The document provides an overview of basic networking concepts including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex communication modes, analog and digital signals, intranets and the internet, types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN, and CAN, common networking devices like hubs, switches and routers, and IP addressing. Each concept is defined in 1-2 sentences with examples given for clarification.

1. Basic Networking Connection
Submitted by:
Md. Sohanur Rahman
ID: 1834902135
Batch : 49 (B)
Program: CSE (Day)

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Topics
 Simplex
 Half-Duplex
 Full-Duplex
 Analog Signal
 Digital Signal
 Intranet & Internet
 LAN
 MAN
 CAN
 WAN
 HUB
 Switch
 Router
 MAC Address

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Simplex
 Simplex is a communications mode in which only one signal is
transmitted, and it always goes in the same direction.
 Example:
 TV
 Radio

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Half - Duplex
 In a half-duplex system, both parties can communicate with
each other, but not simultaneously; the communication is one
direction at a time.
 Example:
 Walkie-talkie
 two-way radio

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Full - Duplex
 The term full-duplex describes simultaneous data transmission
and receptions over one channel. A full-duplex device is
capable of bi-directional network data transmissions at the
same time
 Example:
 Cell phone


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Analog Signal & Digital Signal
 An analog signal uses a given property of the medium to
convey the signal's information, such as electricity moving
through a wire.
 A digital signal can only take on one value from a finite set of
possible values at a given time

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Intranet
 An intranet can be defined
as a private network used by
an organization. Its primary
purpose is to help
employees securely
communicate with each
other, to store information,
and to help collaborate

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Internet
 The Internet is a global
network of billions of
computers and other
electronic devices. With the
Internet, it's possible to
access almost any
information, communicate
with anyone else in the
world, and do much more

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LANs
 LAN – (Local area Network)
 -Is a group of computers and associated devices that share a
common communication line or wireless link and typicaly share
the resources of a single processor or server withen a small
geographic area
 -Usually the server has applications and data storages that are
shared in common by multiple computer users.
 - A local area network may serve as few as two or three users

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MAN
 - Wireless metropolitan area networks
(WMANs) are used to establish wireless
connections between multiple locations within a
metropolitan area, such as between multiple
office buildings in a city or on a university
campus, without the high cost of laying fiber or
leasing lines.
 - It works on ring or bus topology with a
protection link, thus data can be transmitted or
received simultaneously over nodes and if one
link fails the other will keep the network live

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CAN
 - A campus area network (CAN) is a
computer network that spans a limited
geographic area. CANs interconnect multiple
local area networks (LAN) within an
educational or corporate campus
 - CANs are smaller than metropolitan area
networks (MAN) and wide area networks
(WAN), which stretch over large geographic
areas

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WAN
 - A wide area network (also known as
WAN), is a large network of information that
is not tied to a single location. WANs can
facilitate communication, the sharing of
information and much more between devices
from around the world through a WAN
provider
 - WANs are either point-to-point, involving a
direct connection between two sites, or
operate across packet-switched networks

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HUB
 - A network hub is a node that broadcasts
data to every computer or Ethernet-based
device connected to it. A hub is less
sophisticated than a switch, the latter of
which can isolate data transmissions to
specific devices. Network hubs are best
suited for small, simple local area network
(LAN) environments
 - that allows you to connect multiple PCs to a
single network. It is used to connect
segments of a LAN

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Switch
 - A switch is a device in a computer network
that connects other devices together.
Multiple data cables are plugged into a
switch to enable communication between
different networked devices.
 - With a switch, packets are directed only to
the port that leads to the device that packets
are addressed to. Switches typically connect
LAN segments

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Router
 - A router is a device that connects two or
more packet-switched networks or
subnetworks.
 - A router is a layer 3 or network layer
device.
 - It connects different networks together and
sends data packets from one network to
another.
 - A router can be used both in LANs (Local
Area Networks) and WANs (Wide Area
Networks).
 - It transfers data in the form of IP packets.

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IP Address
 - An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network. IP stands for
"Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format of data sent via the internet or local network.
It’s contain 32 bit
 - version
 IPv4 → 127.220.5.150
 IPv6
 Five Class -
 Class A → 1 – 126
 Class b → 128 – 191
 Class C → 192 - 223
 Class D → 224 – 239
 Class E → 240 – 255
 127.0.0.0 it’s a Loop Back Address