This document summarizes a study on the effect of raw material parameters on the performance of mechanically crimp textured yarn. Various polyester and nylon yarns differing in fineness, filament size, and cross-section were textured at different false twist levels. The textured yarns were evaluated for properties like bulk, linear density, strength, and shrinkage. Finer filament yarns like 44d/24f nylon and 70d/36f polyester showed higher numbers of smaller curls compared to coarser yarns. At the same yarn fineness, a higher number of finer filaments played a more detrimental role on properties than the polymer modulus. In
This document summarizes research on analyzing the colors of fancy yarns produced using an innovative mechanical crimp texturizing apparatus. Different polyester feeder yarns with varying fineness, colors, and cross-sectional shapes were grouped together and texturized to produce fancy yarns. The color of the resulting fancy yarns was analyzed using a color measurement instrument and found to be different than the colors of the parent yarns. The structure and properties of the fancy yarns, including mechanical properties, physical bulk, instability, and shrinkage, were also examined. Producing fancy yarns directly from flat filament feeder yarns using this mechanical crimp texturizing method provides
The document discusses the application of the Taguchi method to optimize parameters for the filament winding process of producing thermoplastic composite tubes. Four factors were examined - fiber temperature, winding speed, number of layers, and number of roving. Experiments were conducted according to an L9 orthogonal array, resulting in 9 composite tubes being produced and tested for tensile and shear strength. Analysis of the experimental data found that fiber temperature and number of layers most significantly affected tensile strength, and should be set at 230°C and 4 layers respectively to maximize strength. The Taguchi method was able to determine optimal process parameters while requiring relatively few experimental runs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of naoh mercerisation on the cross linking of conventional and compact...eSAT Journals
Abstract An investigation of the effect of resin finishing on the properties of conventional and compact cotton yarn is reported. It is shown that compact yarns suffer greater weight losses than those of conventional yarns following cross linking treatment. Bending rigidity shows an increase with the concentration of sodium hydroxide prior to cross linking in both conventional and compact yarns. The yarn structure also plays an important role in resin finishing.
The document summarizes a study on the chemical modification process of jute fiber through degumming. It examines the degumming of prechlorite treated jute fiber by varying several parameters including sodium hydroxide concentration, treatment time, temperature, and fiber to liquor ratio. The optimum conditions found for gum decomposition were 12g/L sodium hydroxide, 3.0g/L sodium silicate, 2.0g/L TF-107B, 2.0g/L TF-125A, 105 minutes treatment time, 100°C temperature, and a 1:20 fiber to liquor ratio. Under these conditions, the gum decomposition ratio was 61.9% and fineness index was 2.02
Analysis of Composite Material Blended With Thermoplastics and Jute FibreIJERA Editor
This document analyzes the properties of a composite material blended with thermoplastics and jute fiber. The composite is made using a hand lay-up technique with jute fabric reinforced polyester resin. Testing shows that the untreated composite has lower tensile strength and hardness than the natural jute fiber, but higher elongation. Scanning electron microscope analysis indicates the distribution of fibers, resin and additives in the composite microstructure. The study concludes that while the composite has lower density than pure resin, resulting in better strength to weight ratio, the mechanical properties are not significantly improved over the natural fiber alone.
Study of physical, mechanical and thermal properties of unidirectional jute f...iaemedu
1) The document studies the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of unidirectional jute fiber reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film composites.
2) It finds that the tensile strength of the composites increases with the addition of jute fiber, while the percentage elongation at break decreases.
3) Thermal analysis shows the degradation of PVC starts before jute fiber and the composites degrade in two stages. The degradation peaks correspond to stages involving dehydrochlorination and depolymerization of PVC and lighter and heavier materials of jute fiber.
Jute reinforced PLA bio-composite for production of ceiling fan bladesNeway Seboka
This document discusses the use of jute fabric reinforced poly lactic acid (PLA) bio-composites for producing ceiling fan blades. Jute fabrics were treated through various chemical processes including alkali treatment, acetylation, silane treatment, and maleic anhydride treatment to improve their tensile properties and adhesion to the PLA matrix. Composites were produced with different numbers of fabric layers and tested for their mechanical properties. Test results showed that alkali+silane treated jute fabric composites exhibited the highest tensile strength and modulus. The produced bio-composite blades were found to reduce the weight and power consumption of ceiling fans compared to traditional aluminum blades.
This document summarizes research on analyzing the colors of fancy yarns produced using an innovative mechanical crimp texturizing apparatus. Different polyester feeder yarns with varying fineness, colors, and cross-sectional shapes were grouped together and texturized to produce fancy yarns. The color of the resulting fancy yarns was analyzed using a color measurement instrument and found to be different than the colors of the parent yarns. The structure and properties of the fancy yarns, including mechanical properties, physical bulk, instability, and shrinkage, were also examined. Producing fancy yarns directly from flat filament feeder yarns using this mechanical crimp texturizing method provides
The document discusses the application of the Taguchi method to optimize parameters for the filament winding process of producing thermoplastic composite tubes. Four factors were examined - fiber temperature, winding speed, number of layers, and number of roving. Experiments were conducted according to an L9 orthogonal array, resulting in 9 composite tubes being produced and tested for tensile and shear strength. Analysis of the experimental data found that fiber temperature and number of layers most significantly affected tensile strength, and should be set at 230°C and 4 layers respectively to maximize strength. The Taguchi method was able to determine optimal process parameters while requiring relatively few experimental runs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of naoh mercerisation on the cross linking of conventional and compact...eSAT Journals
Abstract An investigation of the effect of resin finishing on the properties of conventional and compact cotton yarn is reported. It is shown that compact yarns suffer greater weight losses than those of conventional yarns following cross linking treatment. Bending rigidity shows an increase with the concentration of sodium hydroxide prior to cross linking in both conventional and compact yarns. The yarn structure also plays an important role in resin finishing.
The document summarizes a study on the chemical modification process of jute fiber through degumming. It examines the degumming of prechlorite treated jute fiber by varying several parameters including sodium hydroxide concentration, treatment time, temperature, and fiber to liquor ratio. The optimum conditions found for gum decomposition were 12g/L sodium hydroxide, 3.0g/L sodium silicate, 2.0g/L TF-107B, 2.0g/L TF-125A, 105 minutes treatment time, 100°C temperature, and a 1:20 fiber to liquor ratio. Under these conditions, the gum decomposition ratio was 61.9% and fineness index was 2.02
Analysis of Composite Material Blended With Thermoplastics and Jute FibreIJERA Editor
This document analyzes the properties of a composite material blended with thermoplastics and jute fiber. The composite is made using a hand lay-up technique with jute fabric reinforced polyester resin. Testing shows that the untreated composite has lower tensile strength and hardness than the natural jute fiber, but higher elongation. Scanning electron microscope analysis indicates the distribution of fibers, resin and additives in the composite microstructure. The study concludes that while the composite has lower density than pure resin, resulting in better strength to weight ratio, the mechanical properties are not significantly improved over the natural fiber alone.
Study of physical, mechanical and thermal properties of unidirectional jute f...iaemedu
1) The document studies the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of unidirectional jute fiber reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film composites.
2) It finds that the tensile strength of the composites increases with the addition of jute fiber, while the percentage elongation at break decreases.
3) Thermal analysis shows the degradation of PVC starts before jute fiber and the composites degrade in two stages. The degradation peaks correspond to stages involving dehydrochlorination and depolymerization of PVC and lighter and heavier materials of jute fiber.
Jute reinforced PLA bio-composite for production of ceiling fan bladesNeway Seboka
This document discusses the use of jute fabric reinforced poly lactic acid (PLA) bio-composites for producing ceiling fan blades. Jute fabrics were treated through various chemical processes including alkali treatment, acetylation, silane treatment, and maleic anhydride treatment to improve their tensile properties and adhesion to the PLA matrix. Composites were produced with different numbers of fabric layers and tested for their mechanical properties. Test results showed that alkali+silane treated jute fabric composites exhibited the highest tensile strength and modulus. The produced bio-composite blades were found to reduce the weight and power consumption of ceiling fans compared to traditional aluminum blades.
The document provides information on several types of testing machines:
1. An X-ray diffraction machine is described that uses Bragg's Law to determine the atomic structure of crystals.
2. A drying rate tester measures the time it takes for a fabric to dry using a heated plate and sensors.
3. A differential scanning calorimeter precisely controls and measures the temperature of samples and references to determine thermal transitions like glass transitions, melting points, and reaction kinetics.
International conference textiles and fashionVijay Prakash
This document summarizes research on characterizing yarn diameter using different measurement techniques. Several commercial instruments and laboratory methods are described that use optical, capacitive, or combined principles to measure yarn diameter and irregularity. Data from tests on various yarns using Uster Tester 4, QQM-3, and Lawson-Hemphill systems were analyzed using a MATLAB program. The program revealed the yarn diameter data was better characterized by a bimodal rather than normal distribution, highlighting limitations of some commercial instrument analyses. Further analysis of the bimodal data distribution provided more detailed information about yarn diameter characteristics.
Evaluation on fracture mechanics of mode ii treated fiber pllabasedIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the Mode II fracture toughness of an oil palm fiber (OPF) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) composite using a model composite method. The OPFs were treated with sodium hydroxide to increase surface roughness before being embedded in PLLA matrix in a parallel alignment. Testing found that fracture toughness increased with longer matrix lengths up to an optimum of 2.3mm due to greater plastic deformation, but remained constant above 3mm. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed crack propagation occurred along the interface between the center fiber and matrix. In conclusion, the interfacial fracture toughness of the composite was dependent on matrix length.
Graphene is a material that attracts attention in technical textile applications as in many other areas due to its outstanding features. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the performance properties of graphene coated fabrics. Pre-treated polyester fabrics were coated with nano-graphene powders at different concentration rates (50, 100 and 200 g/kg) by knife-over-roll technique. According to test results, generally, the graphene coating had a positive effect on the performance properties of polyester fabrics.
Experimental investigations of milling on fiber compositesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into milling fiber composites. The study examined how milling speed, feed rate, and depth of cut influence cutting forces like thrust and torque. Experiments were conducted on carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites with fiber orientations of 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees relative to the tool motion. Results showed that fiber failure mechanisms depend on orientation, with crushing failure at 45 and 90 degrees producing higher forces than bending failure at 0 and 135 degrees. Chip morphology and delamination patterns supported the proposed failure modes. The research provides insight into fiber failure during milling of composites to optimize machining parameters.
Kaolinite/Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Part 2: SpinningIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on producing and testing nanocomposite fibers made of polypropylene and kaolinite clay nanoparticles. The researchers used a two-step process of melt spinning and hot drawing to produce fibers with different kaolinite content and draw ratios. Testing methods like TEM, FESEM, XRD and DMA were used to analyze the nanoparticle dispersion, orientation, and mechanical and thermal properties of the fibers. Higher draw ratios were found to improve the mechanical properties by strongly orienting the kaolinite along the fiber axis. The optimal nanoparticle content and draw ratio depended on achieving a uniform nanoparticle distribution without aggregation.
Acryl Resin Distribution In Lime Tree Wood Determined By 241Am Analyser Of D...IJMER
The document summarizes a study that used gamma ray densitometry to determine the distribution of acryl resin in lime tree wood samples after pressure impregnation. The samples were impregnated for 5, 30, or 180 minutes and density profiles were measured before and after impregnation. Total resin retention increased nonlinearly with impregnation time. Resin penetration was best in the longitudinal direction, with differential retention ranging from 0.15-0.20 g/cm3 near the surface to 0.02-0.11 g/cm3 in the center. Penetration in the radial and tangential directions was negligible compared to the longitudinal direction. The study demonstrated gamma ray densitometry can be used to
Quality is a relative term. It means customer needs is to be satisfied. Quality is of prime importance in any aspect of business. Customers demand and expect value for money. As producers of apparel there must be a constant endeavor to produce work of good quality. To assess the quality of textile product Textile Testing is very important work or process. Testing In response to ever-changing governmental regulations and the ever-increasing consumer demand for high quality, softlines testing and textile testing help to minimize risk and protect the interest of both manufacturers and consumers. It is important that testing is not undertaken without adding some benefit to the final product.
IRJET- Effect of Water Immersion on Various Properties of Natural Fiber Reinf...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the effect of water immersion on various properties of natural fiber reinforced composite materials. Specifically, it examines sheep wool fiber reinforced with epoxy composites. Experiments were conducted to study the fracture characterization of composites after water immersion in different conditions. Edge Notched Tension and Single Edge Notched Bend tests were performed according to standards on specimens immersed in distilled, normal, and sea water. Statistical analysis including Taguchi method, ANOVA, and response surface methodology were used to analyze the effect of factors like a/w ratio, thickness, width, and immersion time on properties like failure load and fracture toughness. The results show that water immersion decreases mechanical properties due to
IRJET - Mechanical Characterisation of Glass Fibre Composites by using Recycl...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using recycled plastics to produce glass fiber composites. Plastics are widely used but not biodegradable, leading to pollution. They can be recycled mechanically by grinding into chips, heating to form yarn, and weaving into fabric. Glass fiber composites are strong but expensive. The study produced composites using epoxy resin with layers of recycled plastic fabric and glass fiber. Testing found the composites had densities from 0.94-1.17 g/cm3, tensile strengths around 50 MPa similar to thermoplastics, hardness increased with more fiber, and impact absorption increased up to 40% fiber content. The composites showed mechanical properties comparable to virgin glass
1) The study examined the effects of different processing stages (bleaching, dyeing, softening) on the mechanical and surface properties of cotton knitted fabrics.
2) Bleaching and dyeing increased fabric bending rigidity, tensile linearity, shear stiffness and surface roughness due to relaxation shrinkage and increased knit density. Softening reduced these properties by decreasing friction between yarns.
3) Softening increased fabric tensile energy, compressibility and thickness, making fabrics more stretchable and voluminous. The type and amount of softener used affected mechanical properties to different degrees.
The properties of rattan cane and its comprehensive utilization technology. Presented by Xinge liu, Shumin Yang, Lili Shang, and Jianfeng Ma, researchers at the International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan. Presented at the ASEAN Rattan Summit.
This document discusses 3D printing materials from Esun Industrial, including PLA, PVA, and their applications and modifications. It summarizes that PLA is made from renewable resources like corn starch and has advantages like being environmentally friendly. PVA is water soluble and has good adhesion properties. The document discusses how Esun modifies these materials to improve properties like toughness, temperature resistance, and printing fluency for better 3D printing performance. Esun develops various filament types and ensures quality and compatibility with major 3D printers.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted at the Lalpur water treatment plant in Jabalpur, India. The plant purifies 97 million liters of water per day using two sections of 42MLD and 55MLD. An initial audit was conducted to collect plant data and evaluate energy consumption. A detailed audit then involved meetings, data collection, field investigations, and equipment inventories. Various energy efficiency recommendations were provided, like installing capacitor banks to improve power factor, replacing lighting with more efficient options, and repairing pumps and seals. Implementing the recommendations could save over 30 lakhs rupees per year in energy costs. The audit aims to increase the plant's productivity while reducing energy inputs.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document provides an overview of various optimization techniques that have been used for operating multi-reservoir systems, including linear programming, non-linear programming, and dynamic programming. It describes how each technique works and examples of its applications to reservoir systems. Dynamic programming is highlighted as being well-suited for reservoir operations given their multi-stage decision process nature, but it faces computational challenges for problems with more than a few state variables. The document also discusses how combinations of techniques, like linear programming and dynamic programming, have been used to help address some of the limitations.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document discusses techniques for handling missing data values in datasets. It compares the K-means clustering and k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classifier approaches for imputing missing values. The K-means method replaces missing values in clusters with the cluster mean, while kNN replaces missing values in groups with the group mean. When these approaches are tested on a dataset with missing values and compared for accuracy, the kNN method is shown to perform better. The document proposes a framework where the two techniques are applied separately to a dataset with missing values, the results compared, and kNN imputation is found to be more accurate than K-means clustering imputation.
The document summarizes a study on fractal image compression of satellite images using range and domain techniques. It discusses fractal image compression methods, including partitioning images into range and domain blocks. Affine transformations are applied to domain blocks to match range blocks. Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values are calculated for reconstructed rural and urban satellite images after 4 iterations, showing PSNR of around 17.0 for rural images and 22.0 for urban images. The proposed algorithm partitions the original image into non-overlapping range blocks and selects domain blocks twice the size of range blocks.
The document summarizes a study on the performance of energy storage systems for parallel hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses different battery types used - lead acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries. It also outlines the components of a typical parallel hybrid vehicle powertrain including the internal combustion engine, motors, and batteries. Simulation results are presented showing the state of charge variation of different battery types when tested with on-road vehicle data.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
1) Computer applications have penetrated all areas of environmental protection in China and improved the overall level of environmental protection work. However, the rapid development of information technology has also brought some negative environmental impacts known as "IT pollution".
2) The document discusses several ways computers are used in environmental protection including environmental analysis, management, engineering, and education. However, it also notes the environmental issues caused by the growth of the computer industry in China, such as electronic waste and toxic materials.
3) While computers have benefits for environmental protection, China needs measures to reduce hazards from the computer industry through regulations, non-toxic materials, and recycling programs.
The document provides information on several types of testing machines:
1. An X-ray diffraction machine is described that uses Bragg's Law to determine the atomic structure of crystals.
2. A drying rate tester measures the time it takes for a fabric to dry using a heated plate and sensors.
3. A differential scanning calorimeter precisely controls and measures the temperature of samples and references to determine thermal transitions like glass transitions, melting points, and reaction kinetics.
International conference textiles and fashionVijay Prakash
This document summarizes research on characterizing yarn diameter using different measurement techniques. Several commercial instruments and laboratory methods are described that use optical, capacitive, or combined principles to measure yarn diameter and irregularity. Data from tests on various yarns using Uster Tester 4, QQM-3, and Lawson-Hemphill systems were analyzed using a MATLAB program. The program revealed the yarn diameter data was better characterized by a bimodal rather than normal distribution, highlighting limitations of some commercial instrument analyses. Further analysis of the bimodal data distribution provided more detailed information about yarn diameter characteristics.
Evaluation on fracture mechanics of mode ii treated fiber pllabasedIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the Mode II fracture toughness of an oil palm fiber (OPF) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) composite using a model composite method. The OPFs were treated with sodium hydroxide to increase surface roughness before being embedded in PLLA matrix in a parallel alignment. Testing found that fracture toughness increased with longer matrix lengths up to an optimum of 2.3mm due to greater plastic deformation, but remained constant above 3mm. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed crack propagation occurred along the interface between the center fiber and matrix. In conclusion, the interfacial fracture toughness of the composite was dependent on matrix length.
Graphene is a material that attracts attention in technical textile applications as in many other areas due to its outstanding features. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the performance properties of graphene coated fabrics. Pre-treated polyester fabrics were coated with nano-graphene powders at different concentration rates (50, 100 and 200 g/kg) by knife-over-roll technique. According to test results, generally, the graphene coating had a positive effect on the performance properties of polyester fabrics.
Experimental investigations of milling on fiber compositesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into milling fiber composites. The study examined how milling speed, feed rate, and depth of cut influence cutting forces like thrust and torque. Experiments were conducted on carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites with fiber orientations of 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees relative to the tool motion. Results showed that fiber failure mechanisms depend on orientation, with crushing failure at 45 and 90 degrees producing higher forces than bending failure at 0 and 135 degrees. Chip morphology and delamination patterns supported the proposed failure modes. The research provides insight into fiber failure during milling of composites to optimize machining parameters.
Kaolinite/Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Part 2: SpinningIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on producing and testing nanocomposite fibers made of polypropylene and kaolinite clay nanoparticles. The researchers used a two-step process of melt spinning and hot drawing to produce fibers with different kaolinite content and draw ratios. Testing methods like TEM, FESEM, XRD and DMA were used to analyze the nanoparticle dispersion, orientation, and mechanical and thermal properties of the fibers. Higher draw ratios were found to improve the mechanical properties by strongly orienting the kaolinite along the fiber axis. The optimal nanoparticle content and draw ratio depended on achieving a uniform nanoparticle distribution without aggregation.
Acryl Resin Distribution In Lime Tree Wood Determined By 241Am Analyser Of D...IJMER
The document summarizes a study that used gamma ray densitometry to determine the distribution of acryl resin in lime tree wood samples after pressure impregnation. The samples were impregnated for 5, 30, or 180 minutes and density profiles were measured before and after impregnation. Total resin retention increased nonlinearly with impregnation time. Resin penetration was best in the longitudinal direction, with differential retention ranging from 0.15-0.20 g/cm3 near the surface to 0.02-0.11 g/cm3 in the center. Penetration in the radial and tangential directions was negligible compared to the longitudinal direction. The study demonstrated gamma ray densitometry can be used to
Quality is a relative term. It means customer needs is to be satisfied. Quality is of prime importance in any aspect of business. Customers demand and expect value for money. As producers of apparel there must be a constant endeavor to produce work of good quality. To assess the quality of textile product Textile Testing is very important work or process. Testing In response to ever-changing governmental regulations and the ever-increasing consumer demand for high quality, softlines testing and textile testing help to minimize risk and protect the interest of both manufacturers and consumers. It is important that testing is not undertaken without adding some benefit to the final product.
IRJET- Effect of Water Immersion on Various Properties of Natural Fiber Reinf...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the effect of water immersion on various properties of natural fiber reinforced composite materials. Specifically, it examines sheep wool fiber reinforced with epoxy composites. Experiments were conducted to study the fracture characterization of composites after water immersion in different conditions. Edge Notched Tension and Single Edge Notched Bend tests were performed according to standards on specimens immersed in distilled, normal, and sea water. Statistical analysis including Taguchi method, ANOVA, and response surface methodology were used to analyze the effect of factors like a/w ratio, thickness, width, and immersion time on properties like failure load and fracture toughness. The results show that water immersion decreases mechanical properties due to
IRJET - Mechanical Characterisation of Glass Fibre Composites by using Recycl...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using recycled plastics to produce glass fiber composites. Plastics are widely used but not biodegradable, leading to pollution. They can be recycled mechanically by grinding into chips, heating to form yarn, and weaving into fabric. Glass fiber composites are strong but expensive. The study produced composites using epoxy resin with layers of recycled plastic fabric and glass fiber. Testing found the composites had densities from 0.94-1.17 g/cm3, tensile strengths around 50 MPa similar to thermoplastics, hardness increased with more fiber, and impact absorption increased up to 40% fiber content. The composites showed mechanical properties comparable to virgin glass
1) The study examined the effects of different processing stages (bleaching, dyeing, softening) on the mechanical and surface properties of cotton knitted fabrics.
2) Bleaching and dyeing increased fabric bending rigidity, tensile linearity, shear stiffness and surface roughness due to relaxation shrinkage and increased knit density. Softening reduced these properties by decreasing friction between yarns.
3) Softening increased fabric tensile energy, compressibility and thickness, making fabrics more stretchable and voluminous. The type and amount of softener used affected mechanical properties to different degrees.
The properties of rattan cane and its comprehensive utilization technology. Presented by Xinge liu, Shumin Yang, Lili Shang, and Jianfeng Ma, researchers at the International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan. Presented at the ASEAN Rattan Summit.
This document discusses 3D printing materials from Esun Industrial, including PLA, PVA, and their applications and modifications. It summarizes that PLA is made from renewable resources like corn starch and has advantages like being environmentally friendly. PVA is water soluble and has good adhesion properties. The document discusses how Esun modifies these materials to improve properties like toughness, temperature resistance, and printing fluency for better 3D printing performance. Esun develops various filament types and ensures quality and compatibility with major 3D printers.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted at the Lalpur water treatment plant in Jabalpur, India. The plant purifies 97 million liters of water per day using two sections of 42MLD and 55MLD. An initial audit was conducted to collect plant data and evaluate energy consumption. A detailed audit then involved meetings, data collection, field investigations, and equipment inventories. Various energy efficiency recommendations were provided, like installing capacitor banks to improve power factor, replacing lighting with more efficient options, and repairing pumps and seals. Implementing the recommendations could save over 30 lakhs rupees per year in energy costs. The audit aims to increase the plant's productivity while reducing energy inputs.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document provides an overview of various optimization techniques that have been used for operating multi-reservoir systems, including linear programming, non-linear programming, and dynamic programming. It describes how each technique works and examples of its applications to reservoir systems. Dynamic programming is highlighted as being well-suited for reservoir operations given their multi-stage decision process nature, but it faces computational challenges for problems with more than a few state variables. The document also discusses how combinations of techniques, like linear programming and dynamic programming, have been used to help address some of the limitations.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document discusses techniques for handling missing data values in datasets. It compares the K-means clustering and k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classifier approaches for imputing missing values. The K-means method replaces missing values in clusters with the cluster mean, while kNN replaces missing values in groups with the group mean. When these approaches are tested on a dataset with missing values and compared for accuracy, the kNN method is shown to perform better. The document proposes a framework where the two techniques are applied separately to a dataset with missing values, the results compared, and kNN imputation is found to be more accurate than K-means clustering imputation.
The document summarizes a study on fractal image compression of satellite images using range and domain techniques. It discusses fractal image compression methods, including partitioning images into range and domain blocks. Affine transformations are applied to domain blocks to match range blocks. Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values are calculated for reconstructed rural and urban satellite images after 4 iterations, showing PSNR of around 17.0 for rural images and 22.0 for urban images. The proposed algorithm partitions the original image into non-overlapping range blocks and selects domain blocks twice the size of range blocks.
The document summarizes a study on the performance of energy storage systems for parallel hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses different battery types used - lead acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries. It also outlines the components of a typical parallel hybrid vehicle powertrain including the internal combustion engine, motors, and batteries. Simulation results are presented showing the state of charge variation of different battery types when tested with on-road vehicle data.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
1) Computer applications have penetrated all areas of environmental protection in China and improved the overall level of environmental protection work. However, the rapid development of information technology has also brought some negative environmental impacts known as "IT pollution".
2) The document discusses several ways computers are used in environmental protection including environmental analysis, management, engineering, and education. However, it also notes the environmental issues caused by the growth of the computer industry in China, such as electronic waste and toxic materials.
3) While computers have benefits for environmental protection, China needs measures to reduce hazards from the computer industry through regulations, non-toxic materials, and recycling programs.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document discusses the use of fracture split connecting rods for automotive engines made from C70S6 material. C70S6 is a suitable material for fracture splitting due to its brittle fracture properties and lower ductility. Testing was conducted on C70S6 material and fracture split connecting rod components to validate their mechanical properties and ability to withstand the loads from a maximum 210 bar firing pressure engine. Finite element analysis also showed safety factors above 1.4 for the connecting rod design. The chemical composition and microstructure of C70S6 provides benefits over conventional steels for fracture splitting applications in connecting rods.
Journal of Engineered Fibers and FabricsPARESHPD1977
This document compares the physical properties of yarns produced using conventional ring spinning, mechanical compact spinning, and pneumatic compact spinning systems. In the first part, carded cotton and combed cotton yarns of different linear densities and twist levels were produced using conventional ring and mechanical compact spinning. Analysis showed compact yarns had less hairiness, higher strength, and higher elongation than conventional yarns. In the second part, combed cotton yarns were produced using conventional ring, mechanical compact, and pneumatic compact spinning and analyzed. Yarns produced with pneumatic compact spinning had the highest strength and lowest hairiness.
This document summarizes a study on laser cutting of different textile materials. Two experiments were conducted using a CO2 laser to cut single and multiple layers of various textiles. The first experiment analyzed laser power from 100-500W and cutting speeds from 60-600 mm/s on kerf width, side line length, circular diameter, and percentage overcut of cotton, chiffon, silk, jessy, and satin materials. Results showed higher laser power and lower speeds increased kerf width and overcut. The second experiment analyzed these parameters on cutting depth and side line length of multiple textile/board layers, finding higher powers and moderate speeds were needed to cut all layers. Overall the study evaluated laser cutting
An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Some Process Conditions on Ri...iosrjce
This study investigated the effects of eight process conditions on ring yarn breakage using a Plackett-Burman experimental design. The conditions tested were blend ratio, waste extraction percentage, roving twist, break draft, spacer size, top roller pressure, spindle speed, and yarn count. Twelve experiments were conducted at two levels for each condition. Analysis of variance found that waste extraction percentage, roving twist, top roller pressure, and spindle speed significantly affected yarn breakage. End breakage decreased with higher waste extraction and increased with higher roving twist, top roller pressure, and spindle speed. Interaction plots showed waste extraction was more important at higher spindle speeds. Finer yarns required cleaner cotton. Higher ro
Optimalization of Parameters for 3D Print for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing parameters for 3D printing acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic using fused deposition modeling (FDM) to achieve high quality production. Samples were printed at various nozzle temperatures from 245°C to 285°C and tested for mechanical and thermal properties. Tensile strength was highest for samples printed at 285°C while flexibility was best for those at 245°C. Impact toughness was similar across temperatures. Thermal analysis found no material degradation from the printing process. Overall, the study determined the optimal temperature range for ABS printing with FDM based on achieving desired mechanical properties and print quality.
This document presents a slide presentation comparing the properties of knit fabrics produced from ring yarn and compact yarn. It defines compact yarn as having a spinning triangle that reduces hairy and projecting fibers. The objectives are to compare physical and chemical properties of the two fabric types before and after dyeing. Testing methods and results are presented for bursting strength, pilling, shrinkage, spirality, colorfastness to wash, perspiration and rubbing. The conclusion is that compact yarn fabrics have better strength, pilling and colorfastness while having less hairiness and a finer, smoother feel than ring yarn fabrics.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Glass Fiber Epoxy Reinforce...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates and analyzes glass fiber epoxy reinforced with rubber and wood powder composites. Samples were fabricated with different filler concentrations using hand layup. Mechanical tests including tensile, compression, impact, and water absorption were performed based on ASTM standards. Test results found that 20% weight filler content provided the best results for compression and tensile strength. Finite element analysis using ANSYS showed that the glass fiber composite with rubber and wood powders exhibited higher strength, lower deformation and von mises strain compared to the glass fiber reinforced plastic under the same loads. It was concluded that the reinforced composite has improved mechanical properties and reduced weight compared to glass fiber reinforced plastic.
IRJET- High Wet Modulus Viscose: Performance and Market Opportunity StudyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance benefits of high wet modulus (HWM) viscose fiber compared to standard viscose fiber. The study found that HWM viscose fiber has around 25-30% higher toughness than standard viscose fiber. This higher toughness allows HWM viscose fabrics to perform better during wet processing without tearing, even on high-speed continuous machines. It also leads to more durable dyed and finished fabrics. Using HWM viscose fiber can save processing costs and reduce production losses. HWM viscose also shows greater resistance to acidic and alkaline conditions. Finally, HWM viscose may enable finer count yarns and fabrics that are challenging with standard viscose due to its lower
Experimental Characterization of Carbon Fibre T700 / Epoxy towpreg for Space ...IJERA Editor
This document covers detailed experimental characterization of Carbon Fibre T 700/Epoxy towpreg.The
experimental characterization of carbon fibre T 700/Epoxy towpreg composite material is necessary required for
generation of mechanical properties data for analysis, design, and fabrication of structural components using
that material and for quality control of the material. The testing of composite materials offers unique surprises
because of the special characteristics of composites. Factors not considered important in metals testing are very
important in testing composites. For example, composites are anisotropic, with properties that depend on the
direction in which they are tested. Speed must be carefully monitored at the time of testing of specimens and
also fiber content, void content, specimen conditioning (drying, storage, etc) have important effects on material
properties.
In order to design composite products, a thorough experimental characterization of carbon fibre T 700 / Epoxy
towpreg composite material and its behaviour is necessary.
This project studied the effect of different yarn clearer settings on yarn quality and winding productivity. Three yarn clearer settings were tested: close, moderate, and wide. The close setting resulted in the highest number of yarn fault cuts but best yarn quality metrics. The wide setting had the lowest number of cuts but worst quality. The moderate setting produced intermediate quality and productivity results. Productivity was highest for the wide setting and lowest for the close setting, while waste generation followed the opposite trend. In conclusion, the appropriate yarn clearer setting balances yarn quality and productivity, and must be determined through experimentation.
This document evaluates the modal damping of graphite/epoxy laminated composites through experimental testing. Graphite/epoxy laminate composite plates of different thicknesses (2mm and 4mm) and fiber orientations (0 and 45 degrees) were fabricated and tested under different boundary conditions (cantilever, two sides fixed, all sides fixed) using an impulse excitation technique. The results show that modal damping decreases with increasing laminate thickness and is sensitive to changes in boundary conditions. Damping was highest for the cantilever boundary condition and lowest for the two sides fixed condition. Evaluation of modal damping through experimental modal analysis provides a simple and effective technique for characterizing damping properties of composite laminates.
IRJET- Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Poly Lactic Acid Embedded Na...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the mechanical properties of structures made using fused deposition modelling that are embedded with natural fibers such as cotton and sheep wool. Samples were made with varying numbers of laminates, infill densities, and raster angles. Tensile and flexural testing was performed according to ASTM standards and the results were statistically analyzed. It was found that maximum tensile and flexural strength occurred with 4 laminates, 100% infill density, and a 90° raster angle. The number of laminates and infill density had a direct proportional relationship with strength, while raster angle was found to be an insignificant parameter.
The document investigates the erosive wear performance of hybrid composites using the Taguchi approach. Hybrid composites of silk-jute-glass fiber reinforced epoxy were tested. The Taguchi method was used to design the experiment with factors like fiber percentage, impact angle, velocity, and distance. Results found that wear resistance increased as silk fiber percentage increased. Wear resistance of natural fibers was 90% of traditional glass fibers. Analysis found that the 10% silk reinforced glass composite had the highest signal-to-noise ratio, indicating best erosion resistance. It was concluded that natural fibers can provide erosion resistance close to traditional fibers.
This document discusses various types of textile testing instruments. It begins by explaining why quality testing is important for the textile industry in Bangladesh. It then lists the main reasons for textile testing such as checking raw materials and monitoring production. The document proceeds to describe different types of textile tests including mechanical, physical, chemical and product tests. It provides examples of specific instruments used such as the crimp rigidity tester, GSM cutters, and tensile testing machines. The document discusses the features and uses of several key textile testing instruments.
The document summarizes a study investigating the microstructure and mechanical properties of commercially pure aluminum produced using the Repetitive Corrugation and Straightening (RCS) severe plastic deformation (SPD) process. The study examined the effects of RCS process parameters like strain rate, number of passes, and plate thickness on the grain size, microhardness, and tensile strength of RCS aluminum specimens. Optical microscopy images showed that increasing the number of RCS passes led to finer grain refinement down to 3.1-4.7 microns, with the number of passes having the greatest influence followed by plate thickness and strain rate. The study provides insight into optimizing RCS parameters to develop ultrafine grain structures and
This document summarizes research on using a carbon dioxide laser to fade the color of cotton/kapok indigo denim fabric. Key findings include:
1) Laser treatment successfully faded the color of the cotton/kapok fabric, reducing the K/S value, while having little impact on thickness or permeability.
2) Tensile strength of the cotton/kapok fabric decreased with laser treatment, likely because the internal air of hollow kapok fibers was squeezed out.
3) Increasing laser power or decreasing speed led to greater reductions in both K/S values and strength, but negligible changes in thickness and permeability.
This document summarizes research on using a carbon dioxide laser to fade the color of cotton/kapok indigo denim fabric. Key findings include:
1) Laser treatment successfully faded the color of the cotton/kapok fabric, reducing the K/S value, while having little impact on thickness or permeability.
2) Tensile strength of the cotton/kapok fabric decreased with laser treatment, likely because the internal air of hollow kapok fibers was squeezed out.
3) Increasing laser power or decreasing speed led to greater reductions in both K/S values and strength, but negligible changes in thickness and permeability.
The document presents the results of an experimental investigation comparing the surface quality of different glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites when undergoing end milling. Specifically, it examines the effect of cutting parameters like spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on the resultant force, surface roughness, and delamination of uni-directional and bi-directional GFRP laminates milled with a solid carbide end mill. The experiments were designed using Taguchi methods and analyzed to determine the most significant parameters and draw conclusions about the machinability of different GFRP materials.
Impact of Piecing Index on Combed Yarn Qualityijtsrd
After combing operation is completed, the detaching rollers feedback a part of the previously formed web. The nippers swing forward and lay the just combed fringe onto the web portion projecting from the detaching rollers. This is called piecing of web in comber machine. Many parameters such as fibre properties, machine settings and process parameters affect the piecing and thus yarn quality. In this paper, the effect of piecing index on combed yarn quality was studied. Conventional and high speed comber machines were chosen and samples were taken by changing various piecing index. Based on the study, piecing index influences the sliver U , yarn IPI and classimat faults. Smaller variation in piecing index severely affects the sliver and yarn quality and no rule to determine the optimum piecing index for a particular process. A. Muralikrishnan "Impact of Piecing Index on Combed Yarn Quality" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52536.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/textile-engineering/52536/impact-of-piecing-index-on-combed-yarn-quality/a-muralikrishnan
Polyacrylonitrile and polylactic acid blend nanofibre spinning using needlele...OUTR, Bhubaneswar
Polyacrylonitrile and polylactic acid blend nanofibre spinning using needleless electrospinning technique, Keywords, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Spinning Solution Preparation, PAN with DMF, PAN and PLA Blend with DMF, PAN and PLA Blend with DMF and Acetone, Electrospinning, Analysis of Fibre Surface Morphology, Pore Size Analysis, Results and Discussion, Effect of PAN Concentration on Fibre Diameter, Effect of Potential Difference between Electrodes on Fibre Diameter, Effect of Distance between Two Electrodes, Effect of Relative Humidity on Fibre Diameter, Effect of Blending of PLA with PAN and DMF on Fibre Quality, Effect of Acetone on Spinnability and Fibre Diameter of PAN/PLA Blend, Pore Size Analysis of Nanofibre Mat Spun at Standardised Parameters, Conclusion, References.
Fracture Analysis of FDM Manufactured Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Using Fempaperpublications3
Abstract: The research paper gives the study about the fracture behavior of the rapid prototyping polymer material- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). The present work is performed for fracture analysis with experimental as well as finite element method. In this research, 9 specimens of ABS was produced by FDM technique, all of having different crack length and infill (parameter of FDM). The shape & size of specimen is selected as per ASTM D 5045. Experiment for fracture testing is conducted to measure stress intensity factor (SIF) and crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) for each & every specimen. Then fracture analysis have been done in FEM software- ANSYS and the comparison have been done for both results data for analysis.
Similar to Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD) (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN : 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 4, Issue 9 (November 2012), PP. 59-66
Effect of Raw Material Parameters on the Performance of
Mechanical Crimp Textured Yarn
Dr. S.S.Bhattacharya1, Dr. Tasnim N. Shaikh2, Dinesh J. Chudasama3
1,2,3
Textile Engg. Dept; Faculty of Tech. & Eng; ,M. S. University of Baroda; Baroda-390001;.INDIA.
Abstract:-Mechanical crimp texturising method was developed with the virtue of imparting economy and
versatility to the texturising process. Yarn produced by this technique has executed closer resemblance to
preferable ring spun yarn structure as well as properties to flat multifilament yarn. Commercial success of this
concept demands through study of impact of various raw materials, machine variables and process variables on the
performance of this innovative yarn. This research work thereby designed to identify the influence of raw material
variables on the mechanical crimp textured yarn performance. However, in order to avoid undue overlapping
machine variables as well as process variables were kept constant. Empirically optimised values of these variables
for polyester yarn have been adopted for this study. Fully drawn multifilament yarns belonging to two most
commercially popular groups viz; Polyester and Nylon, were textured at three different false twist levels. These
yarns were not only differing in terms of type of polymer group but also in terms of other contributing properties,
viz; yarn fineness, filament fineness, cross sectional shape etc.. However values of these variables were purely
restricted by the availability of variations from the manufacturer end. Comparative evaluation of texturising as
well mechanical properties of these product yarns have been done. All the samples irrespective of the material
have shown the rise in the percent bulk, linear density, percent extension, percent boiling water shrinkage with
finer trilobal cross section filament yarn. However, at identical yarn fineness, number of filaments (dpf) has
played a detrimental role than modulus of polymeric yarn.
Keywords:- Mechanical Crimp texturing, Techno-economics, Polyester, Polyamide, Mechanical properties, Bulk.
I. INTRODUCTION
Advent of texturising process in the man made textile field has moved the world into a new era. Synthetic yarn on
texturising has overcome from their limitations and also retained their favourable characteristics. This has widened the
spectrum of man made fiber/filament yarn application field1-3. However, earlier advent of false twist texturising was
restricted for thermoplastic yarns only due to use of heat for setting deformation 1-7. Later stage advent of air jet texturising
has lifted up this restriction by offering purely a mechanical mode. Hence it has its own limitations of economy of the
product. Main contributing factors for the higher cost are use of costlier compressed air and finer feeder yarn in addition to
lower production rates due to mechanical mode1-3,7-8. So, Mechanical crimp texturising concept was thought off by the
researchers. Details of Mechanical crimp texturising process and test procedures adopted for the evaluation of the product
obtained have already been explored in the earlier publications. So, it has not been quoted here again 9-12. Mechanical Crimp
Textured yarn is similar to spun yarns in terms of its appearance and physical characteristics. This similarity in the
appearance has aroused from the unique compact core and surface curls of different size, occurring at regular intervals along
its length9-10.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The structural characteristics, percent instability, bulk, linear density and strength of the product yarn determine
textured yarn performance. Such characteristics are affected by various process parameters, machine parameters and supply
yarn properties. Machine parameters as well as process parameters have already been optimized for polyester yarn9, 12. Using
these machine and process parameters, material parameters have only been varied in this research. This has done to identify
material parameters‟ influence on the product yarn behaviour without any undue overlapping. The work was divided into
two groups, viz;
A) Studying the effect of type of material, filament fineness (denier per filament), filament cross-section / type of
finish (bright, dull, semi dull).
B) Studying the effect of fineness of multifilament yarn for other identical raw-material characteristics.
Materials:
The characteristics of raw materials chosen for the group: A are given in table 1. For the group: B only fully drawn
polyester 100denier/48filaments yarn (group A) was used. It was used in single end (100d/48fils.), double end (200d/96fils.)
and triple end (300d/144fils.) form to study the effect of yarn fineness.
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2. Effect of Raw Material Parameters on the Performance of Mechanical Crimp Textured Yarn
Table-1 Properties of the Parent yarns.
(Group: A)
Sample Description of Elongation Tenacity Boiling Water U Spin
Code Parent Yarn (%) (gpd) Shrinkage (%) finish
(%) (%)
Ep Ef Tp Tf 8.5 1.80 0.90
N1 160d/48fils,White, T 42 28.5 4.6 4.69 8.5 1.80 0.90
N2 70d/24fils,White, T 42 29.3 4.8 4.92 8.5 1.80 0.90
N3 44d/24fils, White, C 42 30.2 4.7 4.88 3.0 1.10 1.10
P1 150d/72fils,Green,T 24 17.3 3.5 3.98 2.0 1.02 0.90
P2 100d/48fils, White,C 35 24.8 3.6 4.20 5.6 3.20 0.95
P3 70d/36fils, White,C 38 28.1 4.5 4.62 8.5 1.80 0.90
C = Circular, T = Trilobal, Ef = Extension of feeder yarn, Tf = Tenacity of feeder yarn, Ep = Elongation of parent yarn,
Tp = Tenacity of parent yarn,gpd =gram per denier.
Methods:
All the materials selected for the study were processed at the constant speed of 100 m/min on the Mechanical
crimp Texturising lab model machine with the constant pre twist factor of 24tex1/2.turns/c.m. and optimum false-twist. The
optimum false twist level K (twist per meter) has been calculated for all the samples using the empirical formula 9, 12
developed for polyester yarn (equation 1). Selection of under feed level was done as per mentioned in the earlier
publication12. Under feed of the order of 15 percent was taken for 150denier/72filaments denier polyester yarn and 25
percent for rest of the samples based on the percentage extension of the parent yarn. Products so obtained have been checked
for quality parameters like yarn appearance, mechanical properties, percentage boiling water shrinkage, percent instability,
percent bulk, percentage change in the linear density and tube knitting and dyeing test as per the methods described in the
earlier publications. Brief summary has been given in table 2
K (tpm) = 7151.7 – 53.9D + 0.2 D2 – 0.000255 D3 ………….. Equation 1
Table 2: Test Details
Type of Test Test Method Details
Structural Characteristics Ermascope Projection
Microscope (100 x)
Physical Properties
Denier BISFA method13
(1 m Wrap reel + LIBRORAEL- 40SM Balance);
Mechanical properties
Tenacity and Breaking Extension Lloyd tensile tester
(ASTM Standards D 2256-02)14
Gauge length: 500 mm,
Cross-head speed: 100 mm/min
Texturising Properties
Percent instability Du Pont method15
Bulk factor Burnip’s Method 5,10
Percent boiling water shrinkage BISFA method13
III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Structural Characteristics:
Effect of raw material characteristics on the structure of the product yarns are studied by using microscopical
views taken on Erma-scope at 100x magnification. The photographic views of the typical yarns, illustrating the visual
surface characteristics of these textured yarns are given in figure 2(a-b). It is observed that textured yarns produced with
finer filaments [Nylon sample-N3, 44d/24fils., and polyester yarn sample-P3, 70d/36fils.] possess higher small size curls as
compared to coarser denier filament yarns in the respective group. This behaviour is mainly attributed to the larger helix
60
3. Effect of Raw Material Parameters on the Performance of Mechanical Crimp Textured Yarn
angle formed by finer filaments with low bending and twisting rigidities at the optimum false-twist level2, 16. This has
allowed the filaments to undergo higher bending deformation thereby acquire increased crimp frequency of small size curls
[figure 2 (a)]. Higher differential in filament tension from core to sheath has boosted migration behaviour during false-
twisting, and thus resulted in formation of more number of crossed curls17-19. It can also be noticed from the results that
polyester yarns of different size but having identical filament fineness (2.08d) have behaved differently during texturising.
Yarn with trilobal cross-sectional filaments [sample P1; 150d/72fils.] has shown higher intensity of texturising over yarn
with circular cross-section filaments [sample-P2; 100d/48fils.]. This difference in the behaviour is mainly attributed to
presence of brighter finish trilobal constituent filaments. Hence the rigidity of the trilobal filaments are lower compared to
circular filaments, they can be bent easily during crimp formation 1-2, 17-20. Higher filament deviation from yarn longitudinal
axis and frequent movement of the flexible filaments (migration) during false-twisting has resulted in the formation of higher
number of small crossed curls [figure 2(a)]. The effects of total yarn linear density at identical filament fineness (i.e. number
of filaments) has been studied by folding two and three ends of 100d/ 48fils. polyester yarn to form 200d and 300 d yarns
respectively. Optimum false-twist value (K) for mechanical crimp textured polyester yarn [equation 1] is higher for finer
yarn (smaller value of D). So, it has undergone higher torsional bending1- 4, 21-22. Thereby textured yarn made up of finer
feeder yarn has exhibited smaller curls with a higher frequency as compared to the coarser one [figure 2(b)].
(a). Group A (b) Group B
Figure 2 Photographs of Microscopical Views of Textured Yarns
Change in Yarn Denier and Percent Bulk
(a) Effect of Type of Material
Higher values of bulk factor and increase in linear density values are reported for yarns consisting of finer filament for both
the polymer yarns under consideration [figure 3].
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4. Effect of Raw Material Parameters on the Performance of Mechanical Crimp Textured Yarn
(a) Nylon Group (b) Polyester Group
Figure 3 Effect of Type of Material on Denier and Bulk of Textured Yarn
Increased crimpiness has also allowed textured yarns to undergo more contraction, thereby more shortening in
length, resulted in increased volume and linear density as compared to other samples under consideration. More increase in
linear density and bulk has been reported on the account of coarser 150d yarn as compared to finer 100d yarn of polyester;
although constituent filament fineness is same [figure 3(b) and figure 4(b)]. This inherent bulkiness of coarser yarn is due to
less close packing of the trilobal filaments22-23 . This has provoked presence of more air interstices in the structure and
enhanced the bulk-factor of product yarn. Higher filament deviation from yarn longitudinal axis and frequent movement of
the flexible filaments (migration) during false-twisting has resulted in the formation of higher number of small crossed curls
[figure 2(a)], as mentioned earlier. This frequent migration along with higher crimpiness promoted increased contraction in
the textured yarn linear length. It has been resulted in increased linear density along with the bulk of the product yarn,
although it is coarser. In the absence of availability of such comparable samples for nylon group, practical significance of
this theory remains unchecked for it.
(b) Comparison of Same fineness Nylon and (a) Comparison of Same filament fineness
Polyester Yarns Polyester Yarns
62
5. Effect of Raw Material Parameters on the Performance of Mechanical Crimp Textured Yarn
(c) Instability (%) and Boiling water shrinkage(%) (d) Instability (%) and Boiling water shrinkage(%)
of Nylon Yarns of Polyester Yarns
Figure 4 Effect of Type of Material on Texturising Properties
Tensile modulus of polyester (4.5 N/tex) is higher than nylon (1.7-3.3 N/tex)1. Higher bending and torsional
stiffnesses, expectedly makes migration and bending more difficult for acquiring crimpy configuration for polyester as
compared to nylon1- 4. So, for the equivalent 70d supply yarn higher increase denier and bulk of the textured nylon yarn is
expected. But against this theoretical prediction higher rise in linear density and bulk has been observed for textured 70d
polyester yarn [figure 4(a)]. This contradiction from theoretical expectation is mainly arrived from the difference in the
constituent filament fineness. Bending and torsional stiffness are directly proportional to the second moment of area about a
diameter and to the polar second moment of area respectively. Therefore, the smaller the second moment of areas, the
smaller the forces and torques required to bend and twist the filaments respectively18, 24. Thereby high tensile modulus, but
fine constituent (1.9 denier) filaments polyester yarn has undergone more intensive bending deformation during texturising
than flexible but coarse constituent (2.9 denier) filaments nylon yarn. Thus filament fineness has played a decisive role over
total yarn fineness in confining texturising properties of mechanical crimp textured yarn.
(b) Effect of Yarn Fineness
Figure 5 Effect of Yarn Fineness on Texturising Properties
The effect of yarn fineness on texturising properties is given graphically in figure 5(a-b). It can be observed from
the results [figure 5(a)] that single-end yarn sample has executed highest linear density and bulk values. The possible
explanation for this behaviour can be given with reference to false twist texturising. At optimum false-twist level finer yarn
get twisted to a higher twist angle1-2, 16. Thereby textured yarn made up of finer feeder yarn likely to exhibit smaller curls
with a higher frequency as compared to the coarse one. Photographs of microscopical views [figure 2(b)] represents surface
characteristics of all product yarns under consideration substantiate this presumption. Pre-twist factor being constant,
increased shortening of the length of flat filaments are mainly due to higher degree of crimping attained. More the
contraction in length more will be the increase in denier. Thus yarn fineness has shown the similar trend to that of filament
fineness in terms of bulk and linear density characteristics of the product yarn.
Percent Instability
Better texturised nylon yarn (sample N3) has executed better stability [figure 5(c)]. The low instability value is
mainly attributed to the enhanced interfilament friction due to increased mingling, holds the entangled curls together under
63
6. Effect of Raw Material Parameters on the Performance of Mechanical Crimp Textured Yarn
the applied loads. As the filaments get coarser, the entanglement and curl formation deteriorate, producing yarns with fewer
curls and poorly entangled cores resulting in an increase in yarn instability.
However, in case of polyester, compared to better textured 70denier/36 filaments yarn, 100denier/48fils. yarn has executed
lower instability value[figure 5(d)]. This higher instability value of finer denier polyester yarn probably arises from the
greater number of curls, increasing the likelihood of curl removal. So, it can‟t be interpreted as the degradation of texturising
quality. It should be looked along with increase in linear density value [figure 3 (b)], which substantiate the argument.
Similar behaviour is also observed for polyester yarns with identical filament fineness (2.08 denier). Although well-
texturised, 150d/48fils. yarn has shown higher instability value as compared to 100d/48fils. yarn [figure 4(d)]. However
instability values in both the cases are well within the acceptable limit25. Better stability is shown by 70d polyester yarn as
compared to equivalent size nylon yarn under consideration [figure 4(a)]. Presence of more number of finer filaments during
bulking has played a decisive role in this case. Enhanced degree of intermingling has resulted due to more number of
participating finer filaments18, 24. Single-end yarn is found more unstable as compared to two-end or three-end yarns. It can
also be seen that two fold yarn is more stable than single yarn, but further increase in the number of ends to three, the
instability value again increases [figure 5]. This has attributed to the participation of number of filaments in the texturising
zone. Inter-filament frictional get increases with number of filaments, adversely affects its mobility to acquire new
configuration26-27. Moreover use of coarser yarn reduces area of contact per filament at false twist spindle during
texturising28-29. Thus reduces bending torque per filament during texturising, resulted in reduced filament migration during
false-twisting and thereby reduced potential of intermingling for three-fold yarn. Reduced mingling along with use of
constant pre twist factor has reduced lateral binding forces for the crimpy configuration and enhanced instability. Reduction
in bulk and denier values of coarse denier product yarn [figure 3(a-b)] also substantiates deterioration in the level of
texturising.
Percent Boiling Water Shrinkage
Although, better textured and having identical boiling water shrinkage of parent yarn (Table 1), 44d/24fils. Nylon
yarn, has executed comparatively lower shrinkage as compared to 70 d/24fils. [figure 4(c)]. This is attributed to less compact
packing of trilobal cross-section coarser filaments of 70denier yarn resulted in more interstices for water to interact 22-23.
Well textured, finer 70d/36fils. polyester yarn having identical parent yarn boiling water shrinkage to the rest of samples in
group, has exhibited highest boiling water shrinkage [figure 4(d)]. Thus shrinkage of textured yarn depends upon polymer
characteristics on getting wet and degree of deformation attained during texturising process. However, percent boiling water
shrinkage has shown rising trend along with increase in yarn fineness for identical filament characteristics [figure 5].
Mechanical Properties
It can be seen from table 3 that on mechanical crimp texturising better textured finer filaments nylon as well as
polyester yarns [sample N3 and sample P3 respectively] have executed poor strength realization and highest percent
extension compared to others. This is due to their more obliquity inside the yarn structure. Effect of filament fineness on the
mechanical properties of the nylon yarn has been illustrated graphically in figure 6(a). It is apparent from that finer filaments
have gone under more extensive texturising. Thereby higher drop in tenacity has been registered due to increased deviation
from the longitudinal axis. Similarly enhanced percent extension of the product yarn is also attributed towards the opening of
higher curls formed before rupture [figure 2(a)]. However, filament fineness is almost identical for all selected polyester
yarns, so such comparison is not possible.
Table 3 Mechanical Properties
Property Type of Yarn
Nylon Polyester
Sample code N1 N2 N3 P1 P2 P3
(Denier/fils.) (160/48) (70/24) (44/24) (150/72) (100/48) (70/36)
1. Drop in Tenacity (%) 25.61 34.71 36.54 29.14 25.21 35.55
2. Increase in Extension (%) 36.11 58.43 68.33 52.48 49.58 55.75
From the results it is clear that better textured single end yarn has exhibited highest drop in tenacity and increase in
percent extension as compared to other samples [figure 6(b)]. Increased inter filament friction and deterioration in texturising
quality, in the presence of more number of constituents has stopped further drop in tenacity and reduced extension of two-
fold as well as for three-fold yarns.
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7. Effect of Raw Material Parameters on the Performance of Mechanical Crimp Textured Yarn
(a) Effect of Filament Fineness (b) Effect of Yarn Fineness
Figure 6 Mechanical Properties
Percent spin finish value of all the samples under study is almost identical (table 1). So, no profound difference in
the behaviour for negligible difference in spin finish has been noticed for either group of yarn under study.
IV. CONCLUSION
Mechanical Crimp Texturising process offers an alternative route than spun yarn for bulking flat multifilament
yarn. Versatility in terms of raw-material makes the process true for large domain of end users. Even simplicity of
production process reduces burden of maintenance and storage also facilitates in declining the product cost. Two distinct
groups of yarns, viz; Nylon and Polyester of different yarn denier, denier per filament, cross-sectional shape, type of finish
and number of filaments within each group were used to study their effect on the structure and properties of mechanical
crimp textured yarns. At comparable false twist level formation of uniform small size curls for finer filament yarns
irrespective of type of material used in the form of closed or crossed curls have yield curls of higher frequency. Thereby they
have exhibited higher bulk factor (Ө) and increased linear density. Presence of more number of finer filaments during
bulking has enhanced degree of intermingling; thereby 70d polyester yarn has exhibited better stability and bulk as compared
to equivalent nylon yarn but with coarser constituent filaments. Nylon yarn with finer and trilobal cross section filaments has
executed poor strength realization compared to others as they were more prone to drawing and twisting action resulted in
more obliquity inside the yarn structure. As a consequence of this finer dpf and trilobal cross-section nylon yarn has
executed highest extension at break. Percent spin finish value for all the samples under study were almost identical. No
profound difference in the behaviour for either group of yarn has been noticed for negligible difference in spin finish. Thus
limitations of availability of the sample has restricted in exploring response of some material variables like spin-finish, dull
yarn etc towards new system. Finer single end yarn has exhibits smaller curls with a higher crimp frequency at a constant
pre-twist level resulted in increased bulk, denier, extension, instability and reduction in tenacity. With the increase in number
of filaments of same fineness, more efficient intermingling is observed, thereby yarn with two fold constituent filaments is
found more stable than single yarn. But further increase in the number of ends from two-end to three-end, the yarn instability
value has again increased. This has happened due to excessive increase in the filament frictional contact that has reduced its
mobility. Also use of coarser yarn has reduces area of contact between filament and false twist spindle (magnetic-pin) during
texturising, resulted in poor mingling as well as crimpiness.
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