The document summarizes key aspects of cell membrane structure and function. It defines the main components of the membrane, including phospholipids, cholesterol, and integral and peripheral proteins. It explains how the hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of phospholipids allow them to form a stable bilayer structure. It lists the main functions of membrane proteins, such as acting as hormone binding sites, enzymes, and channels or pumps for transport. It defines diffusion, osmosis, and passive and active transport across membranes. It describes how vesicles are used to transport materials within cells and between organelles like the ER and Golgi apparatus. It explains how the fluid nature of the membrane allows it to change shape during endocytosis and exocytosis.

1. Topic 2.4 - Membranes
2.4.1 Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of membranes.
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Cholesterol
• Glycoproteins
• Integral proteins embedded in the phospholipid of the membrane
• Peripheral proteins attached to the phospholipid surface
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2.4.2 Explain how the hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of phospholipids help to maintain
the structure of the cell membrane.
o The head of the phospholipid is polar and hydrophilic (water-loving), and these heads
make up the outside of the phospholipid bilayer.
o The tail of the phospholipid that is located inside the membrane is nonpolar and
hydrophobic (water-fearing).
o Because one end of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and the other is hydrophilic,
phospholipids naturally form bilayers in which the heads are facing outward (toward the
water), and the tails are facing inward (away from the water).
o Therefore, the characteristics of phospholipids enable the phospholipids to form a stable
structure.
2.4.3 List the functions of membrane proteins including hormone binding sites, enzymes, electron
carriers, channels for passive transport and pumps for active transport.
o Membrane proteins perform many tasks which help the cell with its functions. They act as:
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2. o Hormone binding sites
o Immobilized enzymes
o Cell adhesion
o Cell to cell communication
o Channels for passive transport
o Pumps for active transport.
2.4.4 Define diffusion and osmosis.
o Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration of that
particle to a region of low concentration of that particle. The difference in concentration
that drives diffusion is called a concentration gradient.
o Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable
membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute
concentration.
1.4.5 Explain passive transport across membranes in terms of diffusion.
o Passive transport happens naturally (it requires no energy from the cell) if there is a
concentration gradient between one side of the membrane and the other. This
concentration gradient drives diffusion across the membrane.
Concentration gradient: Molecules can diffuse across membranes from areas of higher to lower
concentration by:
• Simple diffusion: traveling directly through the membrane if they are small and uncharged, thus
avoiding repulsion by the hydrophobic, non-polar tails of phospholipids in the middle of the
membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion: traveling through special transport proteins, if they match the shape and
charge requirements to fit through the channels provided by the transport proteins.
2.4.6 Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across membranes.
o During active transport across membranes, the substance being transported goes against
the gradient (it is going from where there is a lesser concentration to a greater
concentration), and so energy is required to transport it in the form of ATP. Proton pumps
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3. in the cell membrane function in transporting particles across a membrane against
concentration membranes with energy from ATP.
2.4.7 Explain how vesicles are used to transport materials within a cell between the rough
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane.
• Vesicles are membranous sacs in which materials are stored and transported throughout
the cell.
• Protein synthesis: rER produces proteins which travel through the lumen of the ER
• Transport in vesicles: transport vesicles travel to the Golgi, carrying the proteins within
the vesicles
• Modification: Golgi apparatus modifies proteins produced in rER
• Transport to membrane: Golgi pinches off vesicles that contain modified proteins and
travel to plasma membrane
• Exocytosis: Vesicles then fuse with plasma membrane, releasing their
contents by
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4. 2.4.8 Describe how the fluidity of the membrane allows it to change shape, break and reform
during endocytosis and exocytosis.
o Endocytosis is the movement of material into a cell by a process in which the plasma
membrane engulfs extracellular material, forming membrane-bound sacs that enter the
cytoplasm. Exocytosis is the movement of material out of a cell by a process in which
intracellular material is enclosed within a vesicle that moves to the plasma membrane and
fuses with it, releasing the material outside the cell.
o The cell membrane is fluid in that it is constantly in motion. The movement of the
phospholipids changes the membrane's shape, and allows for temporary holes in the
membrane that let materials flow in and out of the cell. If the membrane were not fluid in
nature, it would not be able to fuse with vesicles in endocytosis and exocytosis.
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