2. INDEXINDEX
● INTRODUCTION
● STONE
● CEMENT AND PRODUCTION OF IT
● MORTAR
● CONCRETE AND HOW IS REINFORCED
● PLASTER AND HOW IS USED
● CERAMICS
● USE OF BRICKS
● PHASES OF CONSTRUCTING A HOUSE
3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
● In the ancient times the people used different
materials for construction. F.E.: stone, mortar,
concrete, cement, ceramics, etc.
● Each materials have different properties. F.E.:
● Wood is good to make beams because it is very
resistant.
● Stone was used by the romans in the arched
bridges.
● Aluminium is used today to make the squares of
the windows.
4. STONESTONE
● Stone is also called
rock. Is a
naturally occuring
solid aggregate of
minerals and
mineraloids
● The stone can be
shaped into
blocks to
construct
buildings.
● Stone is also called
rock. Is a
naturally occuring
solid aggregate of
minerals and
mineraloids
● The stone can be
shaped into
blocks to
construct
buildings.
5. USES OF STONEUSES OF STONE
● Building and decorative purpose-stone is used for its
resistance to weather or its aesthetic appeal –
walls and decorative purposes. Buildings, walls...
● Aggregates– stone used for its strong physical
properties – crushed and sorted into various sizes
for use in concrete.
● Industrial purpose-limestone can be used for its
chemical properties as calcium carbonate
(CaCO3)
● Cement-if limestone is mixed with clay or sandstone
before firing, it can produce Portland cement
6. CEMENTCEMENT
●
In the most generalIn the most general
sense of the word, asense of the word, a
cement is a binder, acement is a binder, a
substance that setssubstance that sets
and hardensand hardens
independently, and canindependently, and can
bind other materialsbind other materials
together. The wordtogether. The word
"cement" traces to the"cement" traces to the
Romans.Romans.
7. PRODUCTION OF CEMENTPRODUCTION OF CEMENT
● Cement is made by
heating limestone
(calcium
carbonate), with
small quantities of
other materials
(such as clay) to
1450 °C in a kiln,
in a process
known as
calcination.
8. MORTARMORTAR
● Mortar is a workable paste used to bind
construction blocks together and fill the gaps
between them. The blocks may be stone,
brick, cinder blocks, etc. Mortar becomes
hard when it sets, resulting in a rigid
aggregate structure. Modern mortars are
typically made from a mixture of sand, a
binder such as cement or lime, and water.
Mortar can also be used to fix, or point,
masonry when the original mortar has
washed away.
9. PRODUCTION OF MORTARPRODUCTION OF MORTAR
● The first mortars were made of mud and
clay. Because of a lack of stone and an
abundance of clay, Babylonian
constructions were of baked brick, using
lime or pitch for mortar.
● Portland cement mortar (often known simply
as cement mortar) is created by mixing
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with sand
and water.
10. CONCRETECONCRETE
● Concrete is a composite construction
material composed of cement (commonly
Portland cement) and other cementitious
materials such as fly ash and slag cement,
aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate
made of gravels or crushed rocks such as
limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate
such as sand), water, and chemical
admixtures. In the photo we can see a
roman concrete construction.
11. HOW IS CONCRETEHOW IS CONCRETE
REINFORCEDREINFORCED
● Concrete is strong in compression, as the
aggregate efficiently carries the
compression load. However, it is weak in
tension as the cement holding the
aggregate in place can crack, allowing the
structure to fail. Reinforced concrete
solves these problems by adding either
steel reinforcing bars, steel fibers, glass
fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.
12. PLASTERPLASTER
● The term plaster refer to gypsum plaster,
lime plaster or cement plaster.
● Gypsum plaster is a type of building
materials based on calcium sulphate.
● Lime plaster is a mixture of calcium
hydroxide and sand.
● Cement plaster is a mixture of suitable
plaster, sand, portland cement and water
which is normally used in masonry.
13. USES OF PLASTERUSES OF PLASTER
We can use plaster in:
● Architecture
● Art
● Medicine
● Fire protection
● Illegal uses: this material is used by
professional boxers to hardened his
hands.
14. CERAMICSCERAMICS
● A ceramic is an inorganic,non metal solid
prepared by the action of heat and
subsequent cooling.ceramic materials may
have a crystaline or partly crystaline
structure,or may be amorphous
● The earliest ceramics were pottery objects
made from clay, either by itself or mixed
with other materials, hardened in fire.
Later ceramics were glazed and fired to
create a colored, smooth surface
15. USES OF CERAMICSUSES OF CERAMICS
● Ceramics are used in the manufacture of
knives
● Ceramics are increasingly used in motor
sports
● Ceramics such as alumina and boron
carbide have been used in ballistic
armored vests to repel large-calibre rifle
fire
● Ceramic balls can be used to replace steel
in ball bearings
16. BRICKSBRICKS
● A brick is a block of ceramic material used in
masonry construction, usually laid using
various kinds of mortar.
● Bricks are used for building and pavement,
bricks are also used in the metallurgy and
glass industries for lining furnaces.
● In the United Kingdom, bricks have been
used in construction for centuries. Until
recently, almost all houses were built
almost entirely from bricks.
17. PHASES OF CONSTRUCTINGPHASES OF CONSTRUCTING
A HOUSEA HOUSE
PHASE 1 : "The Paperwork"
The Hardest part of any project is getting
started, "The Paperwork" can be very time
consuming and taxing, but just like buying a
car, it is a necessary evil.
PHASE 2 : “Taking shape”
Before any building can take place, the lot must
be prepared. Having a firm foundation is the
key to building a solid structure
18. PHASES OF CONSTRUCTING APHASES OF CONSTRUCTING A
HOUSEHOUSE
● Phase 3 : “Interior Selections”
● This is the turning point, as a structure becomes a
home. During this phase, all of the small interior
details and personal touches get set into motion.
●
●
19. PHASES OF CONSTRUCTING APHASES OF CONSTRUCTING A
HOUSEHOUSE
● Phase 4 : “Nearly Complete”
● As your house becomes a home, there are a
few more major projects that must be
completed:
● a. Insulating your walls followed by drywall
● b Texture spray and interior paint
● c. Cabinets installed and stained
● d. Tile work
20. PHASES OF CONSTRUCTING APHASES OF CONSTRUCTING A
HOUSEHOUSE
● Phase 5 : “Finishing Touches”
● Your almost home free, the dream is about to
become reality. All of the pieces of the puzzle
are almost together and yet there is still more to
do:
● a. Concrete flat work
● b. Driveway
● c. Stucco
● d. Finalizing electrical and plumbing
● e. Carpet installation
