Artificial Stone Materials
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The document discusses glass and ceramics. It defines glass as a hard, fragile, transparent amorphous inorganic material made through fusion of silica sand, sodium carbonate, and limestone at 1500 degrees. Ceramics are principally made from clay and boiling water, and have been widely used since antiquity for containers, figures, bricks, tiles, and insulation. The document notes applications of glass in construction for properties like security and insulation, and uses like windows and lenses. Ceramics have been used for containers, religious figures, bricks, tiles, sculpture, and thermal/electrical insulation.
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Ball clay is a variety of kaolinite that differs from china clay in having higher plasticity and lower refractoriness. It derives its name from being removed from clay pits in ball-like lumps. Ball clay is mixed with less plastic clays to increase plasticity for use in ceramics like sanitaryware, hotel china, and tiles. Common ceramics uses include vitreous sanitaryware, hotel china, floor and wall tiles, spark plug porcelain, and glass melting pot bodies.
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The document discusses various construction materials including stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, bricks, and the phases of constructing a house. Stone, cement, and bricks are described as common building materials that have been used for centuries. Mortar is used to bind construction blocks together. Concrete is reinforced with steel to increase its tensile strength. Plaster, ceramics, and other materials have various architectural and industrial uses. House construction involves five phases from initial paperwork to finishing touches.
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Marble comes in many varieties and colors and is used for both institutional and residential buildings. The document discusses different types of marble, including onyx, katni, white, green, agaria, galala, makrana, bidasar, italian, botticino, rainforest, white gray, red forest, gray william, golden spider, and banswara marble. It also provides information on finding marble suppliers.
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Stone as a building material.
Stone as a building material.Director-Navnirman Bahu-Uddeshiya Mahila Sanstha,Suvarna Lele Architects.
STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones. KCC Art 211 Ch 12 Clay, Metal, Fiber, Wood
The document provides an overview of various clay techniques and processes used in ceramics including pinching, coiling, slab building, and throwing. It describes the three stages of working with clay: wet, leather hard, and bone dry. It also outlines the firing process from greenware to bisque to glazed pieces. Additional finishing methods like burnishing and underglazing are mentioned.
An introduction of various types of stones
This document describes the properties and uses of various types of rocks:
- Sedimentary rocks like limestone and coal are used in construction, cement production, and power generation. Limestone is also used for flooring and roofing.
- Igneous rocks such as granite and basalt are used in construction, as aggregates in concrete, and for paving. Gabbro and pumice have more specialized uses.
- Metamorphic rocks like marble, slate, schist and gneiss can be used as building materials, flooring, roofing, and decoratively. Quartzite is used in masonry and road construction.
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clay for ceramics
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The document discusses various construction materials including stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, bricks, and the phases of constructing a house. Stone, cement, and bricks are described as common building materials that have been used for centuries. Mortar is used to bind construction blocks together. Concrete is reinforced with steel to increase its tensile strength. Plaster, ceramics, and other materials have various architectural and industrial uses. House construction involves five phases from initial paperwork to finishing touches.
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Marble comes in many varieties and colors and is used for both institutional and residential buildings. The document discusses different types of marble, including onyx, katni, white, green, agaria, galala, makrana, bidasar, italian, botticino, rainforest, white gray, red forest, gray william, golden spider, and banswara marble. It also provides information on finding marble suppliers.
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The document provides an overview of various clay techniques and processes used in ceramics including pinching, coiling, slab building, and throwing. It describes the three stages of working with clay: wet, leather hard, and bone dry. It also outlines the firing process from greenware to bisque to glazed pieces. Additional finishing methods like burnishing and underglazing are mentioned.
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This document describes the properties and uses of various types of rocks:
- Sedimentary rocks like limestone and coal are used in construction, cement production, and power generation. Limestone is also used for flooring and roofing.
- Igneous rocks such as granite and basalt are used in construction, as aggregates in concrete, and for paving. Gabbro and pumice have more specialized uses.
- Metamorphic rocks like marble, slate, schist and gneiss can be used as building materials, flooring, roofing, and decoratively. Quartzite is used in masonry and road construction.
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The document discusses different types of building materials used in construction. It describes materials like stone, concrete, ceramics, metals, wood, plastics, and glass. Stone materials are very dense but hard to heat. Concrete is made from aggregates and a cement binder. Ceramics are inorganic materials formed by heat. Metals discussed include steel, aluminum and copper. Wood is strong but compressible. The document also outlines the typical steps of building construction, including site preparation, foundations, structure, water coverage, cladding, flooring and adding other facilities. Machinery used includes bulldozers, cranes and concrete mixers.
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The document discusses various building materials used in construction including rock materials like limestone and granite, binder materials like gypsum and cement, and concrete which is a combination of binders, aggregates, and water. It also mentions reinforced concrete, glass concrete, pottery materials like bricks and tiles, metals like steel and copper, woods, and plastics. The construction process is outlined in several phases from site preparation to installing utilities. Machinery used includes diggers, bulldozers, trucks, and cranes. The environmental impact of buildings is noted due to their long lifespan and complex nature requiring many materials.
Report on sandstone
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock formed from compressed sand grains. It is commonly found in stratified rock formations and can vary in color, texture, and grain size depending on its geological composition. Sandstone is classified based on the type of cementing material (calcareous, argillaceous, or ferruginous) that binds the sand grains. It is one of the most abundant rocks on Earth and is widely used for construction materials, countertops, tiles, and as a material for carving. Proper selection of sandstone type is important for its intended use to avoid structural problems.
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The document discusses different types of tiles used for various purposes. It describes the manufacturing process of ceramic tiles which involves mixing raw materials, extrusion, racking/deracking, glazing, and firing. Various types of roof, wall, and floor tiles are outlined along with their characteristics and uses. Benefits of tiles include durability, low maintenance, cost effectiveness, water and stain resistance, eco-friendliness, and ability to improve indoor air quality and home resale value. Historical uses of tiles in ancient civilizations are also noted.
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This document discusses artificial stone materials used in construction, including glass and ceramics. Glass is a hard, transparent and amorphous material made from sand, lime, and caustic soda. Ceramic is made by mixing clay and water and baking the mixture in an oven. Both glass and ceramic are commonly used as partitions, windows, floors, and insulators in buildings. One example given is the Crown Fountain in Chicago, which uses glass brick.
Natural & Artificial stones & its uses in designing
Rock is a natural solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids that make up the Earth's crust. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Natural stone refers to blocks cut from quarries that are used for construction, including granite, marble, limestone, travertine, slate, basalt, quartzite, and sandstone. Each has different properties making them suitable for various applications like flooring, countertops, and buildings. Artificial stones are man-made mixtures that imitate natural stones through the use of materials like resin, cement, and stone chips.
Stones
This document provides information about building stones used in construction. It discusses the characteristics of good building stones, including hardness, durability, porosity, decomposition and others. It also describes common uses of building stones and various tests conducted to examine stones, such as crushing, weathering, porosity, attrition and others. Finally, it discusses quarrying, dressing, classification and deterioration of stones.
Types of stone masonry
Stone masonry is constructed using stone units bonded together with mortar. There are two main types of stone masonry: rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Rubble masonry uses irregularly shaped stones laid without regular coursing, while ashlar masonry uses dressed stone blocks laid in regular horizontal courses. Within rubble masonry, there are different patterns including random, square, and polygonal rubble. Ashlar masonry stones can be finely dressed, rough tooled, rock-faced, or chamfered.
Report on a building material [ bricks]
Brick is a common building material made from clay, sand, and water. There are several types of bricks based on their manufacturing process, including pressed clay bricks which have indentations called frogs, and wire cut bricks which have holes. Bricks are classified based on their quality, such as first class bricks which are well-burnt and pass certain tests. They are used widely in construction for walls, pavements, and other applications. Properties like hardness, water absorption, and strength can vary between brick types and quality.
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building stone
classification of stone
physical properties of stone
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Testing of stones
This document discusses different types of stones used in construction. It describes the quarrying process for obtaining stones and lists some common stones used for structural purposes like granite, gneiss, and sandstone. It outlines various tests conducted on stones to evaluate properties like strength, durability and quality. These tests include acid testing, water absorption testing, and microscopic examination. The document also discusses characteristics of good building stones and methods for preserving stones from deterioration.
Building Stone
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It begins by defining stones and minerals. It then provides examples of historical structures built with stone, such as the pyramids and Taj Mahal. The document outlines various classifications of rocks, including geological, physical, and chemical. It discusses the uses of stones in civil engineering projects. Finally, it covers the processes of quarrying, dressing, and caring for stones to avoid deterioration.
Aggregates
The document discusses different types of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as materials like sand, gravel, and crushed stone. It then discusses the purposes of aggregates, which include providing strength, weight, and being economically viable. It also discusses how aggregates are used in concrete, roads, and railways. The document further classifies aggregates according to their formation as natural or artificial, and according to their size as fine or coarse aggregates. It provides details on the types and properties of different aggregates.
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Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
presentation building materials
Building materials include natural stones, ceramics, metals, and binder materials. Natural stones occur as blocks, slabs, or granules and include limestone, marble, granite, and sandstone. Binder materials like lime and cement unite fragments and provide cohesion. Concrete is a mixture of aggregates, binders, and water, and there are different types of concrete including mass concrete, reinforced concrete, and aerated concrete. Ceramic materials are made from clay and include bricks, tiles, glazed ceramics, and porcelain. Metals are good conductors and include steel, aluminum, and copper. The phases of building construction include land preparation, foundation, structure, covering, enclosures, and flooring
Building materials elements of civil engineering
The document discusses various construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It describes properties and composition of common materials like stone, bricks, lime, cement, sand and aggregate. It provides details on manufacturing processes, types and qualities required for stones, bricks and lime to be suitable for construction purposes. The mechanical and physical properties of construction materials are also outlined.
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The document discusses different types of building materials used in construction. It describes materials like stone, concrete, ceramics, metals, wood, plastics, and glass. Stone materials are very dense but hard to heat. Concrete is made from aggregates and a cement binder. Ceramics are inorganic materials formed by heat. Metals discussed include steel, aluminum and copper. Wood is strong but compressible. The document also outlines the typical steps of building construction, including site preparation, foundations, structure, water coverage, cladding, flooring and adding other facilities. Machinery used includes bulldozers, cranes and concrete mixers.
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The document discusses various building materials used in construction including rock materials like limestone and granite, binder materials like gypsum and cement, and concrete which is a combination of binders, aggregates, and water. It also mentions reinforced concrete, glass concrete, pottery materials like bricks and tiles, metals like steel and copper, woods, and plastics. The construction process is outlined in several phases from site preparation to installing utilities. Machinery used includes diggers, bulldozers, trucks, and cranes. The environmental impact of buildings is noted due to their long lifespan and complex nature requiring many materials.
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Sandstone is a sedimentary rock formed from compressed sand grains. It is commonly found in stratified rock formations and can vary in color, texture, and grain size depending on its geological composition. Sandstone is classified based on the type of cementing material (calcareous, argillaceous, or ferruginous) that binds the sand grains. It is one of the most abundant rocks on Earth and is widely used for construction materials, countertops, tiles, and as a material for carving. Proper selection of sandstone type is important for its intended use to avoid structural problems.
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The document discusses different types of tiles used for various purposes. It describes the manufacturing process of ceramic tiles which involves mixing raw materials, extrusion, racking/deracking, glazing, and firing. Various types of roof, wall, and floor tiles are outlined along with their characteristics and uses. Benefits of tiles include durability, low maintenance, cost effectiveness, water and stain resistance, eco-friendliness, and ability to improve indoor air quality and home resale value. Historical uses of tiles in ancient civilizations are also noted.
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Artificial Stone Materials
This document discusses artificial stone materials used in construction, including glass and ceramics. Glass is a hard, transparent and amorphous material made from sand, lime, and caustic soda. Ceramic is made by mixing clay and water and baking the mixture in an oven. Both glass and ceramic are commonly used as partitions, windows, floors, and insulators in buildings. One example given is the Crown Fountain in Chicago, which uses glass brick.
Natural & Artificial stones & its uses in designing
Rock is a natural solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids that make up the Earth's crust. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Natural stone refers to blocks cut from quarries that are used for construction, including granite, marble, limestone, travertine, slate, basalt, quartzite, and sandstone. Each has different properties making them suitable for various applications like flooring, countertops, and buildings. Artificial stones are man-made mixtures that imitate natural stones through the use of materials like resin, cement, and stone chips.
Stones
This document provides information about building stones used in construction. It discusses the characteristics of good building stones, including hardness, durability, porosity, decomposition and others. It also describes common uses of building stones and various tests conducted to examine stones, such as crushing, weathering, porosity, attrition and others. Finally, it discusses quarrying, dressing, classification and deterioration of stones.
Types of stone masonry
Stone masonry is constructed using stone units bonded together with mortar. There are two main types of stone masonry: rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Rubble masonry uses irregularly shaped stones laid without regular coursing, while ashlar masonry uses dressed stone blocks laid in regular horizontal courses. Within rubble masonry, there are different patterns including random, square, and polygonal rubble. Ashlar masonry stones can be finely dressed, rough tooled, rock-faced, or chamfered.
Report on a building material [ bricks]
Brick is a common building material made from clay, sand, and water. There are several types of bricks based on their manufacturing process, including pressed clay bricks which have indentations called frogs, and wire cut bricks which have holes. Bricks are classified based on their quality, such as first class bricks which are well-burnt and pass certain tests. They are used widely in construction for walls, pavements, and other applications. Properties like hardness, water absorption, and strength can vary between brick types and quality.
Building stone
building stone
classification of stone
physical properties of stone
chemical properties of stone
types of building stone
uses in different construction
quarrying of building stone
prevention of stone
different tests performed on the stone
Testing of stones
This document discusses different types of stones used in construction. It describes the quarrying process for obtaining stones and lists some common stones used for structural purposes like granite, gneiss, and sandstone. It outlines various tests conducted on stones to evaluate properties like strength, durability and quality. These tests include acid testing, water absorption testing, and microscopic examination. The document also discusses characteristics of good building stones and methods for preserving stones from deterioration.
Building Stone
This document discusses building stones used in civil engineering. It begins by defining stones and minerals. It then provides examples of historical structures built with stone, such as the pyramids and Taj Mahal. The document outlines various classifications of rocks, including geological, physical, and chemical. It discusses the uses of stones in civil engineering projects. Finally, it covers the processes of quarrying, dressing, and caring for stones to avoid deterioration.
Aggregates
The document discusses different types of aggregates used in construction. It defines aggregates as materials like sand, gravel, and crushed stone. It then discusses the purposes of aggregates, which include providing strength, weight, and being economically viable. It also discusses how aggregates are used in concrete, roads, and railways. The document further classifies aggregates according to their formation as natural or artificial, and according to their size as fine or coarse aggregates. It provides details on the types and properties of different aggregates.
Stone as a building material
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
presentation building materials
Building materials include natural stones, ceramics, metals, and binder materials. Natural stones occur as blocks, slabs, or granules and include limestone, marble, granite, and sandstone. Binder materials like lime and cement unite fragments and provide cohesion. Concrete is a mixture of aggregates, binders, and water, and there are different types of concrete including mass concrete, reinforced concrete, and aerated concrete. Ceramic materials are made from clay and include bricks, tiles, glazed ceramics, and porcelain. Metals are good conductors and include steel, aluminum, and copper. The phases of building construction include land preparation, foundation, structure, covering, enclosures, and flooring
Building materials elements of civil engineering
The document discusses various construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It describes properties and composition of common materials like stone, bricks, lime, cement, sand and aggregate. It provides details on manufacturing processes, types and qualities required for stones, bricks and lime to be suitable for construction purposes. The mechanical and physical properties of construction materials are also outlined.
Unit ii building materials by be st
This ppt include the details about the Basic Building Materials i.e. Bricks, Cement, Steel, Stone, Concrete. Sand.
advantages of steel, cement, characteristics of cement, concrete, concrete. sand, difference between stone and brick, different type of stones, different types of bricks, different types of cement, different types of concrete pcc rcc precast prestr, different types of steel, manufacturing of bricks, manufacturing of stone, properties of cement, properties of steel, steel, stone, this ppt include the details about the basic build, use of bricks, uses of stones
Building construction materials
This document discusses common building construction materials including stone, brick, lime, cement, metal, timber, sand, aggregates, and mortar. For each material, requirements and types are outlined. Stone, brick, lime and cement are described as traditional materials while metal, timber, sand and aggregates are described as both natural and artificial options. The document also briefly introduces concrete, describing its ingredients, types, requirements and common uses in construction.
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Natural & Artificial stones & its uses in designing
Natural & Artificial stones & its uses in designing
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Characteristics of good tiles
Glass
It is made from sand(silicone dioxide), soda ash(sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate), lime, alumina, potassium oxide.
Glass is the most-used cladding material for tall buildings due to its strength, light weight, durability, and wide range of available optical and thermal properties. It has seemingly unlimited optical and aesthetic possibilities.
Glass
Glass is an amorphous solid that is formed when a liquid melt cools too quickly to form a crystal structure. It is made primarily of silica along with other ingredients like soda ash and limestone. Glass has properties of both solids and liquids in that it is rigid but its molecules are randomly arranged like a liquid. The history of glass dates back to ancient times when it was discovered during copper smelting and was initially used for jewelry. While the chemical composition of glass has not changed much, modern production methods have advanced significantly from ancient techniques.
GLASS
Glass is a non-crystalline solid that is often transparent and has many uses. The document discusses the history, composition, manufacturing process, types and uses of glass. It notes that the first true glass was made in Syria, and over time glass-making became popular in Egypt and was later used for stained glass and other purposes in buildings. The main components of glass are silica, sodium oxide, calcium oxide and aluminum oxide. Glass can be colored through the addition of metal ions and comes in types like fused glass, borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass and lead crystal glass.
Chemistry
Glass and ceramics are both made from sand but have different properties. Glass is made by heating sand and cooling it rapidly, resulting in an amorphous solid structure. The most common type of glass is soda-lime glass, made by heating sand, limestone, and sodium carbonate. Adding boron oxide forms borosilicate glass, which is more heat resistant. Lead crystal glass contains lead and is used for fine glassware. Ceramics are made from clay like kaolin, which hardens permanently when heated. Ceramics are very hard, brittle, chemically inert, and resist compression, making them suitable for uses like pottery, tiles, and electrical insulators.
Glass
Glass is an amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition between a hard, brittle state and a molten, rubber-like state. Despite its solid appearance, glass is actually in a "jammed" state where its molecules are randomly arranged and it moves very slowly over time rather than becoming a true solid. Glass is made by melting a mixture of silica from sand and other minerals like soda ash and limestone at very high temperatures, then rapidly cooling the mixture so it solidifies into an amorphous state rather than crystallizing. Glass has been made for over 3,000 years and is used in applications like windows, containers, optics, and building materials.
Glass Isabel piscitelli
This document provides an overview of glass, including its composition, properties, production methods, types, uses, and recycling. It discusses how glass is made by melting raw materials like sand at high temperatures and shaping it through blowing. Different types of glass like soda-lime, lead-alkali, and borosilicate vary in their properties, costs, and applications. The document also outlines how glass is used in architecture, art, medical devices, and its growing use in home construction. It concludes with a brief discussion of glass recycling.
Glass types
Glass is a supercooled liquid that is transparent and unaffected by chemicals. It is most commonly made from mixtures of silica (sand), soda ash, and limestone. The manufacturing process involves mixing these ingredients and heating them to very high temperatures in a furnace until they melt and form a clear jelly-like substance. As this cools and solidifies, glass is formed. There are several types of glass that vary in properties and uses, such as soda-lime glass commonly used for windows and bottles, colored glass, plate glass, safety glass, laminated glass, optical glass, pyrex glass, photochromic glass, and lead crystal glass.
Glass
Glass is a hard, brittle material made by melting together silica sand, soda ash, limestone and other ingredients at high temperatures. It can be formed into different shapes through processes like glassblowing, pressing or drawing and is then annealed to increase its strength. Common types of glass include soda-lime glass for windows and containers, lead crystal for tableware, Pyrex for labware and heat resistance, and optical glass for lenses. Glass fibers are used for insulation, reinforcement and other applications. Modern glass production involves batching raw materials, melting in furnaces, forming the glass, annealing and inspection.
Glasses structures, properties and applications
This document defines glass and describes its structure, history, production process, types, properties and applications. Specifically, it states that glass is an inorganic, amorphous solid formed by rapid cooling of molten materials. It has no long-range crystal structure and is actually a very viscous liquid at high temperatures. The document outlines the key raw materials used to produce different types of glass, including silica, soda ash, limestone and lead oxide. It then describes common glass types like silica glass, borosilicate glass, lead glass and sodalime glass. The document concludes by listing some key properties and applications of glass in areas like solar cells, optics and construction materials.
Glass
Glass is produced by heating silica, lime, and soda or potash to over 10000C. Other ingredients like iron oxide and lead oxide are added to modify properties. Glass consists mainly of silica which is made fusible by alkaline mixtures. Potash makes glass infusible while soda accelerates fusion. Lime provides durability and toughness. Lead oxide adds color. Glass is classified as soda lime, lead, or boro-silicate based on composition. Special forms include sheet, plate, colored, wired, structural, laminated, bulletproof, fiber, foam, and flint glass. Glass has properties like shine, stability, insulation, and transparency and is used widely in construction, decoration, insulation,
glass-180511160125.pdf
Glass has been used as a building material for over 2,000 years. It has evolved from early uses as window panes to more sophisticated structural elements in modern architecture. Glass comes in many types including float glass, laminated glass, tempered glass, and low-E coated glass. It has numerous applications such as windows, doors, partitions, and can even be used as a structural material. Glass plays an important role in green building by allowing daylight and reducing energy consumption through insulating properties. Advancements in glass technology have increased its significance and promoted sustainability in construction.
Glass : A Building Material
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
Materials
This is a powerpoint presentation about materials. Hope that you learn more about materials from this presentation.
How is glass made
I've done this project with the curiosity of knowing how glass is made :)
Thank you so much for viewing my project
Hope it was useful :)
Saliha
Glass 1
Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Researcher at KAIST (Korea Advanced of Science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
Application of glasses
Glass has been used in architecture for centuries. In medieval Europe, stained glass windows became an important artistic element in churches beginning in the 12th century. Ancient Indian texts from the 1st millennium BC also describe early glass usage. The Crystal Palace built in 1851 was a pioneering structure constructed almost entirely of glass. The development of air conditioning in the mid-20th century enabled the modern glass skyscraper by addressing issues of heat and glare from all-glass buildings. Glass continues to be used today in structures and facades in innovative ways.
Ceramics
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic solids formed through heating and cooling processes. Early ceramics were made from clay but now include a wide variety of domestic, industrial, and artistic products. Ceramic materials are divided into three main categories: clay products like tiles, refractories used in high-temperature applications, and glass. Tiles are commonly used for floors, walls, and roofs and are made from clay due to their durability, variety of colors, and resistance to weathering.
Trabajo de tecnologia
This document discusses various construction materials used in building including stone, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster, ceramics, and the phases of building construction. Stone was widely used historically but is now mainly used for breakwaters and railways. Cement is a binder made of ground minerals and oxides. Mortar is a mixture of cement, sand, and water. Concrete is stronger than mortar as it contains pebbles. Reinforced concrete contains steel bars making it stronger. Plaster provides a smooth surface and fire resistance. Ceramics were first used over 10,000 years ago and are now used to make bricks, tiles, and pottery. The phases of construction include laying the foundation, framing,
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Improved from a file made by Mohamed Loey.
Asturian Horreo
The document discusses the horreo, a traditional movable granary structure from Asturias, Spain. Horreos originated in Roman times and were used to store harvests off the ground to protect from moisture and rodents. They are constructed mainly from chestnut wood and stone, resting on pillars with a wooden structure comprising beams, boards, and a roof often made of tiles. Horreos can be decorated and include features like staircases, balconies, and carvings. They vary in roof materials and design depending on the local area within the region of Asturias.
Local Living Economies
Local living economies aim to support decentralized ownership of local businesses and farms through public policies. They value locally owned, independent businesses that consider the needs of all stakeholders. These economies have grown across North America as nearly 80 autonomous networks committed to living economy principles. Building strong local economies starts with individual entrepreneurs and connects them to create national and global prosperity from a local level.
Green Chemistry
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate dangerous substances. It originated in the 1960s when contaminants were directly released into the air, water, and ground. The 12 principles of green chemistry published in 1998 aim to prevent waste, maximize atom economy, design safer chemicals and products, and minimize accidents. Benefits include cleaner air and water as well as less harm to plants, animals, and human health from toxic chemicals.
Fair Trade
Fair trade began in the 1940s and 1950s as religious groups and organizations sold handicrafts from developing countries in churches and fairs. Fair trade aims to help producers in developing nations achieve better trading conditions and sustainability by focusing on exports like coffee, cocoa, bananas and more to developed countries. There are many fair trade organizations that market through supermarkets to increase trade volumes and make a real impact. A fair trade certification system uses independent auditing of producers and traders to allow consumers to identify goods that meet agreed fair trade standards.
Zero Waste
The term "zero waste" was first used by Zero Waste Systems Inc. in the 1970s in Oakland, California. Today, there is tension between defining zero waste as total recycling versus reuse of materials. Waste sent to landfills can be harvested for useful materials like fertilizer or solar energy. Some companies are pursuing zero waste initiatives - General Motors aims to make half its plants landfill-free by 2010, and the EPA works with companies to minimize waste.
Peripherals
This document lists and categorizes various computer peripherals. It discusses input peripherals like keyboards and mice, how they work by detecting key presses and sending the input to the computer. Output peripherals mentioned include screens, printers, and their characteristics. Input/output peripherals that both accept and store data are also listed, such as hard drives, memory sticks, CD/DVD drives, and connection devices like modems and network cards. The document concludes by grouping the peripherals into input, output, and input/output categories.
British Units System
This document defines various units of measurement for length, area, volume, weight, and temperature. It provides conversions between inches, feet, yards, miles, acres, pints, fluid ounces, gallons, pounds, and ounces. It also defines the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales and the formula to convert between them. Common uses of each unit are mentioned, such as measuring screen sizes in inches, height in feet, cloth materials and distances in yards, distance in miles, land area in acres, beer in pints, water in fluid ounces, and weighing oneself in pounds in Britain.
Structures
This document discusses different types of structures and structural elements. It begins by defining a structure as the part of an object that keeps its parts joined and in position. It then classifies structures into three main types - massive, casing/shell, and framework. For each type, it provides examples. It also discusses common structural elements like arches, trusses, girders and beams. It explains the six fundamental structural stresses of tension, compression, bending, shear, torsion and buckling. In closing, it provides some activities for analyzing structures.
Presentación Sofia Castañón
Sofía Castañón es una poeta y periodista española nacida en Gijón en 1983. Ha trabajado en radio, televisión y prensa y ha publicado varios libros de poemas que han ganado premios. Algunos de sus poemas extraídos de sus obras se incluyen en el documento. El 10 de abril visitará El Batán para presentar su última obra y hablar sobre su trayectoria.
Travelling Review Game
Travelling around the World discusses the experiences one can have when traveling internationally. Some key experiences include seeing diverse cultures, trying new foods, and gaining a broader world perspective. Travel allows people to learn about different ways of life and appreciate other parts of the world. Overall, traveling is presented as an educational way to experience other countries and cultures.
Zero waste
Zero Waste is a philosophy originated in 2004 by the Zero Waste International Alliance to redesign resource life cycles so that all products are reused. It aims to guide lifestyles and practices to emulate sustainable natural cycles in an ethical, economical, and visionary way. Examples of zero waste include vehicles with ecological responsibility, green construction projects, reusable glass milk bottles, and biodegradable plastics. The document expresses the opinion that zero waste is very efficient and ecological, and can make the world better.
Local Living Economy
The document discusses local living economies, noting that the Business Alliance for Local Living Economies (BALLE) ensures economic power resides locally and its 20,000 member network is committed to living economy principles. Local living economies aim to keep economic power local to sustain healthy communities and the environment, as well as long-term economic viability.
Green chemistry
Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in chemical products and processes through principles like prevention of waste, atom economy in synthesis, safer solvents and auxiliaries, energy efficiency, and use of renewable resources. It provides examples of applying these principles to hand soaps, cleaning products, and hydrogen peroxide. The document expresses the opinion that green chemistry benefits both people and the environment.
Fair trade
Fair trade is an alternative form of trade that promotes voluntary and fair trading relationships between producers and consumers. It is promoted by NGOs, the UN, and social movements. Fair trade ensures that producers work democratically in cooperatives and reject subsidies and child labor while respecting human rights and the environment. Examples of fair trade organizations include Otisa in Paraguay and cooperatives in Costa Rica, Malawi, and Mexico. The authors argue that fair trade is a good method to improve some economies and should be practiced by all countries.
Closed loop production
Closed loop production is a sustainable system where products are created using renewable energy and recycled materials rather than new materials, resulting in no waste or pollution. It was exemplified as a community of designers sharing tools and innovations to create better products through material reuse, renewable energy sources, and social responsibility. The document expresses the opinion that closed loop production benefits the environment by creating new products without pollution through recycling.
Electric magnitudes
This document discusses several electric magnitudes and laws including Ohm's law, power definition, and energy. Ohm's law establishes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. Power is defined as voltage multiplied by current, and can also be calculated as current squared multiplied by resistance using Ohm's law. Energy is obtained by multiplying power by time, and can also be calculated as current squared multiplied by resistance multiplied by time using Ohm's law. The unit for energy, the kilowatt hour, is defined as equal to 3,600,000 joules.
Energy
This document discusses different types of power plants including non-renewable coal, nuclear, and combined-cycle plants as well as renewable hydroelectric, wind, and solar power plants. It provides diagrams of the key components of each type of plant, such as coal and nuclear plants using steam turbines powered by furnaces or reactors, wind plants capturing kinetic energy from wind with turbines, and solar photovoltaic and thermal plants converting sunlight into electrical or thermal energy. The document emphasizes the different forms of energy harnessed and converted by each power plant system.
Metals & Insulators
This document discusses various building materials used in construction including steel, copper, aluminium, insulating materials, and waterproofing materials. It provides brief descriptions of the properties and common uses of each material, such as steel being very strong and recyclable, copper having high rust resistance, and insulating materials coming in inorganic, synthetic, and organic forms. Examples are given of buildings that incorporate some of these materials like copper or aluminium roofs.
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Artificial Stone Materials
- 2. Glass (Vidrio) The glass is an inorganic material hard, fragile, transparent and amorphous. The glass is a type of ceramic material. The glass is obtained by fusion at 1.500 degrees of silica sand, sodium carbonate and limestone.
- 3. Glass applications The glass is used in construction. Each one is designed to obtain certain properties: high security, anti-theft device, bulletproof, fire-resistant, against solar radiation, thermal and acoustic insulation, decorative effects, etc. The glass is used to make windows, lens, and a big variety of products.Burj Al Arab is a five-stars hotel in Dubai and it is the fourth tallest hotel in the world.
- 4. Ceramics, pottery (Cerámica) Ceramics is a type of material principally made with clay and boiling water, although its mineral compose can change when you add other additives. It's widely used since the antiquity. There are some types of clay like earthenware, terracotta, china, etc.
- 5. Ceramic applications It first was used like a container for foods; then it was used to make figures of magic, religious or funerary character. Also it's used in construction to make bricks (ladrillos), tiles (tejas), floor tiles (baldosas), glazed tiles (azulejos) and ceramic filler blocks. The glazed technique is used also for the sculpture. Actually is used like thermal and electrical insulator. Casa Batllo is a building restored by Anonio Gaudí and Josep Maria Jujol in the year 1877.
- 6. CREDITS Álvaro Flórez Álvarez Alba Bayón Vázquez Daniel Blanco Fernández Google images and www.wikipedia.com
- 7. CREDITS Álvaro Flórez Álvarez Alba Bayón Vázquez Daniel Blanco Fernández Google images and www.wikipedia.com