a more detrimental role on properties than the polymer modulus. In
This document summarizes the development and applications of AirJet spinning technology. It discusses how AirJet spinning addresses limitations of other spinning systems like ringspinning and rotorspinning. AirJet spinning produces yarns with properties similar to ringspun yarns but with higher productivity. The technology is now well-established for cellulosic fibers and expanding into new count ranges and fiber blends. Applications include knit fabrics and developments show potential for woven fabrics in technical, shirting, workwear, and corporatewear end uses.
Key factors in assessing the durability of fabrics include pilling, breaking strength, and tear strength. Pilling is the formation of fuzzy balls on the fabric surface and is tested using ASTM D3511 or D4970. Breaking strength measures the stress to pull the fabric apart and is tested using ASTM D5034. Tear strength measures the stress to rip the fabric and is tested using ASTM D2261. Other tests include snag resistance using ASTM D3939 and stretch and set. Minimum requirements are specified depending on the intended use such as upholstery, wrapped panels, or drapery.
Xinxiang Yulong Textile produces 200,000 sets of flame retardant workwear per year for industries like power, petrochemical, and forestry. It exports to Europe and the US. The document then describes different types of protective workwear like coveralls, suits, bib pants, and their functions including flame retardancy, anti-static properties, and high visibility. It provides specifications for various garment models and closes by welcoming customers to inquire about fabric testing and reports.
The document provides an overview of the basics of spinning, including the key processes and equipment used to transform raw cotton into yarn. It describes the sequential steps of ginning, blow room, carding, drawing, simplex, ring spinning and cone winding. It also defines important spinning concepts like count, draft and twist. The overall spinning process aims to parallelize, attenuate and impart twist to fibers through successive drafting and twisting operations to produce a compact yarn package.
1. The document provides an overview of topics a textile engineer needs to be familiar with, including textile fibers, yarn making, dye types and processes, wet processing ingredients, and fabric properties.
2. It defines key terms like fiber, yarn count systems, GSM measurement, types of dyes and their applications, and discusses processes like spinning, weaving, knitting and dyeing.
3. Common tests for fiber identification and properties of different fibers are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of textiles, including definitions of key terms like fiber, yarn, fabric, and weaving processes. It discusses the composition and characteristics of natural fibers like cotton, and manufacturing processes for yarns and woven fabrics. Different types of looms and weaves are described, including plain weave, twill weave, and herringbone twill. The document also covers topics like fabric design, defects, testing, and end uses of textiles.
This document provides information about Tua-Ha Textile Ltd., a knitting, dyeing, finishing, and garment manufacturing factory in Bangladesh. It details the factory's objectives to meet client expectations, gain buyer confidence, be known for quality Bangladeshi products, create jobs, and use modern communication technologies. It also outlines the factory's compliance with regulations regarding labor, health, and safety. The document focuses on the factory's knitting section, describing the types of fabrics it produces, raw materials used, production processes, machinery, and potential faults in knitting.
Experimental Characterization of Carbon Fibre T700 / Epoxy towpreg for Space ...IJERA Editor
This document covers detailed experimental characterization of Carbon Fibre T 700/Epoxy towpreg.The
experimental characterization of carbon fibre T 700/Epoxy towpreg composite material is necessary required for
generation of mechanical properties data for analysis, design, and fabrication of structural components using
that material and for quality control of the material. The testing of composite materials offers unique surprises
because of the special characteristics of composites. Factors not considered important in metals testing are very
important in testing composites. For example, composites are anisotropic, with properties that depend on the
direction in which they are tested. Speed must be carefully monitored at the time of testing of specimens and
also fiber content, void content, specimen conditioning (drying, storage, etc) have important effects on material
properties.
In order to design composite products, a thorough experimental characterization of carbon fibre T 700 / Epoxy
towpreg composite material and its behaviour is necessary.
Metro Knitting & Dyeing Mills Ltd. is a composite textile factory located in Narayanganj, Bangladesh. It produces knitted fabrics and garments for export. The factory uses yarn and fabrics as raw materials and produces items like t-shirts, polo shirts, and sweaters. It has several knitting machines from brands like Orizio and Fukuhara. The factory performs quality control testing and has utilities like boilers and air compressors. The purpose of the student visit was to learn about knitting processes and quality practices.
This document discusses different types of sewing threads, including their compositions and applications. Natural fibres like cotton are discussed as well as synthetic fibres like polyester. Specific thread types covered include spun polyester, corespun threads, and textured threads. The benefits of corespun threads for strength and sewability are highlighted. Various yarn counting systems and their applications are also summarized.
This document discusses textile testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance. It begins with an introduction to pilling formation and objectives of pilling testing. Methods of pilling testing include the ICI pilling box and random tumble pilling tester. Grading scales are provided to assess pilling. Abrasion resistance and factors that influence it are then covered. The Martindale abrasion tester process and assessment are described. In conclusion, fabric pilling can be reduced through fiber, yarn, fabric and finish improvements while maintaining aesthetics and performance.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.