Application of glasses in modern and ancient architecture

1. APPLICATION OF
GLASSES
E PRIYADHARSHINI
211817251028
IV ARCHITECTURE SEC-B

2. APPLICATION OF GLASSES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
• (I)GLASS PARTITIONS
• Wooden frame work is used in which glass sheets are fixed.
• It consists of a number of horizontal and vertical posts
spaced to divide the entire area into number of panels.
• Glass sheets are kept in position in the panel either by
using timber beadings or by putty.(linseed oil and whiting
chalk)
• Such partitions are light weight, vermin proof and sound
proof
• Benefits of Portable Glass Partitions Walls
• 1. Rapidly reconfigure your space in response to
client requests.
• 2. Improved acoustics.
• 3. Low-cost remodeling.
• 4. Aesthetically pleasing workspace.
• 5. More natural light.

3. APPLICATION OF GLASSES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
• (ii)LANDSCAPING MATERIAL
Vibrant colors that won’t fade or need replacing
Glass mulches are a unique, lowmaintenance alternative to
traditional bark or gravel mulches
Environmentally-friendly, green landscaping
Adds beauty and character to any outdoor entertainment area
Clean alternative to logs or lava rocks
Lasts a lifetime without ever burning, melting or discoloring
Enhance your backyard landscape
Customize your fire pit to compliment your taste
• GLASS MULCHES
• .GLASSES IN PATHWAYS
• GLASS AS SCULPTURES

4. APPLICATION OF GLASSES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
• (iii)GLASS AS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT
• STRUCTURAL GLASS FACADES ARE MOST EASILY
CATEGORIZED BY THE STRUCTURE TYPES THAT
SUPPORT THEM.
• STRONG BACK
• TRUSS SYSTEMS CABLE TRUSS
• GRID SHELLS
• CABLE NET
• GLASS FINS
STRUCTURAL GLAZING
• CURTAIN WALL GLAZING
• BOLTED GLAZING
• • SPIDER GLAZING IS GENERALLY INSTALLED IN A AREAS WHERE MAXIMUM
VISIBILITY IS REQUIRED AND THE SYSTEMS ARE CHOOSEN BASED UPON THE
HEIGHT OPENING AVAILABLE. • SPIDER GLAZING IS A MAJOR CONCEPT FOR
FACADE GLAZING AND ELEVATION GLAZING USING SPIDER GLASS HARDWARE.
ALMOST ALL THE EXTERIOR DESIGN CONCEPTS CAN BE DONE WITH SPIDER
GLAZING CONCEPTS

5. APPLICATION OF GLASSES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
• (iv)GLASS FOR GREEN BUILDINGS
REFLECTIVE GLASSES COME WITH REFLECTIVE
COATING THAT FILTERS HEAT AND LET OPTIMUM
LIGHT INTO THE BUILDING.
REDUCE THE HEAT GAIN INSIDE THE BUILDING,
AND THUS REDUCES ELECTRICITY AND COOLING
COSTS
ALLOW OPTIMUM LIGHT (NATURAL DAYLIGHTING)
INSIDE THE BUILDING, AND THUS REDUCES THE
COST FOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING.
• Tangible benefits:
• Green buildings consume 40% ~ 60% lesser electricity as compared to conventional
buildings.
• Green buildings consume 40% ~ 80% lesser water as compared to conventional
buildings, by utilizing ultra low fixtures, rain water harvesting, waste water recycling etc.
• Intangible benefits:
• Enhanced air quality.
• Excellent day lighting.
• Health & well-being of the occupants.
• Conservation of scarce national resources.
• Enhanced marketability for the project.

6. APPLICATION OF GLASSES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
• (iii)SKYLIGHTS
• One effective way to bring daylight into the home is through the use
of skylights which are windows installed in roofs or ceilings.
• Well designed daylighting features can deliver many benefits to the
home such as high light levels, potential for energy savings, a view
and connection to the outdoors and light wavelengths that help
maintain human circadian rhythms and immune system health.
• Skylights provide opportunities for ventilation. It should be properly
installed to avoid water leakage.
CHARACTERISTICS
• SKYLIGHT SIZE: The size of skylight is directly related to daylight
levels and solar heat gain. the skylight should not be more than 5% of
the floor area in rooms with many windows and not more than 15% in
rooms with few windows.
• ORIENTATION: Skylights on north facing roofs provide relatively
constant illumination with a cool light appearance while skylights on
south facing roofs provide constant high illumination levels and the
greatest potential of heat gain.
• ENERGY: Choose a skylight with an energy performance rating that is
appropriate for your climate and home design.
• VENTILATION: Some skylights offer the ability to ventilate hot air that
gathers near the ceiling. The skylight may open manually or
automatically.

7. APPLICATION OF GLASSES IN ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE
• (i)MEDIEVAL EUROPE – STAINED CLASS
WINDOWS
• After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire,
independent glass making technologies emerged in
Northern Europe, with artisan forest glass produced by
several cultures. Byzantine Glass evolved the Roman
tradition, in the Eastern Empire. The claw beaker was
popular as a relatively easy to make but an impressive
vessel that exploited the unique potential of glass.
• Until the 12th century, stained glass – glass to which metallic
or other impurities had been added for coloring – was not
widely used, but it rapidly became an important medium
for Romanesque art and especially Gothic art. Almost all
survivals are in church buildings, but it was also used in
grand secular buildings. The 11th century saw the
emergence in Germany of new ways of making sheet glass
by blowing spheres.
• Eg : Augsburg Cathedral, late 11th Century.
• Christ of Wissem bourg, late 11th Century.
• Chartres Cathedral, early 13th Century.

8. APPLICATION OF GLASSES IN ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE
• (ii) INDIA
• Mahabaratha the sanskrit epic of ancient india have traces
of glass usage. The evil Duryodhana and Shakuni builds a
palace made of wax & flammable materials to take
revenge on Pandavas.
• Since the palace is made of wax they cannot use candle
lamps at night. So they used concave glass to collect the
moonlight and reflective glasses to scatter and penetrate
the glass to the interior
• Texts such as the Shatapatha Brahmana and Vinaya
Pitaka mention glass, implying they could have been known
in India during the early first millennium BC.[15] Glass objects
have also been found at Beed, Sirkap and Sirsukh, all dating
to around the 5th century BC.[17] However, the first
unmistakable evidence for widespread glass usage comes
from the ruins of Taxila (3rd century BC), where bangles,
beads, small vessels, and tiles were discovered in large
quantities.[15] These glassmaking techniques may have been
transmitted from cultures in Western Asia.[17]
• The site of Kopia, in Uttar Pradesh, is the first site in India to
locally manufacture glass, with items dating between the 7th
century BC to the 2nd century AD.[18] Early Indian glass of
this period was likely made locally, as they differ significantly
in chemical composition when compared to Babylonian,
Roman and Chinese glass.[17]

9. APPLICATION OF GLASSES IN ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE
(iii)THE CRYSTAL PALACE
• The first large-scale glass construction was The Crystal
Palace, begun in 1850 in Hyde Park, England. This
992,000-square foot building was designed to house The
Great Exhibition of 1851. It was designed by Joseph
Paxton, a gardener, and designer of greenhouses, and
was constructed with 300,000 pieces of glass.
• The design incorporated modular sections, a method that
was innovative at the time resulting in the structure being
built in record time. Walls and ceilings were created out of
iron frames set with the largest panes of glass used to
that point. The Crystal Palace was moved after the
Great Exhibition to Sydenham Hill where it remained until a
fire destroyed it in 1936.

10. APPLICATION OF GLASSES IN ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE
(iv)THE HEAT AND GLARE
The United Nations Secretariat in New York, constructed
between 1947 and 1952, was the earliest example of a fully
air conditioned tower with a glass curtain wall–followed
shortly afterwards by Lever House on Park Avenue. Air
conditioning enabled the classic glass skyscraper to become
a model for high rise office developments in cities across the
world–even hot places such as Dubai and Sydney
The United Nations Secretariat in New York, constructed
between 1947 and 1952, was the earliest example of a fully air
conditioned tower with a glass curtain wall–followed shortly
afterwards by Lever House on Park Avenue. Air conditioning
enabled the classic glass skyscraper to become a model for
high rise office developments in cities across the world–even
hot places such as Dubai and Sydney

11. APPLICATION OF GLASSES IN ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE
(v)GLASS BLOCKS USED IN
CONSTRUCTION
In the early 1800’s, individual glass blocks were used to
provide light to cellars and ships’ bowels – at first, cut
squares of simple conventional glass, then prism-shaped
pressed glass which allowed light to be dispersed. In order to
fix this prismatic glass, they were fitted into steel frame
structures in the form of intermediate ceilings or skylights
which allowed larger surfaces to become translucent.
(vi)Plain Glass used for the Building Facade
(vii)Glass Blocks used for the Building Facade