Topic is Asexual reproduction in plant ,in Detail with proper diagram and example.
The diagram are taken form web browser and notes is taken from liable source, ref books and NCERT book.
I can assure you that if you go through this ppt then you will not need any Reference book to read or to make note.
Reference is Textbook of NEET and AIIMS "Botany"
so plz give me your valuable feedback.
Thank you
Asexual reproduction is a process in which new organism is produced from a single parent without the involvement of gametes or cells. Many unicellular and multi cellular organisms reproduce asexually.
CLASS 12||Chapter 1|| Reproduction in Organisms.PrathamBiology
I have covered each topic of NCERT in explaining first chapter. In this chapter very basic information on reproduction is discussed.This is helpful for Board as well as NEET students.
Feel free for any query or suggestion.
Mail us on: biologypratham@gmail.com
Website : www.prathambiology.in
Asexual reproduction is a process in which new organism is produced from a single parent without the involvement of gametes or cells. Many unicellular and multi cellular organisms reproduce asexually.
CLASS 12||Chapter 1|| Reproduction in Organisms.PrathamBiology
I have covered each topic of NCERT in explaining first chapter. In this chapter very basic information on reproduction is discussed.This is helpful for Board as well as NEET students.
Feel free for any query or suggestion.
Mail us on: biologypratham@gmail.com
Website : www.prathambiology.in
Plant propagation, Plant propagation methods, Types of Plant propagation, Advantages of vegetative propagation, Recommended Propagation Techniques for Fruit Crops
Plant propagation, Plant propagation methods, Types of Plant propagation, Advantages of vegetative propagation, Recommended Propagation Techniques for Fruit Crops
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
It is a mode of reproduction/multiplication in which new individuals develops from a
single parent.
Features of asexual reproduction:
1. As there is involvement of only one parent so it is uniparental.
2. It can occur with or without gamete formation but gametic fusion is absent.
3. The individuals produced are exact copies of each other and their parents because the
new organisms produced inherit all of its chromosome from one parent. Moreover, it
involve only mitotic division. Such a group of morphologically and genetically similar
individual is called clone.
4. It can occur through unspecialised or specialised parts of parent.
5. Higher plant also exhibit this type of reproduction where it is known as Vegetative
reproduction.
6. It is a simple and quick method of reproduction.
4. LET US DISCUSS DIFFERENT WAYS OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION:
Binary fission
Budding
Sporulation
Fragmentation
Vegetative reproduction/propagation
5. 1. BINARY FISSION
Occurrence: It occurs in many single celled organisms belonging to kingdom
Monera (Bacteria), and Prostista (Amoeba and Paramecium).
Mechanisms : In this process, the parent organisms divides into two halves, each
half forming an independent daughter organism. It means, the parent body as a
whole forms reproductive unit and the parent continues living as two daughter
individuals. Thus, here cell division itself is a mode of reproduction.
It involves amitosis in bacteria and mitotic division of nucleus in yeast and amoeba
i.e., karyokinesis followed by division of cytoplasm i.e., cytokinesis resulting in the
formation of daughter cells.
Depending upon the plane of division, binary fission is of the following types
a) Simple Binary Fission(Irregular Binary fission):- Division can occur through any plane
e.g., Amoeba.
b) Longitudinal Binary Fission: The plane of fission passes along the longitudinal axis
of the organism e.g., Euglena
c) Transverse Binary Fission : The plane of this division runs along the transverse axis
of the individual e.g., Bacteria, Paramecium, Diatoms.
6. 2. BUDDING.
• Occurrence: Occurs in single celled organisms like yeast.
• Mechanism : In this process unicellular structure develops an outgrowth (bud) on one side.
Daughter nuclei produced through karyokinesis shifts into the bud. The bud grows, constricts at the
base and separates. So bud remains attached initially to the parent cells which eventually separates
and mature into new organisms (cells).
• Unlike binary fission, cytoplasmic division is unequal and parental cell exists.
7. 3. SPORULATION
o occurrence : These are formed by members of the kingdom fungi and simple plants such as
algae.
oType : The most commonly produced spores are zoospores and conidia.
o Zoospores : These are microscopic motile spores that move by means of flagella formed
under favourable condition. They are mot common asexual structure formed in algae.
o In unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas zoospores is pyramid shaped, anteriorly
flagellated, resembling parents cells.
o During zoospores formation parents cells starts behaving like sporangia.
8. Conidia : These are non-motile spores produced by special hyphal branches called
conidiophores.
These are most common asexual spores produced by fungi. In Penicillium conidiophores may
shows branching and over these branches there is formation of flask shape structure called
sterigmata (phialides). Each sterigmata produces/cuts a chain of conidia.
Fig. : Asexual structure :Zoospores
of Chlamydomonas.
Fig. : Asexual structure : Conidia of
Penicillium.
9. 4. FRAGMENTATION.
Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where an organisms spells into fragments.
Each of these fragments develops into mature fully grown individual followed by mitosis. It
occurs in some algae (Spirogyra), fungi and Hydra, etc.
10. 5. VEGETATIVE REPRODCUTION/PROPAGATION.
•It is a method of multiplication in which a somatic part of the plants detaches from the
body of the mother and develops into a new independent plant under suitable
environmental conditions.
•The detachable somatic part involved in vegetative propagation is called vegetative
propagule.
•There are two types of vegetative reproduction :
A. Natural methods of vegetative reproduction :
B. Artificial or Horticultural method of vegetative reproduction.
A. Natural Methods of Vegetative Reprodcution :
1. Stem :
i. Underground stem
ii. Subaerial stem
iii. Aerial stem
iv. Bulbils
2. Leaves
3. Roots
11. 1. STEMS.
i. Underground stem:
(a) Tuber: it is a terminal portion of an underground stem branch which is swollen on account of
accumulation of food. They possess buds over their nodes or eyes. This buds sprouts to produce
new plantlets, when a stem tuber or a part of it having an eye is placed in the soil. E.g., Potato
Fig. : Eyes of Potato
(b) Rhizome: It is the main underground perennial stem. Buds present on the node take part for
formation of new aerial shoot during favourable season of growth. E.g., Banana, Ginger.
12. (c) Bulb: it is an underground unbranched reduced disc shaped stem. Termininal bud is
surrounded by several leaves e.g., Onion, Garlic.
Fig. : Bulb of Onion
(ii) Subaerial stem :
(a) Offset : Short horizontal branch producing a cluster of leaves above and the cluster of roots
below is called offset. It occurs in some aquatic plants. Breaking of offsets helps in propagation e.g.,
Eichhornia (water hyacinth), Pisita (water Lettuce).
Fig. : Offset of water hyacinth
13. (b) Sucker : it arises by axillary bud of underground part of stem e.g., Chrysanthemum, Pineapple.
(c) Runner : It is elongated, prostrate, sub-aerial branch with long internodes and roots at nodes.
E.g., Grasses.
Fig. : Sucker in Chrysanthemum Fig. : Runner of grass
(iii) Aerial shoots : Each segment of stem having at lest one node can form a new plant. E.g., Sugarcane,
Opuntia.
14. (iv) Bulbils : These are large size fleshy buds which are specialised for vegetative reproduction. For this
bulbil must fall from the plant and reach the soil. They can be present at variable positions on
plants. In Agave bulbils are modified floral buds that develop on the floral axis.
e.g., Agave (century plant), oxalis, Ananas, Dioscorea, lily.
2. Leaves : Leaves of several plants having adventitious buds help in vegetative reproduction. In
Bryophyllum adventitious buds arise from the notches present at margins of leaves. E.g., Adiantum
(walking fern), Begonia, kalanchoe.
Fig. : Bulbil of Agave Fig. : Bryophyllum.
3. Roots : It was discussed that one of the prerequisites for vegetative reproduction is presence of
buds. Though bud is mainly the feature of stem but in some plants roots may also bear buds. These
adventitious buds sprout to form new plants e.g., Dahlia.
15. B. ARTIFICIAL METHOD OF VEGETATIVE REPRODCUTION.
1. Cuttings :
i) Stem Cuttings: it is a common artificial method of plant propagation. 20-30cm long pieces of one
year old stems are cut and their lower ends are dipped in dilute auxin for several minutes before
planting in the soil. The lower ends develops adventitious roots. Buds present over the exposed
parts sprout and form the shoot system.
e.g., Rose, Duranta, Cirtus, Clerodendron, Thea, Bougainvillea, Croton and China Rose
ii) Leaf cuttings: Snake plant (Sansevieria) can be propagated by leaf cuttings. Leaves are cut
transversely into two or three parts and planted in vertical position in the soil. For successful leaf
cutting, besides induction of rooting, formation of adventitious buds is also important.
iii) Root cuttings: They are long pieces of roots which are used to artificially propagate new plants.
Ability to form adventitious roots and adventitious buds are pre-requisites.
Roots are used in propagation of Lemon, Tamarind, Blackberry and Raspberry.
Fig. : Stem cutting.
16. 2. Layering :
•It is a type of rooting-cutting method in which adventitious roots are induced to develop on a soft stem
while it is still attached to the plant.
•It is carried out on one year old basal shoot branches commonly during early spring or early rainy season
Layering is of following types
a) Tip layering : It induces root formation and later growth of shoot tip e.g., Blackberry, Raspberry.
b) Trench Layering : It develops a number of vertical shoots e.g., Walnut, Mulberry.
c) Gootee (Air layering) : it is an ancient horticultural technique for propagation of tropical and
subtropical trees and shrub where soft branches do not occur near the soil.
METHOD : During early monsoon rains, 3-5 cm long ring of bark is removed form the basal region of
a healthy and woody branch. It is covered by a thick plaster of grafting clay. Grafting clay is made of 1
part cow dung, 1 part finely cut hay or moss and two parts clay. To its added water and a small
quantity of root promoting hormones like IAA, IBA or NAA. It is then wrapped in polythene. After 2-
3months roots appear. The shoot is now cut below the covered part and used for planting.
E.g., Litchi, Pomegranate.
Fig. : Tip layering Fig. : Trench layering
17. 3. Grafting:
• Grafting is a technique of connecting two parts, usually a root system and a shoot system of two
different plants in such a way that they unite and later develop as a composite plant.
• It is used only in cambium containing eustelic plants.
• A small shoot of plant with superior traits is employed. It is called graft or scion. The root system of
the other plant is allowed to remain intact. It is called stock (Under stock). E.g., Mango, Apple,
Citrus.
Fig. : Grafting
Various types of grafting
a) Tongue (slice or whip grafting) : Oblique sloping cut or notch is given to both stock and scion.
b) Wedge Grafting: V shaped notch.
18. c) Crown Grafting: Wedge shaped
d) Approach Grafting : Two independently growing plants are brought together.
e) Bud Grafting: Scion is a bud with a small piece of bark and cambium. Stock is given a T
shaped cut. Bark is lifted to expose cambium. Bud is inserted and the bark is allowed to
come back to its original position. Only the bud is exposed. The joint is treated with
grafting wax and is bandaged. But sprouts after 3-5 weeks. Bud grafting is commonly
practiced in apple, peach and rose
Fig. : Crown grafting Fig. : Approach Grafting.
Fig. : Bud Grafting.
4. Micropropagtion : Micropropagation is the raising of new plants from a small plant tissue with the
help of tissue culture technique. Tissue Culture is the technique of maintaining and growing cells,
tissues, etc. and their differentiation on artificial medium under aseptic condition inside suitable
containers.