The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Impact of the salinity gradient on the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsiden...EdytaSierka
Archives of Environmental Protection, 2014
This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in fl ooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mg•l-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fi eldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential. The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mg•l-1. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identifi ed as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota. The analysis showed statistically signifi cant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity signifi cantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.
1) The BEAMR methodology was developed to assess marginal reef habitats characterized by impoverished communities and biogeographic limits. It uses quadrat sampling to characterize communities through functional groups rather than indicator species.
2) BEAMR was used to monitor the efficacy of an artificial reef constructed as mitigation for a beach nourishment project in Broward County, FL that would impact natural hardbottom. Over time, the artificial reef community became increasingly similar to the natural hardbottom community.
3) BEAMR monitoring found that while the beach construction caused a disturbance, it did not significantly change the temporal patterns of functional groups on experimental transects compared to control transects.
This study assessed the baseline water quality and ecology of 7 streams near Geneva Marsh in Crawford County, Pennsylvania before construction of a proposed tire burning plant. Land use in the watersheds was analyzed using GIS and remote sensing. Water quality parameters like phosphorous and macroinvertebrate communities were assessed. Results showed urban land use decreased phosphorous and agricultural land use decreased sensitive macroinvertebrate taxa. The 3 streams with the highest agricultural and urban land use (Towpath, Shafer Run, and Williams Run) were identified for further monitoring after plant construction.
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding peatland hydrology and their implications. Early research focused on water table levels and impacts of drainage ditches. Recent studies show peatlands have complex 3D hydrology with saturated areas, macropores, and multiple flow pathways producing rapid runoff. This challenges the view of peatlands as "sponges." Improved understanding is significant for predicting DOC and flood runoff, which has non-linear relationships with rainfall and varies with drainage. While drainage may increase short-term storage, it also creates fast flow paths exacerbating floods in the long-run. The spatial and temporal complexity of peatland hydrology needs to be considered at the landscape scale.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of bog restoration through clearfelling on drainage water chemistry at Flanders Moss, a raised bog in Scotland. Preliminary results show that clearfelling led to increased levels of phosphate, dissolved organic carbon, color, and pH in drainage waters. The study is ongoing to further monitor how restoration activities may impact water quality and freshwater ecology over time. The goal is to provide guidance on best practices for peatland restoration to prevent negative effects on receiving waters and local species like freshwater pearl mussels.
This study was aimed to know the sedimentation rate and the total suspended solid of the estuary in
relation to the implementation of melombo culture practice area. The sedimentation rate was measured using
sediment traps placed in 3 set stations and data were taken for 8 months of two weeks interval. The sediment
traps weremade of PVC pipe, 11.5 cm long and 5 cm diameter and located at 20 cm above the sea bottom.
Sediment samples were firstly soaked in freshwater for approximately 4 hours to remove salt content.
Sedimentation rate was determined as πr
2
h/time length, while Total Suspensi Solid (TSS) followed the formula
of Eaton, et al (1995). Results showed that the sediment trapped in station 1 ranged from 5.6 cm (109.9 cm3
) –
7.7 cm (151.11 cm3
) with an average of 6.61 cm (129.7 cm3
), station 2 from 5.3 cm (104 cm3
) to 8.5 cm (166.8
cm
3
) with an average of 7.18 cm (140.9 cm3
) and station 3 from 3.8 cm (74.6 cm3
) to 7.6 cm (149.2 cm3
) with an
average of 6.8 cm (133.8 cm3
), respectively. Total suspended solids (TSS) ranged from 18.28 to 50.60 with an
average of29.165 (29.59%) for station 1, 27.84 to 47.48 with an average of38.99 (39.56%) for station 2, and
18.28 to 50.60 with an average of 30.405 (30.85%) for station 3, respectively.Based upon the decree of Living
Environment Minister Numbered 51, 2004, for marine biota, the TSS has been above the standard seawater
quality.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document discusses sea water intrusion issues affecting the Los Osos groundwater basin. It notes that pumping from the lower aquifer currently exceeds sustainable yields, causing sea water to move inland. Actions to address the problem include reducing pumping, shifting wells eastward, and attempting to use the upper aquifer via treatment. Studies are ongoing to better understand the basin and develop a management plan to balance water usage and protect water quality long term. The wastewater project will also need to be coordinated to sustainably return treated water to the basin.
Impact of the salinity gradient on the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsiden...EdytaSierka
Archives of Environmental Protection, 2014
This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in fl ooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mg•l-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fi eldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential. The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mg•l-1. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identifi ed as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota. The analysis showed statistically signifi cant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity signifi cantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in fl ooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.
1) The BEAMR methodology was developed to assess marginal reef habitats characterized by impoverished communities and biogeographic limits. It uses quadrat sampling to characterize communities through functional groups rather than indicator species.
2) BEAMR was used to monitor the efficacy of an artificial reef constructed as mitigation for a beach nourishment project in Broward County, FL that would impact natural hardbottom. Over time, the artificial reef community became increasingly similar to the natural hardbottom community.
3) BEAMR monitoring found that while the beach construction caused a disturbance, it did not significantly change the temporal patterns of functional groups on experimental transects compared to control transects.
This study assessed the baseline water quality and ecology of 7 streams near Geneva Marsh in Crawford County, Pennsylvania before construction of a proposed tire burning plant. Land use in the watersheds was analyzed using GIS and remote sensing. Water quality parameters like phosphorous and macroinvertebrate communities were assessed. Results showed urban land use decreased phosphorous and agricultural land use decreased sensitive macroinvertebrate taxa. The 3 streams with the highest agricultural and urban land use (Towpath, Shafer Run, and Williams Run) were identified for further monitoring after plant construction.
This document summarizes recent advances in understanding peatland hydrology and their implications. Early research focused on water table levels and impacts of drainage ditches. Recent studies show peatlands have complex 3D hydrology with saturated areas, macropores, and multiple flow pathways producing rapid runoff. This challenges the view of peatlands as "sponges." Improved understanding is significant for predicting DOC and flood runoff, which has non-linear relationships with rainfall and varies with drainage. While drainage may increase short-term storage, it also creates fast flow paths exacerbating floods in the long-run. The spatial and temporal complexity of peatland hydrology needs to be considered at the landscape scale.
This document summarizes a study investigating the effects of bog restoration through clearfelling on drainage water chemistry at Flanders Moss, a raised bog in Scotland. Preliminary results show that clearfelling led to increased levels of phosphate, dissolved organic carbon, color, and pH in drainage waters. The study is ongoing to further monitor how restoration activities may impact water quality and freshwater ecology over time. The goal is to provide guidance on best practices for peatland restoration to prevent negative effects on receiving waters and local species like freshwater pearl mussels.
This study was aimed to know the sedimentation rate and the total suspended solid of the estuary in
relation to the implementation of melombo culture practice area. The sedimentation rate was measured using
sediment traps placed in 3 set stations and data were taken for 8 months of two weeks interval. The sediment
traps weremade of PVC pipe, 11.5 cm long and 5 cm diameter and located at 20 cm above the sea bottom.
Sediment samples were firstly soaked in freshwater for approximately 4 hours to remove salt content.
Sedimentation rate was determined as πr
2
h/time length, while Total Suspensi Solid (TSS) followed the formula
of Eaton, et al (1995). Results showed that the sediment trapped in station 1 ranged from 5.6 cm (109.9 cm3
) –
7.7 cm (151.11 cm3
) with an average of 6.61 cm (129.7 cm3
), station 2 from 5.3 cm (104 cm3
) to 8.5 cm (166.8
cm
3
) with an average of 7.18 cm (140.9 cm3
) and station 3 from 3.8 cm (74.6 cm3
) to 7.6 cm (149.2 cm3
) with an
average of 6.8 cm (133.8 cm3
), respectively. Total suspended solids (TSS) ranged from 18.28 to 50.60 with an
average of29.165 (29.59%) for station 1, 27.84 to 47.48 with an average of38.99 (39.56%) for station 2, and
18.28 to 50.60 with an average of 30.405 (30.85%) for station 3, respectively.Based upon the decree of Living
Environment Minister Numbered 51, 2004, for marine biota, the TSS has been above the standard seawater
quality.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The document discusses sea water intrusion issues affecting the Los Osos groundwater basin. It notes that pumping from the lower aquifer currently exceeds sustainable yields, causing sea water to move inland. Actions to address the problem include reducing pumping, shifting wells eastward, and attempting to use the upper aquifer via treatment. Studies are ongoing to better understand the basin and develop a management plan to balance water usage and protect water quality long term. The wastewater project will also need to be coordinated to sustainably return treated water to the basin.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology that analyzes nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Moulares-Redayef mining basin in Tunisia. The study area contains unconfined aquifers that supply water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Nitrate levels were found to exceed drinking water standards in some wells, likely due to fertilizer application and wastewater disposal. The study evaluates land for vulnerability to nitrate contamination using a modified DRASTIC method in a GIS. Sampled wells showed higher and more frequent nitrate detections in alluvial areas. The analysis aims to inform fertilizer management strategies and land use planning to protect groundwater
The ICAR Indian Institute of Water Management was established in 1988 and aims to develop improved water management technologies through research. It conducts research through five programs: rainwater management, canal water management, groundwater management, waterlogged area management, and on-farm research and technology transfer.
The document then discusses the design of creek irrigation systems. It defines tidal creeks and explains how salinity varies in creeks over tidal cycles. It also discusses factors that influence salinity changes like urbanization. The document outlines the process for designing creek irrigation systems which includes determining design discharge, selecting a cross-sectional shape based on soil type and erosion control needs, using Manning's formula to calculate dimensions, and adding freeboard
This document is a thesis submitted to Plymouth University that examines the statistical reliability of sediment sampling methodology for contaminated estuaries. It analyzes metal concentration data from samples collected on grids from two estuaries in southwest England. Various sampling design elements are evaluated, including sieving pretreatment and spatial variability. Monte Carlo resampling is used to compare three sampling strategies with different sample sizes and spatial scales. The study aims to address assumptions in typical sampling designs and propose a generalized approach grounded in statistical reliability for future contamination surveys.
Integrated geophysical methods for groundwater exploration in a kBOURHEN EDDINE AFLI
The integrated use of audio frequency telluric and electrical resistivity tomography methods provides an efficient approach for groundwater exploration in karst areas with or without thin cover. Two case studies from Tai'an City, China are presented:
1) In the first case, audio frequency telluric profiling identified lower potential anomalies indicating water-filled karst zones. Electrical resistivity tomography lines perpendicular to these anomalies revealed vertical variations in resistivity, locating karst fractures and caves for well drilling.
2) The second case similarly used audio frequency telluric to constrain the orientation of water-bearing zones, then electrical resistivity tomography along this strike. Lower resistivity anomalies indicated favorable zones for locating a productive well.
2010 effects of fish farming on the biological and geochemical properties of ...earambulm3
This study examined how fish farming activities affect the biological and geochemical properties of muddy and sandy sediments in the Mediterranean Sea. Samples were collected from sites near four fish farms and analyzed for total organic carbon, total organic nitrogen, oxygen consumption, phosphate release, and benthic diversity. Results showed that samples from silty sediments near fish farms had higher levels of organic carbon and nitrogen, higher oxygen consumption, higher phosphate release, and lower benthic diversity compared to reference sites. Muddy sites were more significantly impacted than coarse sediment sites. The study suggests that organic enrichment from fish farming affects muddy and sandy sediments differently due to their distinct biogeochemical characteristics.
Exploration and Exploitation Groundwater From Journal and MaterialsMartheana Kencanawati
This document discusses various methods for exploring and exploiting groundwater resources, including surface exploration techniques like remote sensing, geophysical methods, and geological mapping, as well as subsurface techniques like test drilling and geophysical well logging. It provides details on specific surface geophysical methods like electrical resistivity, seismic refraction and reflection, and gravitational surveys. Subsurface techniques covered include well construction, borehole geophysical logging tools for measuring resistivity, spontaneous potential, natural gamma radiation, neutron porosity, temperature, and borehole diameter. The document emphasizes integrating multiple exploration techniques to better understand subsurface geology and locate groundwater.
Hernández-Terrones et al. (2010) Groundwater pollution in a karstic region (...Emiliano Monroy Ríos
This document summarizes a study on groundwater pollution in a karstic region along the northeast coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. Water samples were collected from wells, mangroves, beaches, submarine springs, the reef lagoon, and open sea to analyze nutrient levels and trace the flow between environments. High nitrate and coliform bacteria indicated groundwater pollution spreading to coastal ecosystems. Nitrogen flux to the lagoon through groundwater was estimated at 2.4 tons per km per year, and phosphorus at 75-217 kg per km per year, evidencing the need for integrated management of aquifers and coastal areas.
This document discusses a study that evaluated the impact of changing land use/land cover (LULC) on the hydrological processes in the Dal lake catchment in Kashmir Himalayas from 1992 to 2005. Satellite data and a hydrological model were used to analyze LULC changes over time, identify factors contributing to changes, and simulate the effects on runoff, erosion, and sedimentation. The results showed that decreased vegetation cover and increased impervious surfaces due to human activities led to greater runoff, erosion, and sediment discharge, disrupting the lake ecosystem.
Status of Phytoplankton Community of Kisumu Bay, Winam Gulf, Lake Victoria, K...theijes
Lake Victoria has undergone remarkable and diverse ecological perturbations which are as a result of physical, chemical and biological processes, together with human activities that take place in the watershed area and within the lake itself. The most observed effects include increases in phytoplankton biomass and frequent algal blooms. In this study species composition, abundance, spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton as well as total phytoplankton biomass of Kisumu Bay, (Winam Gulf), Lake Victoria, Kenya was studied for six months in the wake of climate change. Sampling was done every two weeks using a Van Dorn Water sampler to take water samples and algal cells were counted under an inverted microscope with the help of a Sedge-Wick Rafter Cell in order to determine density. Phytoplankton biomass indicated by chlorophyll-content was determined through cold extraction in acetone and subsequent quantification by spectrophotometry. Physicochemical parameters were measured in situ using respective meters, while plant nutrient levels were determined by spectrophotometric methods following standard methods of APHA 1985 and Gems (1992) Handbook. ANOVA test was used to determine any temporal and spatial variability in the biological factors. Regression and Pearson’s correlation analyses were done to establish relationships between these factors. LSD test was done to determine means which were significantly different. The results indicated that a total of 36 genera of algae belonging to Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Pyrrophyta were present, with dominance of the classes in terms of number of species being in that order. Chroococcus species was the most abundant and its density was significantly different from all the others. Most algal species were more or less homogenously distributed in the bay (p=1.0000) and over the study period (p=1.0000), but their densities varied significantly between different species (p<0.0001). From these results, it can be concluded that the phytoplankton community within the bay is becoming very dynamic and could possibly portray the status in the whole lake. Diatoms are becoming increasingly dominant. There is continual increasing trend in physico-chemical factors. The information obtained from this work contributes to the understanding of ecological changes in the bay in response to climate change and variability and thus the threat to biodiversity. This information is therefore important for ecological and management purposes of the lake and understanding effects of climate change on ecosystem structure, functioning and productivity.
The document summarizes a study on variations in groundwater flow potential in parts of Imo State, Nigeria. Ten boreholes across the study area underlain by the Benin Formation were investigated. Transmissivity values, which indicate groundwater flow potential, ranged from 311.04 to 388,800 m2/day. The highest potential was at Futo borehole, while the lowest was at Uratta. The study area was segmented into areas of moderate and high potential. Areas with lower hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity values generally had moderate potential, while others with higher values had high potential. The groundwater flow potential model shows potential increases from north to south. The transmissivity values obtained can support sustainable groundwater
This research makes use of the remote sensing, simulation modeling and field observations to assess the non-point source pollution load of a Himalayan lake from its catchment.
This document provides information on constructed wetlands, which are shallow depressions that receive stormwater inputs for water quality treatment. They are typically less than 1 foot deep and have variable microtopography to promote dense wetland cover. Constructed wetlands are designed to achieve different levels of pollutant removal based on factors like plant community, hydrology source, and landscape position. They can reduce pollutants like phosphorus and nitrogen from stormwater and help control water flow. The document outlines design criteria for constructed wetlands including sizing, geometry, vegetation, and other considerations.
Marine Fertilization and Carbon SequestrationIslam Md Jakiul
This case study examines the effects of bottom trawling on deep ocean floors. It finds that bottom trawling directly impacts fish populations and seabed communities by modifying physical properties of sediments, chemical exchanges, and sediment fluxes. Through repeated trawling, the morphology of continental slopes is gradually altered as the seafloor becomes smoother over time. Trawling also reduces habitat heterogeneity and complexity, potentially affecting biodiversity. Large sediment volumes can be redistributed downslope through trawling activities, comparable to effects of forest clear-cutting on land. Tight regulations are needed to minimize impacts of deep sea mining and protect unique hydrothermal vent ecosystems and their biodiversity. Natural iron fertilization can also effectively sequester carbon in
This document summarizes a study on the biogeochemistry of dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon along terrestrial-aquatic flowpaths in a montane headwater catchment in the Peruvian Amazon. The study investigated spatial and temporal variations in nutrient concentrations from upland soils to streams under baseflow and stormflow conditions. Key findings include: 1) During baseflow, strong terrestrial controls maintained relatively constant nitrate levels in streams compared to more variable upland soils; 2) Dissolved organic nitrogen dominated stream nitrogen despite decreasing concentrations from uplands; 3) Phosphorus concentrations showed the inverse pattern, with higher levels in streams than uplands. 4) Stoichiometric ratios contrasted between uplands and streams
2009 assessment effects of cage culture on nitrogenearambulm3
This document summarizes a study that investigated nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing periods for a fish cage farm located in a shallow lake in China. The study analyzed total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels in lake water and sediment during two fish rearing cycles from 2000-2001. Key findings include:
1) Nutrient levels increased more during the first rearing cycle than the second.
2) Impacts were greatest near the cages (underneath and at cage sides), with higher sedimentation of nitrogen and phosphorus observed at cage sides.
3) After 3 months of fallowing, water nutrient levels decreased significantly but sediment nutrient levels remained high, indicating recovery occurs during fallowing
This document summarizes a study that examined the links between groundwater quality, residence times, and regional geology in the St. Lawrence Lowlands region of Quebec, Canada. The study focused on a 4,500 km2 watershed and analyzed samples from 150 wells for major ions and other parameters. Tritium, helium isotopes, and radiocarbon dating were used to estimate groundwater residence times ranging from under 5 years to over 60 years. Higher residence times were correlated with more evolved water chemistries. Elevated concentrations of barium, fluoride, iron, and manganese that exceeded drinking water limits were found to originate from Paleozoic bedrock units due to hydrothermal fluid circulation and subglacial recharge
Hydrochemical characterization, classification and evaluation of groundwater ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of groundwater quality in the Sirsa watershed region of Nalagarh Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. 32 groundwater samples were collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters. The results showed that parameters like chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate and nitrate were within desirable limits, but pH, total hardness and magnesium exceeded limits at some locations. 50% of samples exceeded desirable limits for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and calcium. Classification of samples revealed calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate water types. Most samples fell into normal categories for chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate. Analysis indicated majority of samples were sodium
The document provides an overview of the 6-step Watershed Condition Framework (WCF) process used by the U.S. Forest Service to assess and improve watershed health. Step 1 involves classifying watershed condition based on 12 indicators related to aquatic and terrestrial processes. Forest specialists score each indicator's attributes to determine an overall watershed condition class of 1 (properly functioning), 2 (functioning at risk), or 3 (impaired function). Step 2 prioritizes watersheds for restoration based on considerations like impaired waters. Steps 3-6 involve developing and implementing watershed action plans, tracking accomplishments, and monitoring effectiveness.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes research on optimizing nitrogen species catalyzed (NSC) pressure leaching to treat complex sulfide concentrates. Bench-scale testing was conducted on two composite concentrate samples to evaluate metal recoveries and avoid forming lead-containing residues that are difficult to process. A statistical experimental design was used to optimize leach conditions such as grind time, acid concentration, temperature, and time. The optimized process produced a lead sulfide residue suitable for conventional smelting. Overall, NSC pressure leaching effectively extracted over 90% of silver, zinc, copper, nickel and cobalt into solution while avoiding problematic residues.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology that analyzes nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Moulares-Redayef mining basin in Tunisia. The study area contains unconfined aquifers that supply water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Nitrate levels were found to exceed drinking water standards in some wells, likely due to fertilizer application and wastewater disposal. The study evaluates land for vulnerability to nitrate contamination using a modified DRASTIC method in a GIS. Sampled wells showed higher and more frequent nitrate detections in alluvial areas. The analysis aims to inform fertilizer management strategies and land use planning to protect groundwater
The ICAR Indian Institute of Water Management was established in 1988 and aims to develop improved water management technologies through research. It conducts research through five programs: rainwater management, canal water management, groundwater management, waterlogged area management, and on-farm research and technology transfer.
The document then discusses the design of creek irrigation systems. It defines tidal creeks and explains how salinity varies in creeks over tidal cycles. It also discusses factors that influence salinity changes like urbanization. The document outlines the process for designing creek irrigation systems which includes determining design discharge, selecting a cross-sectional shape based on soil type and erosion control needs, using Manning's formula to calculate dimensions, and adding freeboard
This document is a thesis submitted to Plymouth University that examines the statistical reliability of sediment sampling methodology for contaminated estuaries. It analyzes metal concentration data from samples collected on grids from two estuaries in southwest England. Various sampling design elements are evaluated, including sieving pretreatment and spatial variability. Monte Carlo resampling is used to compare three sampling strategies with different sample sizes and spatial scales. The study aims to address assumptions in typical sampling designs and propose a generalized approach grounded in statistical reliability for future contamination surveys.
Integrated geophysical methods for groundwater exploration in a kBOURHEN EDDINE AFLI
The integrated use of audio frequency telluric and electrical resistivity tomography methods provides an efficient approach for groundwater exploration in karst areas with or without thin cover. Two case studies from Tai'an City, China are presented:
1) In the first case, audio frequency telluric profiling identified lower potential anomalies indicating water-filled karst zones. Electrical resistivity tomography lines perpendicular to these anomalies revealed vertical variations in resistivity, locating karst fractures and caves for well drilling.
2) The second case similarly used audio frequency telluric to constrain the orientation of water-bearing zones, then electrical resistivity tomography along this strike. Lower resistivity anomalies indicated favorable zones for locating a productive well.
2010 effects of fish farming on the biological and geochemical properties of ...earambulm3
This study examined how fish farming activities affect the biological and geochemical properties of muddy and sandy sediments in the Mediterranean Sea. Samples were collected from sites near four fish farms and analyzed for total organic carbon, total organic nitrogen, oxygen consumption, phosphate release, and benthic diversity. Results showed that samples from silty sediments near fish farms had higher levels of organic carbon and nitrogen, higher oxygen consumption, higher phosphate release, and lower benthic diversity compared to reference sites. Muddy sites were more significantly impacted than coarse sediment sites. The study suggests that organic enrichment from fish farming affects muddy and sandy sediments differently due to their distinct biogeochemical characteristics.
Exploration and Exploitation Groundwater From Journal and MaterialsMartheana Kencanawati
This document discusses various methods for exploring and exploiting groundwater resources, including surface exploration techniques like remote sensing, geophysical methods, and geological mapping, as well as subsurface techniques like test drilling and geophysical well logging. It provides details on specific surface geophysical methods like electrical resistivity, seismic refraction and reflection, and gravitational surveys. Subsurface techniques covered include well construction, borehole geophysical logging tools for measuring resistivity, spontaneous potential, natural gamma radiation, neutron porosity, temperature, and borehole diameter. The document emphasizes integrating multiple exploration techniques to better understand subsurface geology and locate groundwater.
Hernández-Terrones et al. (2010) Groundwater pollution in a karstic region (...Emiliano Monroy Ríos
This document summarizes a study on groundwater pollution in a karstic region along the northeast coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. Water samples were collected from wells, mangroves, beaches, submarine springs, the reef lagoon, and open sea to analyze nutrient levels and trace the flow between environments. High nitrate and coliform bacteria indicated groundwater pollution spreading to coastal ecosystems. Nitrogen flux to the lagoon through groundwater was estimated at 2.4 tons per km per year, and phosphorus at 75-217 kg per km per year, evidencing the need for integrated management of aquifers and coastal areas.
This document discusses a study that evaluated the impact of changing land use/land cover (LULC) on the hydrological processes in the Dal lake catchment in Kashmir Himalayas from 1992 to 2005. Satellite data and a hydrological model were used to analyze LULC changes over time, identify factors contributing to changes, and simulate the effects on runoff, erosion, and sedimentation. The results showed that decreased vegetation cover and increased impervious surfaces due to human activities led to greater runoff, erosion, and sediment discharge, disrupting the lake ecosystem.
Status of Phytoplankton Community of Kisumu Bay, Winam Gulf, Lake Victoria, K...theijes
Lake Victoria has undergone remarkable and diverse ecological perturbations which are as a result of physical, chemical and biological processes, together with human activities that take place in the watershed area and within the lake itself. The most observed effects include increases in phytoplankton biomass and frequent algal blooms. In this study species composition, abundance, spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton as well as total phytoplankton biomass of Kisumu Bay, (Winam Gulf), Lake Victoria, Kenya was studied for six months in the wake of climate change. Sampling was done every two weeks using a Van Dorn Water sampler to take water samples and algal cells were counted under an inverted microscope with the help of a Sedge-Wick Rafter Cell in order to determine density. Phytoplankton biomass indicated by chlorophyll-content was determined through cold extraction in acetone and subsequent quantification by spectrophotometry. Physicochemical parameters were measured in situ using respective meters, while plant nutrient levels were determined by spectrophotometric methods following standard methods of APHA 1985 and Gems (1992) Handbook. ANOVA test was used to determine any temporal and spatial variability in the biological factors. Regression and Pearson’s correlation analyses were done to establish relationships between these factors. LSD test was done to determine means which were significantly different. The results indicated that a total of 36 genera of algae belonging to Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Pyrrophyta were present, with dominance of the classes in terms of number of species being in that order. Chroococcus species was the most abundant and its density was significantly different from all the others. Most algal species were more or less homogenously distributed in the bay (p=1.0000) and over the study period (p=1.0000), but their densities varied significantly between different species (p<0.0001). From these results, it can be concluded that the phytoplankton community within the bay is becoming very dynamic and could possibly portray the status in the whole lake. Diatoms are becoming increasingly dominant. There is continual increasing trend in physico-chemical factors. The information obtained from this work contributes to the understanding of ecological changes in the bay in response to climate change and variability and thus the threat to biodiversity. This information is therefore important for ecological and management purposes of the lake and understanding effects of climate change on ecosystem structure, functioning and productivity.
The document summarizes a study on variations in groundwater flow potential in parts of Imo State, Nigeria. Ten boreholes across the study area underlain by the Benin Formation were investigated. Transmissivity values, which indicate groundwater flow potential, ranged from 311.04 to 388,800 m2/day. The highest potential was at Futo borehole, while the lowest was at Uratta. The study area was segmented into areas of moderate and high potential. Areas with lower hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity values generally had moderate potential, while others with higher values had high potential. The groundwater flow potential model shows potential increases from north to south. The transmissivity values obtained can support sustainable groundwater
This research makes use of the remote sensing, simulation modeling and field observations to assess the non-point source pollution load of a Himalayan lake from its catchment.
This document provides information on constructed wetlands, which are shallow depressions that receive stormwater inputs for water quality treatment. They are typically less than 1 foot deep and have variable microtopography to promote dense wetland cover. Constructed wetlands are designed to achieve different levels of pollutant removal based on factors like plant community, hydrology source, and landscape position. They can reduce pollutants like phosphorus and nitrogen from stormwater and help control water flow. The document outlines design criteria for constructed wetlands including sizing, geometry, vegetation, and other considerations.
Marine Fertilization and Carbon SequestrationIslam Md Jakiul
This case study examines the effects of bottom trawling on deep ocean floors. It finds that bottom trawling directly impacts fish populations and seabed communities by modifying physical properties of sediments, chemical exchanges, and sediment fluxes. Through repeated trawling, the morphology of continental slopes is gradually altered as the seafloor becomes smoother over time. Trawling also reduces habitat heterogeneity and complexity, potentially affecting biodiversity. Large sediment volumes can be redistributed downslope through trawling activities, comparable to effects of forest clear-cutting on land. Tight regulations are needed to minimize impacts of deep sea mining and protect unique hydrothermal vent ecosystems and their biodiversity. Natural iron fertilization can also effectively sequester carbon in
This document summarizes a study on the biogeochemistry of dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon along terrestrial-aquatic flowpaths in a montane headwater catchment in the Peruvian Amazon. The study investigated spatial and temporal variations in nutrient concentrations from upland soils to streams under baseflow and stormflow conditions. Key findings include: 1) During baseflow, strong terrestrial controls maintained relatively constant nitrate levels in streams compared to more variable upland soils; 2) Dissolved organic nitrogen dominated stream nitrogen despite decreasing concentrations from uplands; 3) Phosphorus concentrations showed the inverse pattern, with higher levels in streams than uplands. 4) Stoichiometric ratios contrasted between uplands and streams
2009 assessment effects of cage culture on nitrogenearambulm3
This document summarizes a study that investigated nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing periods for a fish cage farm located in a shallow lake in China. The study analyzed total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels in lake water and sediment during two fish rearing cycles from 2000-2001. Key findings include:
1) Nutrient levels increased more during the first rearing cycle than the second.
2) Impacts were greatest near the cages (underneath and at cage sides), with higher sedimentation of nitrogen and phosphorus observed at cage sides.
3) After 3 months of fallowing, water nutrient levels decreased significantly but sediment nutrient levels remained high, indicating recovery occurs during fallowing
This document summarizes a study that examined the links between groundwater quality, residence times, and regional geology in the St. Lawrence Lowlands region of Quebec, Canada. The study focused on a 4,500 km2 watershed and analyzed samples from 150 wells for major ions and other parameters. Tritium, helium isotopes, and radiocarbon dating were used to estimate groundwater residence times ranging from under 5 years to over 60 years. Higher residence times were correlated with more evolved water chemistries. Elevated concentrations of barium, fluoride, iron, and manganese that exceeded drinking water limits were found to originate from Paleozoic bedrock units due to hydrothermal fluid circulation and subglacial recharge
Hydrochemical characterization, classification and evaluation of groundwater ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of groundwater quality in the Sirsa watershed region of Nalagarh Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. 32 groundwater samples were collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters. The results showed that parameters like chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate and nitrate were within desirable limits, but pH, total hardness and magnesium exceeded limits at some locations. 50% of samples exceeded desirable limits for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and calcium. Classification of samples revealed calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate water types. Most samples fell into normal categories for chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate. Analysis indicated majority of samples were sodium
The document provides an overview of the 6-step Watershed Condition Framework (WCF) process used by the U.S. Forest Service to assess and improve watershed health. Step 1 involves classifying watershed condition based on 12 indicators related to aquatic and terrestrial processes. Forest specialists score each indicator's attributes to determine an overall watershed condition class of 1 (properly functioning), 2 (functioning at risk), or 3 (impaired function). Step 2 prioritizes watersheds for restoration based on considerations like impaired waters. Steps 3-6 involve developing and implementing watershed action plans, tracking accomplishments, and monitoring effectiveness.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes research on optimizing nitrogen species catalyzed (NSC) pressure leaching to treat complex sulfide concentrates. Bench-scale testing was conducted on two composite concentrate samples to evaluate metal recoveries and avoid forming lead-containing residues that are difficult to process. A statistical experimental design was used to optimize leach conditions such as grind time, acid concentration, temperature, and time. The optimized process produced a lead sulfide residue suitable for conventional smelting. Overall, NSC pressure leaching effectively extracted over 90% of silver, zinc, copper, nickel and cobalt into solution while avoiding problematic residues.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The document discusses applying the Hansen-Bliek-Rohn method to solve the total least squares problem with interval data input. It begins with an introduction to total least squares and interval arithmetic. It then presents how to compute the mean and variance for statistical data expressed as intervals. Next, it discusses the general linear model for least squares and properties of the covariance matrix. It introduces using component-wise distance as a condition number for the weight matrix. In the following sections it will apply the Hansen-Bliek-Rohn method to a numerical example to solve the resulting interval linear system.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new intrusion detection system (IDS) to identify distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks in multitier web applications. The system models relationships between web server requests and database queries to detect attacks where normal traffic is used maliciously. It handles both deterministic and non-deterministic relationships. For static websites, the system classifies traffic into patterns and builds a mapping model. For dynamic websites, it aims to extract one-to-many mappings despite parameter variations and overlapping operations. The paper also discusses SQL tautology attacks, which exploit input fields to bypass authentication or extract all data.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel approach to improving the k-means clustering algorithm. The standard k-means algorithm is computationally expensive and produces results that depend heavily on the initial centroid selection. The proposed approach determines initial centroids systematically and uses a heuristic to efficiently assign data points to clusters. It improves both the accuracy and efficiency of k-means clustering by ensuring the entire process takes O(n2) time without sacrificing cluster quality.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
Experimental Study on the Settling Velocity of
Coastal Mud in Quiescent Water: The Case of
Huangmaohai Estuary, South China Sea by Dong XU in Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography: Open Access
This study assessed the ecological health of High Bank Creek three years after dam removal by comparing it to nearby Cedar Creek. Macroinvertebrates and fish were surveyed to evaluate the stream health. Twenty-six fish species were found in High Bank Creek compared to nine in Cedar Creek. Several metrics showed improved conditions in High Bank Creek, such as higher fish biodiversity index and presence of species previously absent. However, some metrics like macroinvertebrate richness were lower, possibly due to ongoing disturbance. Overall the dam removal appeared successful in restoring the fish community, and further stabilization was expected to improve conditions over time.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AROUND DEEP-SEA MINING SITESiQHub
This document discusses recommendations for environmental monitoring around deep-sea mining sites based on a discussion with international partners. It addresses international regulations for monitoring the deep-sea mining industry and the use of laboratory experiments and numerical modeling for monitoring. Key points discussed include defining best available scientific evidence, techniques, and practices. Visualizations show potential areas impacted by mining plumes and how monitoring the properties, indicator taxa, biological tolerances, and timescales of plumes is important.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AROUND DEEP-SEA MINING SITESiQHub
This document discusses recommendations for environmental monitoring around deep-sea mining sites based on a discussion with international partners. It addresses international regulations for monitoring the deep-sea mining industry and the use of laboratory experiments and numerical modeling for monitoring. Key points discussed include defining best available scientific evidence, techniques, and practices. Factors like plume properties, indicator taxa, biological tolerances, and timescales of measurements for monitoring plume impact are also addressed.
A Review of Environmental Implications of Dredging ActivitiesIJAEMSJORNAL
Dredging is a global anthropogenic excavation activity of removing sediments from water bodies and depositing it elsewhere. It is a mixed blessing as it has both beneficial and adverse impacts. This paper is on a review of environmental implications of dredging. The objective of the paper is to review previous works by researchers on the environmental consequences of dredging. The method used is a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference / workshop papers, textbooks, bulletins and publicly available materials on dredging activities. The results of the study revealed that previous authors whose works were reviewed have a convergent view that apart from the beneficial impacts of dredging (e.g. keeping waterways navigable, flood and storm protection and provision of materials for road construction and building), it has lots of adverse environmental impacts, including environmental pollution, erosion, widespread hydrological changes, reduction in the population of aquatic lives like destruction of fish spawning grounds and benthic organisms and resuspension of particulate matter column that has elevated levels of lead, copper, zinc and nickel in Phytoplankton. Recommendations of the study include: (1) establishment of environmental legislations and regulations for dredging operation; (2) use of green technology in dredging activities to minimize suspension of sediments and contamination/pollution of dredging environments; and (3) creation of awareness among dredging contractors, regulators and marine communities where dredging take place on the economic and ecological values of the marine ecosystems that are usually very sensitive, fragile and productive.
Jared Sartini completed a capstone project studying the effects of a remnant dam on Rum Creek in Kent County, Michigan. Field measurements were taken upstream and downstream of the dam, including bank erosion rates, substrate composition, and macroinvertebrate sampling. No significant differences were found between upstream and downstream areas. The dam is scheduled for removal to restore natural stream functions. Post-removal monitoring over 3 years is planned to evaluate the ecological response.
Identification of possible migration of contaminants in groundwater at a land...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on identifying possible groundwater contamination at a landfill site in Barka, Oman. Borehole drilling, soil sampling, and groundwater sampling and analysis were conducted. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants like TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and coliform bacteria in groundwater below the landfill compared to background levels, indicating contamination from leachate and liquid waste disposal. A pump test also found decreasing contaminant concentrations with pumping time, suggesting contaminant migration from the landfill area.
Rate of sediment yield in the conveyance canals of kano river irrigation proj...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the rate of sedimentation in the conveyance canals of the Kano River Irrigation Project in northwestern Nigeria. Five canals were sampled to analyze sediment texture, suspended sediment concentration, canal discharge rates, and the impact of sediment accumulation. Testing found the sediment deposits mainly consisted of fine sand with some clay and silt. Suspended sediment concentration averaged 8,474 tons per year. Canal discharge rates had reduced by 47% on average, affecting irrigated land area. Factors like poor farming practices, tractor movement in canals, and lack of maintenance were found to contribute to increased sedimentation, highlighting the need for regular dissilting and cleaning of canals.
Rate of sediment yield in the conveyance canals of kano river irrigation proj...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the rate of sedimentation in conveyance canals of the Kano River Irrigation Project in Nigeria. Five canals were sampled and tested for sediment texture, suspended sediments, and changes in water discharge over time. Testing found that the canal sediments consisted mostly of fine sand with some clay and silt. Suspended sediment concentration averaged 8,474 tons per year. While statistical tests found no significant difference in design discharge versus current discharge, discharge had actually reduced by 47% on average, affecting irrigated land area. High sedimentation is thought to be due to factors like farm vehicle traffic in canals, poor irrigation practices, and lack of maintenance. Regular dissilting and cleaning of
Geospatial and Statistical Assessment of Groundwater Contamination Due to Lan...Kavya Prabhakar
This study assessed groundwater contamination from a landfill leachate plume in Kozhikode, India. Groundwater samples were collected from wells near the landfill during wet and dry seasons and analyzed for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. Most samples exceeded drinking water standards. Spatial analysis using GIS showed contamination was highest within 300m of the landfill. The leachate was also analyzed and found to contain high levels of contaminants like dissolved solids, chlorides, COD and BOD. Leachate pollution indices were calculated and revealed significant pollution potential from the landfill leachate.
This study assessed water quality in three rivers flowing into Manado Bay in Indonesia. Water samples were collected from stations along each river during dry and wet seasons and analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, bacteria, total mercury, and other pollutants. The results showed pollution from urban wastewater and agricultural runoff, with high levels of bacteria and organic waste. This poor water quality threatens Manado Bay and local fisheries and tourism. Improved wastewater management is needed to mitigate pollution in the rivers and bay.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SAND HARVESTING ON WATER QUALITY IN RIVER THWAKE ...Tabitha Nzula Mwanzia
This document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical effects of sand harvesting on water quality in River Thwake in Machakos County, Kenya. Water samples were collected from a sand harvesting site and a non-sand harvesting site and analyzed for various parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, color, conductivity, heavy metals, BOD and COD. The results showed significant differences in color, turbidity, iron, COD and zinc between the two sites, indicating sand harvesting is negatively impacting water quality. However, other parameters like copper, conductivity, temperature and pH were not significantly different. The results were compared to WHO and Kenyan water quality guidelines to determine suitability for domestic use.
This document summarizes a student project presentation on assessing stormwater runoff quality in Nakuru City, Kenya. The student, Murigi Peter Njoroge, studied pollutant levels in runoff from the market, garage, and industrial areas of Nakuru. Methods like atomic absorption spectrometry and chemical oxygen demand tests were used to measure total suspended solids, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, lead, zinc, and other parameters. Results showed high levels of these pollutants in stormwater runoff. The project aims to determine pollutant concentrations and recommend management practices to the municipal council, based on deviations from effluent standards.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AROUND DEEP-SEA MINING SITESiQHub
The document discusses recommendations for environmental monitoring around deep-sea mining sites. It recommends:
1) Understanding the combination of laboratory experiments and numerical modeling to monitor aspects like plume generation and sediment dispersion from mining activities.
2) Early modeling suggested plumes from mining may impact areas 100 km away, and this was used to design buffer zones, but most current information is theoretical or from small experiments.
3) International organizations like the ISA call for using best available scientific evidence, techniques, and practices to monitor environmental impacts, but definitions and applications continue to be discussed.
4) Monitoring key properties of plumes like particle size and distribution is important to understand impacts and restoration timelines.
1) The document discusses the ecological impact of sewage discharge on coral reefs. Sewage pollution introduces excess nutrients into coral reef ecosystems, which can cause eutrophication and algal overgrowth that damages corals.
2) A 3-year study found that doubling nutrient levels from sewage led to a doubling of coral bleaching events in Florida Keys reefs. Removing the nutrient pollution allowed for reef recovery.
3) About 96% of coral reef areas near human populations face sewage pollution problems. The majority of sewage in developing areas enters the ocean untreated. Even in developed nations, aging infrastructure can lead to sewage leaks that pollute coastal waters.
Impact of contaminants on groundwater quality in patcham, south east england.Alexander Decker
This study investigated the impact of contaminants on groundwater quality in Patcham, South-East England. Data from weather stations and loggers in boreholes was used to analyze potential contaminant pathways through the chalk aquifer. Laboratory tests found that parameters like pH, conductivity and ions were within WHO guidelines, indicating water quality was suitable for use. The chalk aquifer is an important water source but is vulnerable to surface contaminants due to its karst nature with features like swallow holes.
This project examined how beach sand composition and tide levels affect the size and age distribution of butter clams. Samples were taken from beaches with varying elevations and sieved to determine sand composition. Statistical analysis found significant differences in clam age and size based on tide level, but not sand composition. The oldest clams were found at higher tide levels, while the youngest were at extreme high and low levels. This data on clam habitat requirements can inform sustainable harvest and farming strategies.
Constructed wetlands are man-made systems designed to emulate natural wetlands for wastewater treatment. They utilize natural processes to treat wastewater through the interaction of microorganisms, plants, and substrates. There are different types of constructed wetlands including surface flow systems, horizontal subsurface flow systems, and vertical flow systems. Surface flow systems have water flowing above the ground while subsurface systems have water flowing below the surface through porous media. Constructed wetlands provide a low-cost approach to wastewater treatment and can effectively remove pollutants such as organic matter, suspended solids, pathogens, and nutrients.
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It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 11||Pages|| 32-41||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
Environmental Impact of Tombia Bridge Construction Across
Nun River In Central Niger Delta, Nigeria
E.I. Seiyaboh*, I.R. Inyang and A.H. Gijo
Department of Biological Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island,
P. M. B. 71, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
--------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------An assessment of some aspects of the Environmental Impact of Tombia Bridge Construction across the Nun
River was carried out. The construction phase of the Tombia bridge project was observed by this study to have
the potential to increase erosion, turbidity, sediment deposition and accumulation levels around and
downstream of the project site. The test results showed high turbidity values of 64 NTU in the Bridge Station
and 8 – 18 NTU recorded at the downstream and upstream stations of the Bridge. Phosphate values of 0.12 –
0.14mg/l recorded at the Bridge stations were higher than the 0.06 – 0.09mg/l in the other stations. Nitrate
values of 4.12 – 4.15mg/l recorded at the Bridge stations were also comparatively higher than 0.5mg/l in the
other stations. These results were indicative of influence of Bridge construction on turbidity, phosphate and
nitrate levels. Therefore, bridge construction activities within the channel of the Nun River have adverse effect
on the water quality. The bridge construction activities also have the potential to cause a temporary increase in
suspended sediments. Aquatic habitat will be disturbed in the vicinity of the construction area. Aquatic life uses
of this portion of the Nun River will be negatively impacted. The bridge structure itself was observed during this
study to cause a constant upwelling of sediments around the bridge location and is confirmed by very high
turbidity values of 64NTU recorded in the area and downstream of the bridge location. The distribution of
particle size fractions shows a high proportion of sand particles at the Bridge stations; indicative of higher
energy environment. Sediments in the study area were generally acidic (ranging from 4.21 –5.61): acidic
sediments can have an adverse effect on fisheries distribution and other benthic organisms. Available Phosphate
values of 2.71 – 17.24mg/l and Nitrate values of 3.11 – 13.4mg/l recorded in this study were higher than those
in other studies. Bridge construction activities within the cannel of the Nun River have adverse effect on the
sediment quality.
KEYWORDS: Environmental Impact, Tombia Bridge, Nun River, Central Niger Delta
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------Date of Submission:. 2 November, 2013
Date of Acceptance: 20 November 2013
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
I.
INTRODUCTION
This study addresses potential short- and long-term water quality, sediment quality and biological
impacts from the various activities associated with the Bridge construction. Sediments threaten the integrity of
many rivers and coastlines. In this study the threat to Nun River ecosystems – biological communities and
physical habitats – posed by increased turbidity, accelerated sedimentation rates and change in the nature of
sediments (for example, from sandy to muddy) was investigated. Such changes in sediment regime may be
caused by both land-based (such as catchments development, production-forest harvesting, road building) and
water-based (bridge construction, eradication of noxious vegetation) activities.
Tombia Bridge is located along Amassoma – Tombia – Okutukutu road crossing the Nun River in
Bayelsa State (Central Niger Delta). The length of the Bridge is 639.2m and the width is 11m. The foundation
consists of driven groups of pile steel casings of 914mm and 812mm diameter in water and 406mm diameter on
land. Pile caps were reinforced insitu concrete and the piers were also reinforced concrete, rectangular shaped
with curved ends. The super structure is a Post – tensioned box girder of 13 spans.With a total length of 195km
and average width of 370m, the Nun River is considered the largest in Bayelsa State (FPD, 1980). It flows
through several communities in Bayelsa State, where it is used for domestic / drinking purposes, recreational,
fishing and ecological assets. But, owing to rapidly expanding developmental activities within its channels, it is
subject to the effects and influences of these developments.
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II.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research tools employed in this study includes the following:
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
Water Quality Assessment (Physico-chemical & Biological Monitoring)
For the purposes of this study the area was divided into the stations. Water samples were collected from
two (2) points on each of the stations. The samples for gross physico-chemical parameters were
collected in pre-rinsed 1 litre plastic containers. The samples for dissolved oxygen (DO) and
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were collected in 150m / DO bottles. The samples for BOD 5 were
fixed after five days incubation at ambient temperature (28oC) in the absence of light. Physicochemical parameters analysed were Temperature, pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, DO, BOD 5, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), Phosphate and Nitrate. All the samples were treated and analysed using the
methods described by APHA (1990).
Sediment Quality Assessment
Sediment samples were collected from three (3) points on each of the stations in the study area.
Sediment samples were collected by scooping bottom sediments using a grab into black cellophane
bags. The following sediment physico-chemical parameters were analysed in the laboratory; pH,
Particle Size analysis, Phosphate and Nitrate. The samples were treated and analysed using methods
described by APHA (1990).
Symtomized Questionnaire Survey
Symptomised questionnaires were administered to 30 respondents from Tombia which is the
community where the bridge is located. The purpose of this survey is to identify their perceptions;
coping strategies during the bridge construction activities; and their willingness to participate in
mitigation measures that will be aimed at reducing their level of vulnerability to possible environmental
and ecological change.
Semi-structured interviews with key informants which includes all stakes holders in the matter
including independent environmental organisations,
Observation and terrestrial photography at the sample community; and
Desk study for the review of literature on bridge construction hazards, impacts, mitigation measures,
approaches and stakeholders participation in sustainable impact mitigation.
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the concentration of various parameters in river water and sediment samples are shown in Tables
1 and 2 respectively.
The following potential Environmental Impact observations were made during the course of this study:
[1] SEDIMENT DEPOSITION & ACCUMULATION
Deposition refers to the temporary emplacement of particles on the seabed. Accumulation is the net
sum of many episodes of sediment deposition and removal. The difference between rates of deposition and
accumulation affects the ability of an environment to record sedimentary events (McKee et al., 1983).The
design of culvert and bridge systems is based on allowing the natural and storm flows to pass through the
system, while also maintaining some minimum freeboard upstream. Sometimes, the design criteria force the
culvert or bridge geometry to be wider than the natural width of the channel. In these cases, an artificial channel
expansion is required. Artificial expansions disturb the natural flow of the channel, and these disturbances can
lead to sediment deposition within the culvert or bridge system. Sediment deposition within a culvert or bridge
system may cause significant problems to the hydraulic performance of the system in the event of a large storm
event. In addition, the deposition also poses a maintenance problem that must be addressed.It was observed
during this study that there was significant occurrence of sediment deposition and accumulation around the
bridge location which is indicative of direct effect on fish spawning and production. Sediment transport and
eventual deposition within culvert and bridge systems can be a significant problem. It has been well documented
that increased sediment deposition can adversely change sediment habitat conditions.
Potential direct effects of sediment deposition and accumulation as a result of the Bridge construction on fish
include changes to (Anderson, et al., 1996):
1. Fish behaviour (e.g. habitat selection),
2. the abundance and/or type of food organisms,
3. survival and, or development of egg; and,
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3. Environmental Impact Of Tombia Bridge…
4.
fish survival as a result of mortality, or increased stress which can reduce their growth rates and/or
resistance to disease;
In addition, sediment deposition and accumulation can modify the suitability of fish habitats. Identified
mechanisms causing changes in sediment suitability include:
1.
2.
3.
altered porosity in the streambed affecting the development of fish embryo and benthic invertebrate
production;
reduction in he area of intergravel habitat for and juvenile fish; and benthic organisms,
reduction in available over wintering habitat for fish by filling of pools and interstitial voids.
[2] RIVER CURRENT DYNAMICS
Rivers are restless and willful. Water flowing in a smooth and uniform channel behaves in
straightforward, predictable ways, following rules laid down by the laws of physics. When water and landscape
meet to form rivers, however, the result is always a complex harmony—and sometimes chaos.Now when a river
finds an obstruction—a mid-stream boulder, say, poking up above the surface. The river flows around it. The
once-straight lines of the current spread apart, only to close together as soon as the obstruction has been left
behind. Moreover, water now flows back upstream just behind the rock, striving to fill the "hole" in the river left
by the temporary parting of the waters. If the river's current is slow, the result is a gentle eddy. But if the river is
speeding along in flood, and particularly if the boulder is then completely submerged, the result is a "hole" in
fact as well as name, often with a steep wave breaking upriver at the downstream edge (Tamia, 2001). Midstream boulders aren't the only things to get in the way of a river's rush to the sea, of course. Wherever a ledge
extends out into the channel from one bank, the river must either cascade over it or go around the end. When it
goes around, the whole force and volume of the river is squeezed through the remaining gap, whether large or
small.
The river speeds up there, and the resulting tongue of water, or chute, can be both fast and turbulent. A
pair of mid-river boulders can have the same effect, forcing much of a river's current through the narrow gap
between them. The characteristic downstream-pointing "V" that identifies the resulting chute is one of the
whitewater paddler's watermarks. And what if a ledge extends all the way across a river, reaching right from one
bank to the other? Then it has the same effect as a man-made dam. As the pool behind the dam continuously
overflows, a river-wide upstream eddy—a reversal—forms below the ledge. If a reversal is powerful enough—
the drop would not be very great if the volume of water flowing over it is sufficient, and the lip of the ledge is
smooth—it can be deadly, holding any unlucky swimmer in a recirculating trap with no exit but a fluctuating
downstream jet at the very bottom of the river (Tamia, 2001). The description above confirms the observations
in this study. The Tombia Bridge is suspended by massive boulders that have been driven into the streambed,
these are current breakers. This study revealed water turbulence around the bridge location.The implication of
this is that there is a continuous upwelling in the area, and as a result, there is a continuous resuspension of
sediment in the area (Reid and Anderson, 1998). The result of this phenomenon is that the Nun River is highly
turbid around this area, which confirms the very high turbidity values recorded in this study i.e. 64NTU. A
further confirmation is the colour of the river around this area.
[3] DREDGING AND CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
During dredging, resuspension of sediment in the water column is likely to occur as a result of
dredging action at the sediment-water interface, transfer of the sediment to a transporting vessel, slop or leakage
from the vessel, and disposal of the sediment. Resuspension of the sediments causes increased turbidity which
may adversely affect aquatic life by clogging gills, decreasing visibility, and preventing oxygen diffusion.
However, since the increased turbidity is expected to be short term and only cover a limited area, the impact
should not be significant (Richard, et al., 1997). Resuspension of sediments may result in release of constituents
such as heavy metals from the sediment into the water. Therefore, water quality parameters, such as turbidity,
heavy metals, and nutrients could be affected during the dredging operations. However, studies have found that
there is little release of metals from reduced sediments in oxygenated water during dredging operations. Water
concentrations of some metals have been shown to decrease by four orders of magnitude within one hour of
dredging, with metals released from anoxic marine sediments tending to adsorb onto freshly precipitated
iron/manganese oxyhydroxides in less than an hour (Burton and Allen, 1992). Any increase in the above
parameters is likely to be short term, and the water quality is expected to return to normal levels shortly after.
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Disposal of Dredged Material for Levee Reinforcement
This section addresses the use of dredged material for levee reinforcement. Short- and long-term
impacts associated with use of dredged material for levee construction and/or reinforcement are the potential
release of contaminants from the dredged material and their possible introduction into surface water and/or
ground water. The major reactions resulting in contaminant release are oxidation and acidification. In the water
environment, most sediments exist in an anoxic, or oxygen free environment. The diffusion of oxygen in
sediment is so slow that the oxygen content declines rapidly with increasing depth. A strong oxygen
concentration gradient may exist over a depth of millimeters. Upon transfer of the sediment to land, previously
anoxic sediments slowly become oxygenated, or oxidized. This process may take a period of years, depending
on the amount of dredged material, the redox potential of the sediment, and the amount of oxidizable matter.
During this process, metals, trace elements and other contaminants associated with the oxidizable fractions may
be released as these fractions are oxidized. Oxidation of the dredged material may result in acidification of the
sediment; this confirms the findings of this study. Oxidation reactions result in the production of hydrogen ions
and lower the pH of the sediment. The amount of acidification is dependent on the neutralization capacity of the
sediment. Acidification may result in the displacement and release of metals by the increased concentration of
hydrogen ions. Rainfall can percolate through the dredged material, and depending on the nature of the material,
may carry contaminants to groundwater and soil. Surface runoff from rainfall can flow over the dredged
material, carrying the contaminants into surface waters. The potential for loading of contaminants into the
aquatic environment are a potential concern to aquatic life or human health if concentrations are above water
quality standards.
Exposure of Contaminated Sediments
A long-term impact associated with the removal of sediments during dredging is the potential exposure
of contaminated sediments. Mining and other sources of pollution can result in contamination of surface
sediments. Over time, deposition of upstream sediments can bury the contaminated sediments, effectively
sealing them off from the aquatic organisms. During the dredging activities, the upper layers of sediment are
removed, potentially exposing previously contaminated sediments. Benthic organisms are exposed to the
contaminants through uptake from pores, body walls, respiratory surfaces, and through ingestion. There is also
the possibility that dredging may remove more contaminated sediments and expose less contaminated
sediments, thereby improving the benthic habitat.
[4] WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia crassipes)
This study revealed the presence of water hyacinth congregated around the bridge location. The
environmental impacts of water hyacinth observed during this study are discussed below.
Water hyacinth is one of the worst weeds in the world – aquatic or terrestrial (Holm et al., 1977). Its floating
mats can weigh up to 200 tons per acre.
Economic Importance
Water hyacinth is listed as one of the most productive plants on earth and is considered the world’s
worst aquatic plant. It forms dense mats that interfere with navigation, recreation, irrigation and power
generation. These mats competitively exclude native submersed and floating-leaved plants. Low oxygen
conditions develop beneath water hyacinth mats and the dense floating mats impede water flow and create good
breeding conditions for mosquitoes. Water hyacinths are a severe environmental and economic problem in many
areas of the world with a sub-tropical or tropical climate. This species has rapidly spread throughout inland and
coastal fresh water bays, lakes, and marshes in Nigeria and in other countries.
Environmental Impact
Eichhornia crassipes mats clog waterways, making boating, fishing and almost all other water activities,
impossible. This explains findings by the researcher during this study of the reluctance of fishermen to fish
around the bridge location, as a result of the accumulation of water hyacinth in the area.
Water flow through water hyacinth mats is greatly diminished
An acre of water hyacinth can weigh more than 200 tons; infestations can be many, many acres in size;
mats may double their size in as little as 6 – 18 days (Mitchell 1976).
Water hyacinth mats degrade water quality by blocking photosynthesis, which greatly reduces oxygen
levels in the water, blocking the air-water interface, eliminating underwater animals such as fish (Penfound
& Earle 1948). This creates a cascading effect by reducing other underwater life such as fish and other
plants. This probably explains low dissolved oxygen level in one of the bridge stations and the reduction in
fish catch and species distribution around the bridge station.
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5. Environmental Impact Of Tombia Bridge…
Water hyacinth greatly reduces biological diversity: mats eliminate native submersed plants by blocking
sunlight, after emersed plant communities by pushing away and crushing them, and also alter animal
communities by blocking access to the water and / or eliminating plants the animals depend on for shelter
and nesting (Gowanloch, 1944). The presence of water hyacinth around the bridge location can also
contribute to the alteration of the area as a spawning ground. This probably explains a low species
distribution in the area observed during this study.
[5] NOISE & VIBRATION EFFECTS
A social survey conducted in the study area with the aim of obtaining information prior and during the bridge
construction revealed the following:
1.
2.
3.
huge pillars were driven into the river bed as framework to support the massive boulders,
the noise/vibration generated during this activity was very enormous, and
Fishermen usually come out in the morning to see fishes in shock and often killed littered all over the place.
Construction of the bridge would generate noise from equipments such as motors, chain saws, frontend loaders, cranes, pile drivers, power generators, and diesel-fueled trucks. The effects of construction noise
would be most noticeable in the area immediately surrounding the construction site. Construction noise in these
areas could disrupt residential activities (HDR Alaska, 2001).If blasting with explosives and pile driving is
required during construction, vibration as well as noise would be generated. In-water blasting and pile driving
would generate pressure waves that would pose a consistent and adverse threat to fish and other marine
resources.
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
Biological monitoring tracks the health of biological systems. Measuring and evaluating the condition
of biological systems, and the consequences of human activities for those systems, is central to biological
monitoring. It aims to distinguish between naturally occurring variation and changes caused by human activities.
Biological assessments are evaluations of the condition of waterbodies using surveys and other direct
measurements of resident biological organisms (macro invertebrates, fish, and plants). Biological assessment
results are used to answer the question of whether waterbodies support survival and reproduction of desirable
fish, shellfish, and other aquatic species -- in other words, if the waterbodies meet their designated aquatic life
uses.In the past, chemical criteria and related monitoring have been the traditional mechanism employed by
regulatory agencies responsible for protecting aquatic life and assessing the condition of surface waters.
Significant improvements in water quality have been made in the last several decades utilizing this approach.
However, human actions impact a wider range of water resource attributes than water chemistry alone can
measure. The degradation of Minnesota’s surface waters can be attributed to a multitude of sources including:
chemical pollutants from municipal and industrial point source discharges; agricultural runoff of pesticides,
nutrients, and sediment; hydrologic alteration from stream channelization, dams, and artificial drainage; and
habitat alteration from agricultural, urban, and residential development (MPCA, 2005). Biological communities
are subjected to the cumulative effects of all activities and are continually integrating environmental conditions
over time. They represent the condition of their aquatic environment. Biological monitoring is often able to
detect water quality impairments that other methods may miss or underestimate. It provides an effective tool for
assessing water resource quality regardless of whether the impact is chemical, physical, or biological in nature.
To ensure the integrity of surface waters, the relationship between human induced disturbances and their effect
on aquatic resources, must be understood.
WATER QUALITY OF STUDY AREA
Aquatic organisms can be negatively affected by water quality problems. This section describes how
the water quality of Nun River is assessed using two different types of data, biological and physico-chemical, to
give as complete a picture as possible. Biological surveillance is the only means whereby changes to the
riverine ecology can be detected, and it forms the essential complement to the longer-established
physicochemical monitoring of water quality (ENFO, 1999). Broadly, it may be said that:
Physico-chemical monitoring will measure the causes of pollution and the quantity of pollutants, and Biological
surveillance will measure the effects of pollution.The rivers and streams are influenced by the surrounding land
uses and land management practices. Water quality is generally excellent in upland bush areas, but deteriorates
markedly in urban and lowland farming areas
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Water in rivers, aquifers, and lakes naturally contains many dissolved materials, depending on
atmospheric inputs, geological conditions, and climate. These materials define the water’s chemical
characteristics. Its biological characteristics are defined by the flora and fauna within the water body, water
temperature, sediment load, and color are important physical characteristics. Water ―quality‖ is not only a
function of chemical, physical, and biological characteristics but is a value-laden term because it implies quality
in relation to some standard. Different uses of water have different standards. Pollution can be broadly defined
as deterioration of some aspect of the chemical, physical, or biological characteristics of water (its ―quality‖) to
such an extent that it impacts some use of that water or ecosystems within the water. Major water pollutants
include organic material, which causes oxygen deficiency in water bodies; nutrients, which cause excessive
growth of algae in lakes and coastal areas—known as eutrophication (leading to algal blooms, which may be
toxic and consume large amounts of oxygen when decaying); and toxic heavy metals and organic compounds.
The severity of water pollution is governed by the intensity of pollutants and the assimilation capacity of
receiving water bodies—which depends on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of
streamflow— but not all pollutants can be degraded.
The concentration of various parameters in water sample collected from the study area is presented in Table 1
The subsurface water temperature values were within national and international standards (FEPA/WHO) for
discharge into inland waters, streams, sewers and drinking water sources. The recorded temperature value for
the various stations is suitable to support fisheries.
The pH values for the various stations in the study area were slightly alkaline ranging from 7.4 to 7.6. This
agrees with earlier findings from tropical aquatic ecosystems (Welcome, 1986) and these values fall within
WHO/FEPA standards.
The recorded turbidity values far exceed recommended WHO/FEPA standards. The results therefore
showed that the waters from the various stations were highly turbid and therefore affected the surface water
quality of the sampled areas. The high values could be attributed to the organic wastes discharged into the
aquatic ecosystem from domestic and municipal activities via surface runoff in the study areas (Ekweozor and
Agbozu, 2001). The results indicated that the highest turbidity values of 64NTU were recorded in the bridge
stations (Tom-Br 1 & 11). Turbidity is a good indicator of sedimentation and erosion in a catchment. This
supports findings from this study of a high level of sedimentation, around the bridge area. Higher turbidity also
reduces the amount of light penetrating the water, which reduces photosynthesis and the production of dissolved
oxygen. Suspended particles can clog fish gills, reduce resistance to disease in fish, lower growth rates, and
affect egg and fish larval development. As particulates settle, they can blanket the stream bottom and smoother
fish eggs and benthic macroinvertebrates (aquatic insects). This supports the indication of a sparse distribution
of fisheries around the bridge area (Seiyaboh et al., 2007b). Turbidity can be useful as an indicator of the effects
of runoff from construction, agricultural practices, logging activities, and wastewater discharges. Turbidity can
also impart color to water. A clear mountain stream might have a turbidity of 1NTU whereas a large river like
the Mississippi had a dry weather turbidity of 10NTUs, which compared to the turbidity values of 5NTU
recorded at the control station that indicated absence of impact due to bridge construction activities. The
influence of this activity however, resulted in the high turbidity of 64NTU recorded within the bridge area and
8-10NTU recorded at the downstream and upstream stations of the bridge area.
The conductivity values of between 87 – 95umhos/cm recorded for the various stations in the study
area far exceeded WHO/FEPA standards. This high concentration could be attributed to the continuous
discharge of some minerals containing silica, magnesium, potassium, carbonates e.t.c into the river system
(Nnodu and Ilo, 2000). The study did not however show any major difference with the various stations
indicating that the bridge construction activities did not influence the conductivity of the river to any reasonable
extent.The DO values recorded in the various stations located within Tombia community were above the 68mg/l recommended by WHO (1985) and FEPA (991) except for Tom-Br 1 which was 4.8mg/l and Tom-Up 11
which was 5.2mg/l. Low DO values indicate that the surface waters are not suitable for drinking and aquatic life
(Ekweozor and Agbozu, 2001). However, these values compare favorably with those reported elsewhere by
Agbozu (2001) in the Niger Delta freshwater ecosystem. The immediate bridge environment recorded lower DO
levels which were related to the high turbidity recorded in the area.
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7. Environmental Impact Of Tombia Bridge…
The BOD values of between 2.6 – 4.3mg/l recorded for the various stations in the study area were
within recommended standard limits by WHO/FEPA except for one of the bridge stations (Tom-Br 11) which
was 4.3mg/l. The level of BOD of 2.6 - 4.3mg/l show some type of relationship with the high turbidity recorded
in the river system, as with increased turbidity there will be increased biological activity. The observed BOD in
Tom-Br 11 is an indication of high organic load in the waters sampled. This could be responsible for the sparse
distribution of fisheries observed in the bridge stations.The total dissolved solids values of between 62.1 –
67.9mg/l recorded in the various stations in the study area were below WHO/FEPA standards and therefore
could not constitute environmental stress in the study area. The results of this study indicate that TDS values
would not affect the water quality, so the bridge construction activities did not affect the TDS values to any
reasonable extent as the values did not differ much with stations.
The phosphate concentrations of between 0.06 – 0.14mg/l recorded in the various stations in the study
area were within limits recommended for public water supply (Lehninger, 1982) and WHO/FEPA standards.
The highest phosphate values of 0.12mg/l and 0.14mg/l were recorded for the bridge stations (Tom-Br 1, TomBr11) respectively. The values of 0.12 – 0.14mg/l recorded at the bridge area were higher than those of 0.06 –
0.09mg/l of the other stations. This is indicative of the influence of the bridge construction activities on the
phosphate levels of the aquatic system and has a likely influence on the productivity of the water.The nitrate
values recorded for the various stations in the study area were within limits recommended by WHO/FEPA for
inland waters. The highest levels of 4.12mg/l and 4.15mg/l were recorded in the bridge stations (Tom-Br 1,
Tom- 11). Higher values of 4.12 – 4.15mg/l were recorded at the bridge area compared to less than 0.5mg/l at
the other stations. The results along with those of turbidity and phosphate indicated the influence of bridge
construction activity on the nitrogen levels. These high levels could be attributed to increased sedimentation
following the bridge construction activities.
SEDIMENT QUALITY OF STUDY AREA
Sediments are complex environments, with varying physicochemical characteristics, such as content
and type of organic matter, particle size distribution, and pH (Ristola, et al., 1999).Contaminated sediment is a
significant environmental problem affecting many marine, estuarine and freshwater environments throughout
the world. Most assessments of water quality have historically focused on water-soluble compounds, with
relatively little attention paid to sediment, a repository for sorbed contaminants (UWM, 2005).Concern about
sediment contamination and how to assess sediment quality has risen as more information becomes available on
the potential adverse effects of sediment contamination. These concerns include:
•
•
•
•
•
Various toxic contaminants found only in barely detectable amounts in the water column can accumulate in
sediments to much higher levels;
Sediments serve as both a reservoir for contaminants and a source of contaminants to the water column and
organisms;
Sediments integrate contaminant concentrations over time, whereas water-column contaminant
concentrations are much more variable and dynamic;
Sediment contaminants (in addition to water column contaminants) affect bottom-dwelling organisms and
other sediment-associated organisms, as well as both the organisms that feed on them and humans; and
Sediments are an integral part of the aquatic environment that provide habitat, feeding, spawning, and
rearing areas for many aquatic organisms (EPA, 1996).
Sediment is a very important compartment in the marine ecosystem. Anthropogenic compounds enter
the aquatic environment via riverine or atmospheric input. Depending on their physical and chemical properties
some substances remain dissolved in the water phase whilst others bind onto particles, sink to the ground and
become part of the sediment. In this way, an accumulation of many hydrophobic (and in general strongly
adsorbing compounds) takes place. Therefore sediments are assumed to represent a sink for special kinds of
pollutants. Due to resuspension processes. However, the compounds can be remobilized again, so that sediments
can as well act as a source for contaminants. In order to gain deeper insight into the accumulation of certain
compounds and their metabolites, it is necessary to identify and quantify anthropogenic substances in the
sediments of ecosystems (Biselli, et.al. 2005).Sediment quality assessments are useful in determining sediment
quality in receiving streams of whole effluents, previously impacted sites, and other contaminated areas. The
purpose of the sediment characterization task in the study area is to describe the nature and extent of
contamination in the sediment of the system, to evaluate the effects of contamination on ecological and human
health, and to identify and evaluate remedial action alternatives. Most contaminants of concern are chemically
and biologically reactive and rapidly become associated with particles in freshwater systems. Consequently,
uptake or sorption onto
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8. Environmental Impact Of Tombia Bridge…
particles is the primary mechanism for removing chemically reactive contaminants from the water
column, and sedimentation is the principal mechanism for the accumulation of these contaminants in off-site
areas over long time periods (Cook, et al., 1993).The essence of this section was to assess environmental
conditions in the study area by evaluating particle size analysis and measuring the concentrations of parameters
in bottom sediments. The percentage of mud (silt/clay) in estuarine sediments can impact both the structure of
the biotic assemblage as well as the bioavailability of certain contaminants to local biota.
The sediment analysis data for samples collected in the study area is presented in Table 2
The distribution of the particle size fractions are shown in Tables 2. Particle size is a fundamental
physical property of sediment which can inform researchers much about sediment origin, history, transportation
and, in some cases, environmental impacts due to activities within the water column. The conditions of transport
and deposition of sedimentary particles can also be inferred from the particle size distribution, and the size
distribution is also an essential property for assessing how soils or sediment behave under loading conditions
like storm waves, oceanographic currents, and earthquakes The results of this study show a higher proportion of
sand particles in the bridge station i.e it is characterized by sand sized sediments indicative of a higher energy
environment. These results indicate a high degree of sediment deposition and accumulation around the bridge
location. The high degree of sediment deposition and accumulation might not be unconnected with the dredging
activities following the bridge construction. The amount of sedimentation can deteriorate water quality and
maximize the impact of upland activities on the water (Seiyaboh, et. al., 2007a). The area around the bridge
location was relatively very shallow, and a social survey conducted in the community revealed that it was not so
before the bridge construction. This can have adverse effects on fisheries along the river. Sediment
characteristics reflect the sequence of changes that have taken place over time in a given area, and during their
formation and digenesis, take an active part in the biogeochemical cycles of the elements that affect the
overlying water column through many processes.The pH values for the sediment samples in the various stations
studied indicates the presence of an acidic pH in all the various stations sampled, with the pH varying from 4.21
to 5.61. Among the various stations.Tom-Br1 was the least acidic with a pH of 5.61 and Tom-Do111 the most
acidic with a pH of 4.21. Sediment pH is one of the most important properties that influences the distribution
and abundance of the benthic community and the relationship between ion exchange capacity and nutrient
availability (Foth, 1990). Sediments are an integral part of the aquatic environment that provides habitat,
feeding, spawning, and rearing areas for many aquatic organisms (EPA 1996). Acidic sediment can have an
adverse effect on fisheries. Species distribution in the various stations of this study reflected the influence of an
acidic sediment pH (Seiyaboh, et al., 2007b).
The Available Phosphate values recorded in the various stations varied from 2.71 to 17.24mg/g. The
highest value was recorded downstream of the bridge (Tom-Do11). The sediment phosphate levels had been
shown to follow the same trend as those of the overlying water except that sediment retains more nutrients
(Ekeh, 2005). The values recorded in this study of 2.71 – 20.74mg/g were very much higher than those of 2.2 –
2.9mg/g recorded in a previous study in Amadi and Nwaja creeks (Ekeh, 2005). The nitrate values recorded in
the various stations varied from 3.11 to 13.40mg/g. The highest nitrate value in was recorded downstream of the
bridge (Tom-Do111). Nitrate levels varied within stations with higher values recorded at the bridge area. The
values recorded in this study were relatively higher than the 1 – 3.3mg/g (Ikomah, 1999) and 3.07 – 6.47mg/g
(Umesi, 1999) previously recorded in various areas of the Niger Delta.
IV.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Despite strong legal mandates and massive expenditures, signs of continuing degradation in biological
systems are pervasive- in individual rivers (Karr et al., 1985), and around the globe (Hughes and Noss 1992;
Moyle and Leidy 1992; Williams and Neves 1992; Allan and Flecker 1993; Zakaria-Ismail 1994; McAllister et.
al. 1997). Aquatic systems have been impaired, and they continue to deteriorate as a result of human society’s
action.Despite efforts intended to protect water resources, and some success against certain forms of chemical
and organic contamination, the nation’s waters continue to decline. The problem has been a failure to see rivers
as living systems and a failure to take biological monitoring seriously in management programs. We need a new
approach, one that integrates and informs us of the ways our rivers, landscape and society interact.Bridge built
across river systems, undoubtedly are sometimes the best option for an easy access, but the final bridge design
should be cost-effective and successful at minimizing impact to the river ecosystem. Work should be conducted
during the periods that ensured that the fisheries resources were not impacted.A primary goal in every bridge
construction project should be to develop construction methods that would minimize or alleviate disturbances to
the underlying ecosystem as much as possible. The bridge has to be sensitive to the environment, earthquake
resistant and meet safety standards.
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9. Environmental Impact Of Tombia Bridge…
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Table 1 Concentration of Various Parameters in Water Samples
S/NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
SAMPLE
PO4-
TEMP
STATIONS ( oC )
26
Tom-Br1
26
Tom-Br11
26
Tom-Do1
26
Tom-Do11
26
Tom-Up1
26
Tom-Up11
26
Tom-Co1
26
Tom-Co11
pH
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.6
7.5
TURBIDITY
NTU
64
64
18
15
10
8
5
5
COND.
(umhos/cm)
89
90
90
89
87
90
95
90
DO
mg/l
4.8
6
7.2
6.8
6
5.2
7
6.2
BOD5
mg/l
2.9
4.3
3.6
3.4
3
2.6
3.5
3.5
TDS
mg/l
63.6
64.2
64.3
63.4
62.1
64.1
67.9
64.3
3
mg/l
0.12
0.14
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.09
0.08
0.06
NO3N
mg/l
4.12
4.15
0.32
0.34
1.7
0.38
0.35
0.32
Table 2 Concentration of Various Parameters in Sediment Samples
S/NO
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS
STATIONS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
SAMPLE
SAND(%)
86
94
63
36
77
66
60.4
82
59
72
65
61
Tom-Br1
Tom-Br11
Tom-Br111
Tom-Do1
Tom-Do11
Tom-Do111
Tom-Up1
Tom-Up11
Tom-Up111
Tom-Co1
Tom-Co11
Tom-Co111
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SILT(%)
10.2
3
2
9
2
3
2.3
6
2
4
1
3
CLAY(%
)
3.8
4
35
55
21
31
37.3
12
39
24
34
36
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TEXTURE
CLASS
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Clay Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
pH
AVAL.
P
NO3N
5.61
4.71
4.73
4.82
4.56
4.21
4.73
5.31
5.12
5.41
5
4.82
mg/kg
15.36
2.98
4.54
3.5
17.24
15.05
4.54
11.2
10
10.34
2.71
6.41
mg/kg
12.3
4.99
5.11
7.42
10.1
13.4
5.11
6.13
5.16
3.43
4.11
3.11
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