This presentation is about quality assessment of soil and wastewater sample by various parameters. All the aspects of assessment from sampling to analysis are described in this presentation
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysi...CRL Asia
Presentation file on Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysimeter experiment of Thailand (Created: SWGA Chart Chiemchaisri)
Gas chromatography head points:
Invention of Chromatography
original chromatography Experiment
Common types of chromatography
Paper and Thin layer chromatography
How does chromatography work?
Theoretical Plate
gas chromatography
schematic of GC
carrier gas-supply
Injection port
sample Injection system
split/spitless Injection
sample valves
GC columns
open tubular columns
Temperature Control
Solid Support Materials
Particle size of Supports
The stationary Phase
Detection systems
Characteristics of the Ideal Detector
Flame Ionization Detectors
Thermal Conductivity Detector
Electron-capture Detectors
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Please like, share, comment and follow.
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If any query then contact:
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Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the diffusivity of acetone in air using Winkelmann's method. Acetone is allowed to evaporate from a vertical glass tube while air flows over it. The rate of drop in the acetone level is measured over time.
2. The rate data is used to calculate the diffusivity coefficient of acetone in air using Stefan's correlation. The diffusivity is expected to decrease over time as the concentration gradient decreases.
3. Procedures are provided to measure parameters like temperature, acetone density, air velocity and to record observations of acetone level drop at regular time intervals. The diffusivity is then calculated from the data.
Ms. Shamrikova Elena, Eco-analytical Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch, Russian Federation
— The study comprises estimate of wet deposited nitrogenous compounds in Assam (India). Deposition has been estimated from a survey works (2010-11) at urban and peri-urban areas of Assam. Air samples were collected by clinical syringe (10 cm 3) for Oxides of Nitrogen (NO, NO 2 : NOx) and reduced Nitrogen (NH 3 , NH 4 + : NHy). The samples were diffused into 10 cm 3 each of distilled water and 0.1N HCl respectively for estimation of mean concentration of weighted hydrogen (µeql-1), quantity of elemental nitrogen (N) or nitrate (NO 3-1) and ammonium (NH 4 +) ions expressed in mg l-1 or kg ha-1 y-1. The measured concentrations of the nitrogenous compounds were interpolated with a properly used Kriging Technique on a 1km x 1km grid covering districts characterised by varying congestions of population, vehicular transport and of industrial evidences. There were many fold variations of these air quality parameters among the major sites and locations of the pollutants e.g. nitrogen deposited through aerosol of its oxides ranged from 6.0-38 kg ha-1 yr-1 , whereas nitrogen accumulation from the reduced aerosol was 7-24 kg ha-1 yr-1. Tissue nitrogen in some indicator plant species (e.g.Pinus longifolia, Ficus benjamina), collected from the square grids of polluted areas was also elevated. Thus, the hypothesis that the Northeast India, especially Assam is also facing with enrichment of nitrogenous pollution due to anthropogenic activities, mass vehicular and industrial growth, was tested.
Gas chromatography is a technique that separates and analyzes volatile compounds in the gas phase. There are two main types: gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas-solid chromatography (GSC). GLC is the most widely used method. It works by vaporizing the sample and carrying it through a column using an inert gas such as helium. Components separate based on how strongly they interact with the liquid stationary phase coating the column. A detector then measures the separated components as they exit the column. Gas chromatography has many applications including qualitative and quantitative analysis of compounds, identification of mixtures, isolation of metabolites, and its use in forensics.
This document discusses methods for measuring moisture content in materials like soil, rock, and wood. Moisture content is expressed as a ratio of the mass of water to the total mass or as a volumetric ratio. It can be measured directly by drying a sample and calculating the water loss, or through various laboratory, geophysical, and remote sensing techniques. Common laboratory methods include titration and measuring mass loss after heating or freeze drying. Geophysical techniques include time-domain reflectometry and neutron probes, while satellites use microwave radiation to estimate soil moisture below vegetation canopies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysi...CRL Asia
Presentation file on Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysimeter experiment of Thailand (Created: SWGA Chart Chiemchaisri)
Gas chromatography head points:
Invention of Chromatography
original chromatography Experiment
Common types of chromatography
Paper and Thin layer chromatography
How does chromatography work?
Theoretical Plate
gas chromatography
schematic of GC
carrier gas-supply
Injection port
sample Injection system
split/spitless Injection
sample valves
GC columns
open tubular columns
Temperature Control
Solid Support Materials
Particle size of Supports
The stationary Phase
Detection systems
Characteristics of the Ideal Detector
Flame Ionization Detectors
Thermal Conductivity Detector
Electron-capture Detectors
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the diffusivity of acetone in air using Winkelmann's method. Acetone is allowed to evaporate from a vertical glass tube while air flows over it. The rate of drop in the acetone level is measured over time.
2. The rate data is used to calculate the diffusivity coefficient of acetone in air using Stefan's correlation. The diffusivity is expected to decrease over time as the concentration gradient decreases.
3. Procedures are provided to measure parameters like temperature, acetone density, air velocity and to record observations of acetone level drop at regular time intervals. The diffusivity is then calculated from the data.
Ms. Shamrikova Elena, Eco-analytical Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch, Russian Federation
— The study comprises estimate of wet deposited nitrogenous compounds in Assam (India). Deposition has been estimated from a survey works (2010-11) at urban and peri-urban areas of Assam. Air samples were collected by clinical syringe (10 cm 3) for Oxides of Nitrogen (NO, NO 2 : NOx) and reduced Nitrogen (NH 3 , NH 4 + : NHy). The samples were diffused into 10 cm 3 each of distilled water and 0.1N HCl respectively for estimation of mean concentration of weighted hydrogen (µeql-1), quantity of elemental nitrogen (N) or nitrate (NO 3-1) and ammonium (NH 4 +) ions expressed in mg l-1 or kg ha-1 y-1. The measured concentrations of the nitrogenous compounds were interpolated with a properly used Kriging Technique on a 1km x 1km grid covering districts characterised by varying congestions of population, vehicular transport and of industrial evidences. There were many fold variations of these air quality parameters among the major sites and locations of the pollutants e.g. nitrogen deposited through aerosol of its oxides ranged from 6.0-38 kg ha-1 yr-1 , whereas nitrogen accumulation from the reduced aerosol was 7-24 kg ha-1 yr-1. Tissue nitrogen in some indicator plant species (e.g.Pinus longifolia, Ficus benjamina), collected from the square grids of polluted areas was also elevated. Thus, the hypothesis that the Northeast India, especially Assam is also facing with enrichment of nitrogenous pollution due to anthropogenic activities, mass vehicular and industrial growth, was tested.
Gas chromatography is a technique that separates and analyzes volatile compounds in the gas phase. There are two main types: gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas-solid chromatography (GSC). GLC is the most widely used method. It works by vaporizing the sample and carrying it through a column using an inert gas such as helium. Components separate based on how strongly they interact with the liquid stationary phase coating the column. A detector then measures the separated components as they exit the column. Gas chromatography has many applications including qualitative and quantitative analysis of compounds, identification of mixtures, isolation of metabolites, and its use in forensics.
This document discusses methods for measuring moisture content in materials like soil, rock, and wood. Moisture content is expressed as a ratio of the mass of water to the total mass or as a volumetric ratio. It can be measured directly by drying a sample and calculating the water loss, or through various laboratory, geophysical, and remote sensing techniques. Common laboratory methods include titration and measuring mass loss after heating or freeze drying. Geophysical techniques include time-domain reflectometry and neutron probes, while satellites use microwave radiation to estimate soil moisture below vegetation canopies.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM CIRCULAR CYL...IAEME Publication
In the present work, the enhancement of natural convection heat transfer utilizing nanofluids as working fluid from horizontal circular cylinder situated in a square enclosure is investigated numerically. The type of the nanofluid is the water-based copper Cu. A model is developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nanofluids inside an enclosure taking into account the solid particle dispersionrs on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The study uses different Raylieh
numbers (104 , 105 , and 106 ), different enclosure width to cylinder diameter ratios W/D (1.667, 2.5 and 5) and volume fraction of nanoparticles between 0 to 0.2. The work included the solution of the governing equations in the vorticity-stream function formulation which were transformed into body fitted coordinate system
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate components of a mixture. It was invented in 1901 by Russian botanist Mikhail Tswett. Key developments include John Porter Martin developing the first gas-liquid chromatograph in the 1950s. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allows identification of separated components. The technique works by vaporizing a sample and carrying it by a carrier gas through a column coated with a stationary phase, separating components based on how they partition between the mobile and stationary phases.
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It begins with an introduction to chromatography and lists some common chromatographic techniques. It then describes the basic components and working of gas chromatography, including the carrier gas, columns, temperature control, detectors, and how the chromatographic process separates components based on partitioning between a mobile and stationary phase. The principle of gas chromatography is described as partition, with examples of different types of columns and factors that influence chromatographic separation. The key components of a gas chromatography system and their functions are also summarized.
1.Analytical Chemistry Historical PerspectiveMalcolm Ross
The document discusses the history and types of analytical chemistry techniques from the 1950s to present. It provides examples of techniques from each decade that improved detection limits and automation. These include pH meters and single wavelength spectrophotometers in the 1950s, gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the 1960s, and hyphenated methods like GC-MS and LC-MS in the 1980s. The document also covers types of analytical methods like gravimetric, titrimetric, electroanalytical, and spectroscopic techniques.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures that relies on the differential partitioning of analytes between a stationary and mobile phase. Key aspects of GC include vaporizing samples and carrying them through a column with an inert gas, where separation occurs based on interactions with the immobilized stationary phase. Common detectors measure changes in thermal conductivity, ionization, or other properties to identify separated analyte compounds and allow for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex samples.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate components in a mixture using an inert gas as the mobile phase and a stationary phase in the column. Key aspects of gas chromatography include the carrier gas, sample injection, columns with solid or liquid stationary phases, temperature programming, and detectors like FID, TCD, ECD that measure separated components. Gas chromatography provides sensitive, precise, and accurate analysis of mixtures like drugs, foods, pollutants, and more within a short time.
Soil parameters, analysis protocols, interpretation, and fertilizer recommend...ExternalEvents
The second lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET) took place on 19 - 23 November 2018 in ICAR-IISS (Indian Institute of Soil Science), Bhopal, India.
Drs. Sanjay Srivastava and Pradip Dey, ICAR-IISS, Bhopal, India (1st Day)
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel (Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw ...CrimsonPublishersACSR
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel
(Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw Materials for Coliquefaction with Low Rank Coal by Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak*, Siti Nur Ain Mohd Hassan, Ali H Jawad and Khudzir Ismail in Annals of Chemical Science Research
Gas chromatography is a separation technique that uses the differences in how compounds partition between a mobile gas phase and a stationary liquid phase. It works by injecting a sample mixture into a column, where each component interacts differently with the stationary phase and moves through the column at different rates, allowing separation. Key components are the carrier gas, injection port, column, oven, and detector. Factors like temperature, carrier gas flow rate, and column length affect separation by impacting how long each component is retained in the column.
GASSCHROMATOGRAPHY, ADVANCED STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, I...Dr. Ravi Sankar
GASSCHROMATOGRAPHY, ADVANCED STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, INTRODUCTION, THEORY, COLUMN OPERATION,INSTRUMENTATION AND DETECTION,APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF GC,PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION IN GC, HOW GC MECHINE WORKS? COLUMN, DETECTORS.
BY P.RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.
Gas chromatography is a technique that separates volatile organic compounds using a carrier gas and a column with a stationary phase. The basic system includes an injection port, separation column in an oven, and detector. Samples are vaporized and carried by the gas through the column where compounds separate based on interactions with the stationary phase and exit the column at different rates, known as elution. The detector measures the compounds and generates a chromatogram to identify and quantify the separated components. Common detectors include the flame ionization detector. Gas chromatography has various applications like analysis of biological samples.
Air sampling is used to determine airborne contaminants present. There are various sampling methods that can be used under different environmental conditions and time factors. Air quality is measured through ambient air quality monitoring of the atmosphere or stack sampling of pollutants emitted from sources. Sampling and monitoring are important for air pollution control programs to evaluate air quality, implement control measures, and assess control strategies. Challenges in sampling include collecting truly representative samples and preventing changes during sampling. Proper statistical studies, sample size, continuous sampling, and accounting for variables like temperature help improve sampling accuracy.
Effect Of Cuo-Distilled Water Based Nanofluids On Heat Transfer Characteristi...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the distilled water and the copper oxide-distilled water based nanofluid flowing in a horizontal circular pipe under constant heat flux condition are studied. Copper oxide nanoparticles of 40nm size are dispersed in distilled water using sodium dodecyl sulphate as surfactant and sonicated the nanofluid for three hour. Both surfactant and sonication increases the stability of the nanofluid. The nanofluids are made in three different concentration i.e. 0.1 Vol. %, 0.25 Vol. % and 0.50 Vol. %. The thermal conductivity is measured by KD2 PRO, density with pycnometer, viscosity with Brookfield LVDV-III rheometer. The results show that the thermal conductivity increases with both temperature and concentration. The viscosity and density increases with concentration but decreases with temperature. The specific heat is calculated by model and it decreases with concentration. The experimental local Nusselt number of distilled water is compared with local Nusselt number obtained by the well known shah equation for laminar flow under constant heat flux condition for validation of the experimental set up. The relative error is 4.48 % for the Reynolds number 750.9. The heat transfer coefficient increases with increase in both flow rate and concentration. It increases from 14.33 % to 46.1 % when the concentration is increased from 0.1 Vol. % to 0.5 Vol. % at 20 LPH flow rate. Friction factor decreases with increase in flow rate. It decreases 66.54 % when the flow rate increases from 10 LPH to 30 LPH for 0.1 Vol. %.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze compounds that can be vaporized without decomposing. It works by carrying a gaseous or vaporized sample mixture through a column via an inert gas mobile phase. Components interact differently with the stationary phase coating the column and exit at different retention times, allowing separation. Common applications include analyzing purity, identifying unknown compounds, and preparing pure samples. Advantages include high sensitivity and resolution, while disadvantages include limited sample types and inability to recover individual components.
This document discusses air sampling techniques. It describes the basic considerations for air sampling such as ensuring the sample is representative and the sampling rate allows for maximum collection efficiency. It also discusses different types of air sampling setups and sample collectors that can be used depending on whether gaseous or particulate pollutants are being measured. Specific techniques covered include absorption in liquid, filtration, impingement, electrostatic precipitation, and centrifugal force. The document also classifies particulate matter by size and describes common devices for particulate collection including dust fall jars, which are suitable for larger particles settling due to gravity.
This document defines and describes various types of suspended solids and organic matter that are measured in wastewater treatment. It discusses total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), biodegradable VSS, settleable solids, fixed suspended solids, and colloidal solids. It also covers measurements of organic matter including total organic carbon (TOC), theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and BOD kinetics. The document provides details on procedures for measuring these parameters, including the use of filters, ignition, centrifugation, Imhoff cones, and demand tests.
The document describes experiments conducted by students to isolate bacteriophages from environmental samples. They enriched soil samples for phage particles, purified isolated phages through multiple rounds of plating and titration, and increased phage concentration through lysing infected bacterial cells. The students analyzed their purified phage DNA samples through spectrophotometry, restriction enzyme digestion, and gel electrophoresis. They obtained DNA fragments of different sizes and potentially isolated new phage strains, though their plaques resembled those of known phages.
The document describes experiments conducted by students to isolate bacteriophages from environmental samples. They enriched soil samples for phage particles, purified isolated phages through multiple rounds of plating and titration, and increased phage concentration through lysing infected bacterial cells. The students then isolated and analyzed phage DNA through spectrophotometry and restriction enzyme digestion followed by gel electrophoresis. While they were unable to find novel phages, the experiments provided experience in bacteriophage isolation techniques.
This document provides information about soil and sediment sampling. It discusses basic principles of soil sampling including objectives of soil monitoring and parts of a monitoring plan. It covers site characterization, selection of sampling approach and factors that affect sample reliability. The document also addresses selection of area, sampling point, parameters and equipment for sampling. Finally, it discusses guidelines for handling and storage of soil samples including preservation techniques, as well as pre-treatment and extraction of contaminants from soil.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM CIRCULAR CYL...IAEME Publication
In the present work, the enhancement of natural convection heat transfer utilizing nanofluids as working fluid from horizontal circular cylinder situated in a square enclosure is investigated numerically. The type of the nanofluid is the water-based copper Cu. A model is developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nanofluids inside an enclosure taking into account the solid particle dispersionrs on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The study uses different Raylieh
numbers (104 , 105 , and 106 ), different enclosure width to cylinder diameter ratios W/D (1.667, 2.5 and 5) and volume fraction of nanoparticles between 0 to 0.2. The work included the solution of the governing equations in the vorticity-stream function formulation which were transformed into body fitted coordinate system
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate components of a mixture. It was invented in 1901 by Russian botanist Mikhail Tswett. Key developments include John Porter Martin developing the first gas-liquid chromatograph in the 1950s. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allows identification of separated components. The technique works by vaporizing a sample and carrying it by a carrier gas through a column coated with a stationary phase, separating components based on how they partition between the mobile and stationary phases.
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It begins with an introduction to chromatography and lists some common chromatographic techniques. It then describes the basic components and working of gas chromatography, including the carrier gas, columns, temperature control, detectors, and how the chromatographic process separates components based on partitioning between a mobile and stationary phase. The principle of gas chromatography is described as partition, with examples of different types of columns and factors that influence chromatographic separation. The key components of a gas chromatography system and their functions are also summarized.
1.Analytical Chemistry Historical PerspectiveMalcolm Ross
The document discusses the history and types of analytical chemistry techniques from the 1950s to present. It provides examples of techniques from each decade that improved detection limits and automation. These include pH meters and single wavelength spectrophotometers in the 1950s, gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the 1960s, and hyphenated methods like GC-MS and LC-MS in the 1980s. The document also covers types of analytical methods like gravimetric, titrimetric, electroanalytical, and spectroscopic techniques.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures that relies on the differential partitioning of analytes between a stationary and mobile phase. Key aspects of GC include vaporizing samples and carrying them through a column with an inert gas, where separation occurs based on interactions with the immobilized stationary phase. Common detectors measure changes in thermal conductivity, ionization, or other properties to identify separated analyte compounds and allow for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex samples.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate components in a mixture using an inert gas as the mobile phase and a stationary phase in the column. Key aspects of gas chromatography include the carrier gas, sample injection, columns with solid or liquid stationary phases, temperature programming, and detectors like FID, TCD, ECD that measure separated components. Gas chromatography provides sensitive, precise, and accurate analysis of mixtures like drugs, foods, pollutants, and more within a short time.
Soil parameters, analysis protocols, interpretation, and fertilizer recommend...ExternalEvents
The second lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET) took place on 19 - 23 November 2018 in ICAR-IISS (Indian Institute of Soil Science), Bhopal, India.
Drs. Sanjay Srivastava and Pradip Dey, ICAR-IISS, Bhopal, India (1st Day)
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel (Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw ...CrimsonPublishersACSR
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel
(Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw Materials for Coliquefaction with Low Rank Coal by Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak*, Siti Nur Ain Mohd Hassan, Ali H Jawad and Khudzir Ismail in Annals of Chemical Science Research
Gas chromatography is a separation technique that uses the differences in how compounds partition between a mobile gas phase and a stationary liquid phase. It works by injecting a sample mixture into a column, where each component interacts differently with the stationary phase and moves through the column at different rates, allowing separation. Key components are the carrier gas, injection port, column, oven, and detector. Factors like temperature, carrier gas flow rate, and column length affect separation by impacting how long each component is retained in the column.
GASSCHROMATOGRAPHY, ADVANCED STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, I...Dr. Ravi Sankar
GASSCHROMATOGRAPHY, ADVANCED STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, INTRODUCTION, THEORY, COLUMN OPERATION,INSTRUMENTATION AND DETECTION,APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF GC,PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION IN GC, HOW GC MECHINE WORKS? COLUMN, DETECTORS.
BY P.RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.
Gas chromatography is a technique that separates volatile organic compounds using a carrier gas and a column with a stationary phase. The basic system includes an injection port, separation column in an oven, and detector. Samples are vaporized and carried by the gas through the column where compounds separate based on interactions with the stationary phase and exit the column at different rates, known as elution. The detector measures the compounds and generates a chromatogram to identify and quantify the separated components. Common detectors include the flame ionization detector. Gas chromatography has various applications like analysis of biological samples.
Air sampling is used to determine airborne contaminants present. There are various sampling methods that can be used under different environmental conditions and time factors. Air quality is measured through ambient air quality monitoring of the atmosphere or stack sampling of pollutants emitted from sources. Sampling and monitoring are important for air pollution control programs to evaluate air quality, implement control measures, and assess control strategies. Challenges in sampling include collecting truly representative samples and preventing changes during sampling. Proper statistical studies, sample size, continuous sampling, and accounting for variables like temperature help improve sampling accuracy.
Effect Of Cuo-Distilled Water Based Nanofluids On Heat Transfer Characteristi...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the distilled water and the copper oxide-distilled water based nanofluid flowing in a horizontal circular pipe under constant heat flux condition are studied. Copper oxide nanoparticles of 40nm size are dispersed in distilled water using sodium dodecyl sulphate as surfactant and sonicated the nanofluid for three hour. Both surfactant and sonication increases the stability of the nanofluid. The nanofluids are made in three different concentration i.e. 0.1 Vol. %, 0.25 Vol. % and 0.50 Vol. %. The thermal conductivity is measured by KD2 PRO, density with pycnometer, viscosity with Brookfield LVDV-III rheometer. The results show that the thermal conductivity increases with both temperature and concentration. The viscosity and density increases with concentration but decreases with temperature. The specific heat is calculated by model and it decreases with concentration. The experimental local Nusselt number of distilled water is compared with local Nusselt number obtained by the well known shah equation for laminar flow under constant heat flux condition for validation of the experimental set up. The relative error is 4.48 % for the Reynolds number 750.9. The heat transfer coefficient increases with increase in both flow rate and concentration. It increases from 14.33 % to 46.1 % when the concentration is increased from 0.1 Vol. % to 0.5 Vol. % at 20 LPH flow rate. Friction factor decreases with increase in flow rate. It decreases 66.54 % when the flow rate increases from 10 LPH to 30 LPH for 0.1 Vol. %.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze compounds that can be vaporized without decomposing. It works by carrying a gaseous or vaporized sample mixture through a column via an inert gas mobile phase. Components interact differently with the stationary phase coating the column and exit at different retention times, allowing separation. Common applications include analyzing purity, identifying unknown compounds, and preparing pure samples. Advantages include high sensitivity and resolution, while disadvantages include limited sample types and inability to recover individual components.
This document discusses air sampling techniques. It describes the basic considerations for air sampling such as ensuring the sample is representative and the sampling rate allows for maximum collection efficiency. It also discusses different types of air sampling setups and sample collectors that can be used depending on whether gaseous or particulate pollutants are being measured. Specific techniques covered include absorption in liquid, filtration, impingement, electrostatic precipitation, and centrifugal force. The document also classifies particulate matter by size and describes common devices for particulate collection including dust fall jars, which are suitable for larger particles settling due to gravity.
This document defines and describes various types of suspended solids and organic matter that are measured in wastewater treatment. It discusses total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), biodegradable VSS, settleable solids, fixed suspended solids, and colloidal solids. It also covers measurements of organic matter including total organic carbon (TOC), theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and BOD kinetics. The document provides details on procedures for measuring these parameters, including the use of filters, ignition, centrifugation, Imhoff cones, and demand tests.
The document describes experiments conducted by students to isolate bacteriophages from environmental samples. They enriched soil samples for phage particles, purified isolated phages through multiple rounds of plating and titration, and increased phage concentration through lysing infected bacterial cells. The students analyzed their purified phage DNA samples through spectrophotometry, restriction enzyme digestion, and gel electrophoresis. They obtained DNA fragments of different sizes and potentially isolated new phage strains, though their plaques resembled those of known phages.
The document describes experiments conducted by students to isolate bacteriophages from environmental samples. They enriched soil samples for phage particles, purified isolated phages through multiple rounds of plating and titration, and increased phage concentration through lysing infected bacterial cells. The students then isolated and analyzed phage DNA through spectrophotometry and restriction enzyme digestion followed by gel electrophoresis. While they were unable to find novel phages, the experiments provided experience in bacteriophage isolation techniques.
This document provides information about soil and sediment sampling. It discusses basic principles of soil sampling including objectives of soil monitoring and parts of a monitoring plan. It covers site characterization, selection of sampling approach and factors that affect sample reliability. The document also addresses selection of area, sampling point, parameters and equipment for sampling. Finally, it discusses guidelines for handling and storage of soil samples including preservation techniques, as well as pre-treatment and extraction of contaminants from soil.
This document summarizes a student's report on isolating and characterizing a bacteriophage from soil samples. The student describes collecting soil, enriching samples to isolate phages, purifying phages through multiple plating and titration steps, and determining the titer of isolated phage lysates. Electrophoresis of isolated phage DNA was performed to characterize restriction enzyme cleavage patterns. The goal of the experiment was to learn scientific techniques for isolating novel bacteriophages and exploring their potential applications.
This document provides instructions for creating a manual for operating a Lachat instrument to analyze total nitrogen content in soil samples. It describes the purpose of the Lachat as finding the ammonium and nitrite content to determine total nitrogen. It then summarizes the standard process for sample and standard preparation, instrument warm up, running samples, monitoring the run, data collection and post-run cleaning. Potential hazards of chemicals used are also listed, along with required personal protective equipment. Applications for the method include a university lab and agricultural soil treatment studies.
This document discusses noise pollution, including its definition, sources, and health effects. Noise pollution is defined as unwanted or disruptive sound that negatively impacts quality of life. Transportation systems are a major source of noise pollution in urban areas. Construction equipment also contributes significantly to noise levels. Industrial noise and devices like loud speakers, fans, and air conditioners further add to noise pollution. High noise levels are linked to health issues like high blood pressure, hearing loss, and mental health problems. Planting greenery and properly maintaining vehicles and equipment can help reduce noise pollution.
Handling Difficult Samples in Karl Fischer AnalysisMetrohm USA
Analysis of moisture is becoming increasingly important to many different industries
Many of these reasons require not only a precise, but also accurate reading
For years, most moisture analyses have been conducted on a semi-quantitative or even qualitative level
Copper metal Adsorption Techniques using natural Chemical ChitosanNakkana Manoj Yadav
This document describes a study on extracting chitosan from prawn shells and optimizing its parameters for removing copper through adsorption. The study involves extracting chitin from shells through demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. The extracted chitosan is then used as an adsorbent to remove copper from wastewater. The effect of various parameters like adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent size on adsorption capacity is analyzed. Response surface methodology and adsorption isotherms are used to optimize the process. Contour plots show maximum copper removal at pH 9.3 and temperature 25°C.
Final Year Thesis Presentation EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF “WATER QUALITY” ACH...Latif Hyder Wadho
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1. Assessment of Soil and Wastewater
Quality By various Parameters
(Group-4)
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Materials And Methods
Study Area
Sampling Plan
Sample Collection
Transport And Storage Of Samples
Analysis
• Analysis Of Wastewater Samples For
Various Parameters
• Analysis Of Soil Samples For Various
Parameters
3. INTRODUCTION
• Soil And Water Are One Of Most Crucial Component Of The Human And Natural Environment
• Sustainability Of Human Population Is Based On These Components
• Due To Human Activities These Components Are Greatly Deteriorating
• This Deterioration Causes Negative Consequences On Human Health
• For Canceling These Negative Consequences Careful Assessment Of Quality Of These
Component Is Important
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
Location : Tehsil Jalalpur Jattan, District Gujrat,
Pakistan
Coordinates: (32°38′31.0″n 74°12′11.9″e)
Climate : Moderate
Temperature Range: (2°C-45 °C),
Average Temperature: 23.9 °C,
Annual Precipitation: 802mm
Sampling Sites
For Soil
Village Bahraj And Maghowal (For Agricultural And
Damaged Soils Samples
Village Kotli Kohala (For Urban Soil Samples)
For Wastewater
Same Sampling Sites As For Soil Sampling
Location Map of City Jalalpur Jattan, District
Gujrat, Province Punjab, Pakistan
6. SAMPLING PLAN FOR SOIL SAMPLES
• For Each Soil Type Samples, One Location Is Selected, Where Three Different Acres
Of Land Were Selected
• Each Acre Of Land Is Divided Into Equal Boxes By Utilizing The Method Of
Systematic Grid Sampling
• For Agricultural And Urban Soil Sampling, 3 Lands Of One Acre Was Selected And
For Damaged Soil Sampling Only One Land Of Acre
• From Damaged And Urban Soil, 10 Samples From Each Acre By Meter Distance
• From Agricultural Soil, 16 Samples From Each Acre By Meter Distance
• Total Samples :108
Agricultural Samples: 16 X 3 =48 Damaged Soil Samples: 10 X 3 =30urban Soil Samples: 10 X 3 = 30
7. Soil Sampling
Agricultural Soil
Location1
3 Replicates (each a
composite of16samples
from 1 acre)
Damaged Soil
Location 1
3 Replicates (each a
composite of10samples
from meter distance)
Urban Soil
Location 1
3 Samples (each a
composite of10samples
from a meter distance
CONTINUE
8. WASTEWATER SAMPLING PLAN
• 3 Different Locations Were Selected
• 30 Samples From Each Location Were Collected By 10-meter Distance, Using Systematic
Composite Sampling
• Total Samples: 3 X 10 =90
Waste Water
Sampling
Kotli Kohala Manghowal Bahrajs
30 Samples Collected
From 10 Meter
Distance
30 Samples
Collected from 10
Meter distance
30 Samples
Collected From 10
Meter Distance
9. SOIL SAMPLING COLLECTION
• Soil Samples Were Collected Using Bulk Density Rings
• First The Rings Was Hammered Down To The Soil, Until Their Level
Become Equal To The Top Surface
• It Made Ensured That Rings Were Completely Filled With The Soil
• After Filling They Were Removed By Using Shovel
• After Removal, Content Of The Rings Was Added In Labeled Zip
Lock Bags
Capacity Of Bulk Density Rings : 800g
Capacity Of Zip Lock Bags :1000g
Material Of Zip Lock Bags : Polyethene
Note : All The Zip Lock Bags And Bulk Density Rings That Were Used
Had Same Size And Shape
Figure shows Bulk Density Rings that
are self-prepared used during sampling
10. WASTEWATER SAMPLING COLLECTION
Samples Was Collected Using Grab Pole Method By
First The Container Was Uncapped And Cleaned
Container Was Dipped In The Wastewater With Its Mouth
Made Flat To The Flow, And Moved Forward To The
Flowing Wastewater
All Personnel Wore The Gloves And Eye Protection For
Avoiding Any Kind of Infection
Container Volume: 250ml
Note: All The Containers That Were Used Have Same
Shape And Size, The Volume
Figure shows the person is collecting the waste
water sample using grab pole
11. Transport and Storage of Soil
Sampling
• Samples Were Carried In 3 Separate Bags
(Each For One Soil Type)
• Transported On The Same Day As They
Were Collected
• All The Analysis Performed In The
Departmental Lab
• All The Samples Were Stored In The Lab At
Optimum Temperature And Humidity
Transport and Storage of wastewater
Sampling
• For Transport And Preservation, Refrigeration
Method Was Used (3 Boxes, One For Each
Location)
• Refrigeration Boxes Was Filled With Crushed
Ice And Temperature Of Boxes Were Between
The 1°C And 4°C
• In The Lab Samples Were Stored In Freezer At
Controlled Temperature
• All The Analysis Performed In The
Departmental Lab
12. ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER SAMPLES
Parameters Selected for the Analysis
Sr.No Physical Parameters Chemical Parameters Biological Parameters
1 Total Solids pH E. coli
2 Total Dissolved Solids Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
3 Total Suspended Solids Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
4 Turbidity Total Nitrogen
5 Color Total Phosphorus
6 Temperature
13. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Total Solids
• By Gravimetric Method
• Sample Was Subjected To Heat At 105 °C
In Petri Dish, And Weighted Before And
After
• Weight Difference = Conc. Of TS
• Formula : TS=(M1–M2)/V
Total Dissolved Solids
• By Gravimetric Method
• Sample Was Subjected To Heat At 105 °C In Petri
Dish, And Weighted Before And After
• Then Sample Filtered In To Filter Paper Which Was
Preweighted
• Known Volume Of The Filtrate Was Subjected To
180 °C Using Petri Dish
• Change In Weight Of A Petri Dish= Conc.Of TDS
• Formula : TDS=(M2–M3) X 1000/V
14. CONTINUE
Total Suspended Solid
• By Gravimetric Method
• Known Volume Of Sample Filtered To Filter
Paper And Filter Paper Was Pre-weighted
• After That, Filter Subjected To 105 °C, And In
The End Filter Was Again Weighted
• Change In Weight = Conc. Of TSS
• Formula: SS= (M4–M5)/V
Turbidity
• By Using Nephelometer
• Values Measured In NTU (Nephelometric
Turbidity Units)
15. CONTINUE
Temperature
• Using Common Thermometer
Electrical Conductivity
• Digital Conductivity Meter
Odor
• Using Threshold Odor Number Calculation
• First The Waste Water Was Diluted Until Its Odor Unable To Recognize
• The Point Where It Become Odor-less Measured In Threshold Odor Number
Color
• Using Spectrophotometry Technique
• By Measuring The Wavelength Absorbed By The Sample, Compared With
16. CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
Biological Oxygen Demand
• Known Volume Of Sample Taken In Bottle,
Diluted, And Nitrification Inhibitor Added, And
Sealed
• The DO Value Was Measured Before And After
The Analysis
• Bottles Were Kept In Freezer At 5 °C For 20
Days
• After 20 Days, Difference In The DO Value
Was The Amount Of Oxygen Consumed By
Microorganism For OM Stabilization And
Hence Showed The BOD Value
Chemical Oxygen Demand
• Sample Volume Added In Beaker With Hgso4
And Mixture Agso4 And H2SO4 & Lastly
K2cr4o7 Was Added
• The Mixture Was Subjected To Heat For 2
Hours
• Remaining K2cr4o7 Which Was Not Subjected
To Oxidation Measured By Titration Using Fe
(NH4)2SO4
• K2cr4o7 Oxidized The Fe (NH4)2SO4
• The Remaining Amount Of K2cr4o7 Is
Calculated Which Was Equal To COD
Ph
Common Ph Meter Was Used
17. CONTINUE
Total Nitrogen
• Karloff Digestion Method
• Sample And Sodium Hydroxide And Potassium
Persulfate Was Added In Digestion Tube
• Nitrogen Content Converted In To Nitrate
• After That Small Portion Of Sample Added
With Color Reagent In Other Container
• After That Spectrophotometry Technique Used
To Measure The Nitrogen Content
Total Phosphorus
• Flame Photometry Technique Was Used
• For Total Phosphorus Content Analysis, First
Orthophosphate Was Measured
• Oxidation And Hydrolysis Was Performed
Before The Analysis Of The Ortho-
phosphate
18. BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Escherichia Coli
• Membrane Filter Technique Was Used
• Water Samples Passes Through Filter That Can Trap Pathogens
• After Filtration, Filter Was Placed On Mi Agar Plate And Subjected To Incubation At 35 °C
For 24 Hours
• Colonies Were Grown And Their Presence Supported With Presence Of Blue Color On Plate
Under Uv Light
19. ANALYSIS OF SOIL SAMPLES
Parameters Selected for Soil Analysis
Sr.No Physical Parameters Chemical Parameters
1 Texture pH
2 Temperature Organic Carbon
3 Soil Bulk density Soil Moisture Total Nitrogen
4 Electrical Conductivity Total Phosphorus
5 Texture Total Potassium
20. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Soil Texture
• Using Hydrometer
• Soil Sample And Sodium Metaphosphate
Was Mixed And Subjected To Dispersion
• After Dispersion, Amount Suspension
Particles Analyzed Using Hydrometer
• Particles Dispersed Differently According To
Their Properties
• From Where We Measure The Soil Texture
Soil Moisture And Bulk Density
• Cylindrical Core Method Was Used
• Samples Were Collected Via Bulk Density
Rings
• The Sample Was Subjected To Heat At 105
°C
• Sample Was Weighted Was Measured Before
And After The Heating
• Change In Weight = Conc. Of Moisture And
Amount Of Bulk Density
21. CONTINUE
Soil Temperature
• Thermocouple Was Used
Electrical Conductivity
• Soil Added In The Beaker And Slowly Wetted
By Drop By Drop Of Adding Distilled Water
• After Wetting, Soil Converted Into Paste And
Enclosed The Beaker
• After That, Again Water Was Added And
Mixture Was Shake Well
• Some Portion Of This Mixture Was Extracted
To Beaker From Where Its Conductivity
Measured Via Conductivity Meter
22. CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
pH
• Ph Meter Was Used
• First The Sample Was Dried, And Added In
The Beaker With Distilled Water
• The Mixture Well Stirred And Stranded For 1
Hour
• After That Ph Meter Inserted In The Beaker,
At It Showed The Value Of pH
Organic Matter
• Weight Loss Of Ignition Was Used
• First The Sample Dried At 105 °C And
Weighted
• The Dried Sample Then Subjected To 360 °C
And Weighted
• After That The Change In The Weight = The
Amount Of Organic Matter In Soil
23. CONTINUE
Total Nitrogen
• Kjeldahl Digestion Method Was Used
• OM Digested In The Presence Of Sulfuric
Acid And Catalyst, And Nitrates Were Lost
• Ammonia In Digestion Calculated By
Distillation By NaOH And Absorption Of
NH3 And HCL Solution
• Titration Of NaOH Was Performed Using
Excess HCL
• Using Indicator As Reduction In The Multi
Equivalence Of Acid As Resolute By Acid-
base Titration
• Which Provided The N Content In The
Sample
Total Phosphorus
• Alkaline Oxidation Method Was Used
• Sample And Sodium Hydrobromide Was Added
In Boiling Flask And Mixture Was Swirled
• Flask Was Placed In Sand Bath Until All The
Content Were Evaporated
• After Cooling, Formic Acid Sulfuric Acid And
Distilled Water Was Added
• Mixture Added To Centrifuge Tube And
Centrifuged For 1 Minute
• After That, Aliquots Were Transferred To The
Other Flasks And Ascorbic Acid Was Added
• After 30 Minutes, Color Was Developed In The
Mixture
• The Last The Optical Density Of The Samples
Was Measured
24. TOTAL POTASSIUM
• Flame Photometry Technique Was Used
• First The Soil Sample Was Mixed With Ammonium Acetate/Acetic Acid Solution Then Mixture
Was Well Shake For 30 Mins
• This Process Caused The Displacement Of The K+ Ions.
• The Filtered Content Is Then Analyzed With Flame Photometer For Potassium Content In The
Sample