The document discusses the production and applications of various materials such as cement, glass, plastics, soaps, paints, and medicines. It details the raw materials and processes involved in manufacturing these compounds, with historical context on their development and uses. Each material is highlighted for its significance in various industries and for its unique properties.

1. Useful Compounds From Minerals
And Metals
Prepared by:
LOYOLEANS,Jamshedpur,Jharkhand,INDIA>>>

2. Cement
 Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled
chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminium,
iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to
manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and
chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast
furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore
 Finally, in 1824, an Englishman named Joseph
Aspdin invented Portland cement by burning finely
ground chalk and clay in a kiln until the carbon dioxide
was removed. It was named “Portland” cement because
it resembled the high-quality building stones found in
Portland, England

3. Cement

4. • Kaolin, a white clay that contains little iron oxide,
is used as the argillaceous component for white
Portland cement. Industrial wastes, such as fly
ash and calcium carbonate from chemical
manufacture, are other possible raw materials, but
their use is small compared with that of the natural
materials
• A cement plant consumes 3 to 6 GJ of fuel per tonne of
clinker produced, depending on the raw materials and the
process used. Most cement kilns today use coal and
petroleum coke as primary fuels, and to a lesser extent
natural gas and fuel oil.

5. Glass
• Glass is a combination of sand and other minerals that are melted together
at very high temperatures to form a material that is ideal for a wide range of
uses from packaging and construction to fibre optics. A form of glass occurs
naturally within the mouth of a volcano when the intense heat of an
eruption melts sand to form Obsidian, a hard black glassy type of stone.
Man first used this as tips for spears. Today man has mastered the glass-
making process and can make many different types of glass in infinitely
varied colours formed into a wide range of products. Glass, chemically, is
actually more like a liquid, but at room temperature it is so viscous or sticky
it looks and feels like a solid. At higher temperatures glass gradually
becomes softer and more like a liquid. It is this latter property, which allows
glass to be poured, blown, pressed and moulded into such a variety of
shapes.
• Glass is made by melting together several minerals at very high
temperatures. Silica in the form of sand is the main ingredient and this is
combined with soda ash and limestone and melted in a furnace at
temperatures of 1700°C.

6. Glass

7. • Glasses may be devised to meet almost any imaginable requirement - there
are many different types of glass with different chemical and physical
properties and each can be made by a suitable adjustment to chemical
compositions. For many specialised applications in chemistry, pharmacy,
the electrical and electronics industries, optics, the construction and
lighting industries, glass, or the comparatively new family of materials
known as glass ceramics, may be the only practical material for the engineer
to use.
• Glass is 100% recyclable and can be recycled an infinite number of times
without quality, strength and/or functionality degradation.

8. Plastics
• Plastic is a material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-
synthetic organics that are malleable and can be moulded into solid objects
of diverse shapes.
• Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and
imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and
expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships. They have
already displaced many traditional materials, such
as wood, stone, horn and bone, leather, paper, meta, glass, and ceramic,
in most of their former uses. In developed countries, about a third of
plastic is used in packaging and another third in buildings such
as piping used in plumbing or vinyl siding.
• The world's first fully synthetic plastic was bakelite, invented in New
York in 1907 by Leo Baekeland, who coined the term 'plastics'

10. Soaps and Detergents
• The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials
dates back to around 2800 BC in ancient Babylon. A formula for soap
consisting of water, alkali, and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay
tablet around 2200 BC.
• A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning
properties in dilute solutions.
• Soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Consumers mainly use soaps
as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in
textile spinning and are important components of lubricants.

11. Soaps and Detergents

12. Paints
• Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after
application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most
commonly used to protect, colour, or provide texture to objects. Paint can
be made or purchased in many colours—and in many different types, such
as watercolour, synthetic, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as
a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.
• Paint is used to protect all sorts of buildings and structures from the effects
of water and sun. Wooden buildings such as houses are usually painted
because a coat of paint prevents water seeping into the wood and making it
rot.

13. Paints

14. • Paintings are pictures that are done in paint. Many different types of paint
are used for paintings. They include tempera, oil paint, gouache,
watercolours and acrylic paints. The paintings are usually done on
board, canvas or papermaking it rot.
• Paint is used to decorate all sorts of objects. Since pre-historic times, people
have painted the inside walls of their houses to make them look attractive.
All sorts of other objects are painted to make them attractive. This includes
furniture, toys, tools and utensils, and street fittings. Sometimes things
made of wood such as furniture are painted in decorative patterns.

15. Medicines
• Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention of disease. The word medicine is derived from Latin medicus,
meaning "a physician". Medicine encompasses a variety of health
care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by
the prevention and treatment of illness.
• A pharmaceutical drug (medicine or medication and officially medicinal
product) is a drug used in health care. Such drugs aid the diagnosis, cure,
treatment, or prevention of disease.

16. Medicine