The document explains various methods of asexual reproduction, including natural methods such as budding, sporulation, vegetative propagation, and apomixis, as well as artificial methods like cuttings, tissue culture, and protoplast fusion. Asexual reproduction allows offspring to be clones of the parent, requiring only one parent organism. Advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, particularly in horticulture, are also discussed.

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2. Asexual Reproduction
 Production of offspring without Fusion of sex
cells(gametes)
 Requires only one parent
 Offspring have 100% the same chromosomes as the
parent.
 In other words, the offspring are exact
“clones” of the parent.
 Most unicellular organisms
reproduce this way.
 Mitosis
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3. Natural Methods Of Asexual Reproduction
 In Nature, Plants Reproduce By Following Methods.
 Budding
 By Spores or Sporulation
 Vegetative propagation
 Apomixis
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4. Natural Method No.1
 Budding
 Example. Yeast
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Budding is a means of asexual
reproduction whereby a new individual
develops from an outgrowth of a
parent, splits off, and lives
independently.
Note:
In yeasts the cell does not divide
equally in two halves; instead, there
is a large mother cell and a smaller
daughter cell.
Yeast - budding

5. Natural Method No.2
 Spore Formation or Sporulation
 Happens in fungi, green algae, moulds
and non flowering plants (e.g. fern)
 Spores are produced and each spore
develops into offspring which are identical
to parent
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Spores: Single, specialized cells which
are released from the parent -- they are
enclosed in a protective case and develop
when environmental conditions are
favorable.
The formation of spores occurs in
bread mold, mushrooms, mosses & ferns.
Fungi

6. Natural Method No.3
 Vegetative Propagation
 Vegetative propagation results
in a
new plant that is genetically
identical to the parent plant (a
clone).
 Seeds does not involves.
 Examples: strawberry plant,
vegetables, and crops.
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7. Natural Method No.4
 Apomixis
 Production of seeds without fertilization.
 Sexual reproduction is replaced by Asexual
reproduction.
 Example. Dandelion etc.
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8. Artificial Methods Of Asexual Reproduction
Plants may asexually reproduce by diff.
techniques. i.e.
 By Cutting
 Tissue culture (test tube cloning)
 Protoplast Fusion
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9. Artificial Method No.1
 Plant cuttings
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Vegetative reproduction is a type
of asexual reproduction in plants
that relies on multi-cellular
structures formed by the parent
plant. It has long been exploited
in horticulture and agriculture,
with various methods employed
to multiply stocks of plants.

10. Artificial Method No.2
 Tissue culture (test tube cloning)
 In this technique plants with similar characters are produced, called
“clones”.
 New plant can produce from the pieces of tissues or one
parenchyma cell.
 This cell divides to form a body, called callus.
 This callus consists of similar cells & from this root arise and cells
starts to produce diff. parts of plant body.
 This method is used in Orchards & Pinus trees to obtain wood.
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11. Advantages & Disadvantages Of
Tissue culture
Advantages Disadvantages
 By this technique similar
character are developed.
 These plants have
resistance against diseases,
 By plant culture useful
chemicals are obtained,
e.g. Shikonin.This chemical
is used in chemical silk
industry.
 These plants are sterile,
do not reproduce by sexual
method.
 This technique may cause
change in the structure or
number of Chromosomes.
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12. Artificial Method No.3
 Protoplast Fusion technique of tissue culture
 In this technique outer cell wall is removed around the protoplasts.
 In some cases protoplasts are fused together, then their protoplasts are used
for culture.
 These protoplasts produce a wall around them, then they are changed into
new plants.
 This method is used in Potato & Wild night Shade plant.
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