It is made from sand(silicone dioxide), soda ash(sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate), lime, alumina, potassium oxide.
Glass is the most-used cladding material for tall buildings due to its strength, light weight, durability, and wide range of available optical and thermal properties. It has seemingly unlimited optical and aesthetic possibilities.
This document provides information on different types of glass, their manufacturing processes, and applications. It discusses float glass, clear glass, soda lime glass, and other types classified by their manufacturing process. It also covers post-application processes like coated glass, laminated glass, and strengthened glass. The key components of soda lime glass are listed as silica, sodium, calcium, magnesium, alumina, and potassium. The document explains the manufacturing method of melting, forming, and controlled cooling or annealing. Joinery and bonding of glass is also addressed.
There are 12 main types of glasses used in construction including laminated glass, toughened glass, fusion glass, mirrors, etched glass, float glass, stained glass, beveled glass, figured glass, cast glass, frameless doors, and tinted glass. Each type has distinct properties like safety qualities, strength, clarity, coloration, or artistic effects. Laminated glass uses an interlayer to stay intact rather than shatter into sharp pieces when broken. Toughened glass similarly breaks into small cubes rather than shards.
Glass is manufactured through a process of melting raw materials at high temperatures, floating the molten glass on a bed of tin, and gradually cooling and annealing the glass to remove internal stresses. The main types of glass are float glass, shatterproof laminated glass, and toughened glass. Glass has properties of hardness, transparency, and electric insulation and is used widely in construction for windows, doors, and glazing due to its ability to transmit light while being weather resistant. However, glass is also brittle and prone to breaking, making it a somewhat hazardous and expensive material.
Structural glazing is a system using flat panels consisting of a thermoplastic core bonded between two aluminum sheets. It is used in architectural applications on clear and tinted glass. Structural glazing offers flexibility in designs and sections while improving building thermal efficiency. It has various applications such as rooflights, facades, and canopies. Though more expensive initially than other options, structural glazing provides benefits like modern appearance, light weight, sound and pollution insulation, and resistance to weathering.
This document discusses glass, including its definition, classification, properties, types, uses, and treatments. It notes that glass is a non-crystalline solid that is transparent and used for practical and decorative purposes. The document classifies the main types of glass as soda lime glass, potash-lime glass, potash-lead glass, and common glass, and describes their properties and uses. It also outlines the main types of glass as annealed, heat strengthened, tempered, and laminated glass. The document concludes with sections on common glass treatments and varieties.
This presentation gives complete detail about the production, construction and applications with examples of different types of glazing used in buildings
Thermochromic windows change tint or darkness in response to heat from direct sunlight, allowing them to reduce heat entering a building. They consist of special thermochromic materials laminated between two panes of glass. The darker they become with more intense sunlight, balancing daylight and heat. By changing tint continuously, they provide natural light and temperature regulation without needing blinds or AC.
This document provides information on different types of glass, their manufacturing processes, and applications. It discusses float glass, clear glass, soda lime glass, and other types classified by their manufacturing process. It also covers post-application processes like coated glass, laminated glass, and strengthened glass. The key components of soda lime glass are listed as silica, sodium, calcium, magnesium, alumina, and potassium. The document explains the manufacturing method of melting, forming, and controlled cooling or annealing. Joinery and bonding of glass is also addressed.
There are 12 main types of glasses used in construction including laminated glass, toughened glass, fusion glass, mirrors, etched glass, float glass, stained glass, beveled glass, figured glass, cast glass, frameless doors, and tinted glass. Each type has distinct properties like safety qualities, strength, clarity, coloration, or artistic effects. Laminated glass uses an interlayer to stay intact rather than shatter into sharp pieces when broken. Toughened glass similarly breaks into small cubes rather than shards.
Glass is manufactured through a process of melting raw materials at high temperatures, floating the molten glass on a bed of tin, and gradually cooling and annealing the glass to remove internal stresses. The main types of glass are float glass, shatterproof laminated glass, and toughened glass. Glass has properties of hardness, transparency, and electric insulation and is used widely in construction for windows, doors, and glazing due to its ability to transmit light while being weather resistant. However, glass is also brittle and prone to breaking, making it a somewhat hazardous and expensive material.
Structural glazing is a system using flat panels consisting of a thermoplastic core bonded between two aluminum sheets. It is used in architectural applications on clear and tinted glass. Structural glazing offers flexibility in designs and sections while improving building thermal efficiency. It has various applications such as rooflights, facades, and canopies. Though more expensive initially than other options, structural glazing provides benefits like modern appearance, light weight, sound and pollution insulation, and resistance to weathering.
This document discusses glass, including its definition, classification, properties, types, uses, and treatments. It notes that glass is a non-crystalline solid that is transparent and used for practical and decorative purposes. The document classifies the main types of glass as soda lime glass, potash-lime glass, potash-lead glass, and common glass, and describes their properties and uses. It also outlines the main types of glass as annealed, heat strengthened, tempered, and laminated glass. The document concludes with sections on common glass treatments and varieties.
This presentation gives complete detail about the production, construction and applications with examples of different types of glazing used in buildings
Thermochromic windows change tint or darkness in response to heat from direct sunlight, allowing them to reduce heat entering a building. They consist of special thermochromic materials laminated between two panes of glass. The darker they become with more intense sunlight, balancing daylight and heat. By changing tint continuously, they provide natural light and temperature regulation without needing blinds or AC.
Glass is an inorganic product formed by cooling molten materials without crystallization. It is commonly used in construction for windows, doors, and curtain walls. The main types of glass used are float glass, sheet glass, patterned glass, and wired glass. Glass can be modified through processes like adding reflective coatings, laminating for safety, or toughening. It has properties like transparency, strength, and workability that make it useful for construction applications.
Glass can be used in many ways in interior design to add style and sophistication. It comes in various types based on its appearance and properties. Clear glass provides visibility while tinted glass dims light. Frosted glass provides privacy while still transmitting light. Glass can also be used to meet the needs of different interior design concepts, such as using acoustic glass in noisy areas or patterned glass for added visual interest. When installing glass, considerations include the type of material and proper installation methods for windows, doors, walls and other applications.
An introduction of different types of glassesManisha Agarwal
This document discusses the different types and properties of glass. It begins by explaining that glass is made from a mixture of sand and silicates that are melted at high temperatures. It then describes several common types of glass including soda-lime glass, potash-lime glass, potash-lead glass, and coloured glass. It provides details on their compositions and typical uses. The document also outlines specialty glasses such as safety glass, bulletproof glass, insulating glass, and glass wool. It aims to cover the major categories and applications of glass.
This document provides an overview of different types of glass used in construction. It discusses architectural glass and its uses as a building material and glazing. Various safety glasses are described, including tempered glass and laminated glass. Other glass types summarized are acoustic glass, colored glass, special glasses like sun protection glass and self-cleaning glass, as well as extra clear glass, etched glass, fire rated glass, annealed glass, mirror glass, patterned glass, and coated glass.
The document discusses different types of glass, their properties, manufacturing process, history, uses, advantages and disadvantages. It describes how glass is made by melting sand, soda ash and limestone in a furnace. The main types discussed are float glass, tinted glass, toughened glass, laminated glass, shatterproof glass and double glazed units. The document also outlines the various applications of glass in architecture, interior design and its benefits like transparency, strength and energy efficiency.
Glass comes in various common forms including sheet, frit, stringer, and rods. It has properties such as transparency, strength, workability, and is recyclable. There are also many types of glass like laminated, toughened, float, and insulated glass. Proper measuring, storage, transportation, cleaning, and installation techniques help prevent glass damage.
structural glazing is term used to describe glass that is integral to the design of a building. It involves large glass panels, which usually bear some weight in the structure.
Glass can be produced through float glass processes or glassblowing. Float glass involves floating molten glass on molten tin to produce uniform, flat sheets for modern windows. Glassblowing makes bottles and containers. There are several types of glass like float glass, laminated safety glass, stained glass, tinted glass, and toughened glass. Glass has advantages like various sizes, colors, and being waterproof and rustproof but has disadvantages as it breaks easily and melts at high temperatures. Glass has many applications in buildings as windows, walls, and interior uses due to its light transmission properties.
This document discusses partition walls, which divide interior spaces without carrying structural loads. It defines partition walls and lists their advantages such as dividing spaces, providing privacy, and being lightweight. It describes requirements for good partition walls and various types including brick, hollow block, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal, and asbestos cement. Movable and portable partition walls are also discussed. Common applications include offices, schools, hotels, and event spaces.
This document provides an overview of metals and metal by-products. It discusses the extraction of metals from ores through processes like pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Various properties of metals are outlined, including physical properties like conductivity and mechanical properties like strength. Common metals like iron, steel, aluminum and tin are described in terms of their composition, production, properties and uses. Potential defects in metal structures like dislocations and corrosion are also mentioned.
The document discusses different types of materials used for false ceilings, including gypsum board, POP (Plaster of Paris), acrylic, PVC, wood, and metals. It provides details on gypsum board, including common thicknesses ranging from 8mm to 20mm. It also lists advantages of gypsum board like its smooth surface and ease of installation. The document then covers POP sheets, including their size, preparation process, and rates. It provides a comparison of POP and gypsum board. Finally, it discusses different wood ceiling options and methods for installing suspended ceilings made of materials like steel and aluminum.
Building Materials And Construction - steel interiorsDeepthi Deepu
This document discusses the use of steel and stainless steel in building construction. It provides details on:
- Steel is commonly used as the structural skeleton of buildings to hold everything up and together. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron and chromium that is corrosion resistant and attractive.
- Stainless steel has various properties including malleability, ductility, elasticity, hardness, and conductivity that make it useful for building interiors.
- Examples of interior uses of steel include ceilings, walls, kitchen interiors, flooring, furniture, staircases, and fireplaces. Various finishes can be applied to stainless steel like brushed, polished, patterned, and decorative finishes.
This presentation discusses glazing materials and techniques. It begins with an introduction defining glazing as glass installed in windows, doors, or other openings. The main materials used in glazing are discussed, including glass, aluminum, sealants, and stainless steel. Common glazing systems like structural glazing, curtain walls, unitized systems, and stick systems are explained. Structural glazing attaches glass directly to the building without pressure plates for greater transparency. Curtain walls are non-structural outer walls that keep weather out while allowing natural light in. Unitized systems involve factory assembly of glazed panels for faster installation. The presentation concludes that advanced glazing technologies can integrate daylighting and ventilation into building designs.
Tinted and decorative glass can be used in buildings to provide privacy while still allowing light transmission. Glass can be tinted through different methods such as coatings or adding materials during the manufacturing process. Common tints include gray, bronze, and blue-green. Tinted glass helps reduce solar heat gain and glare while maintaining transparency from inside. It provides benefits such as lower energy bills but can make a home darker in winter. Decorative glass options include patterns, textures, and colors applied to glass for aesthetic wall accents.
The document discusses specifications and estimations for various types of glass. It provides details on the composition, properties, and applications of glass types including annealed glass, heat-strengthened glass, tempered glass, laminated glass, insulating glass, reflective glass, tinted glass, wired glass, patterned glass, and glass bricks. It also discusses factors to consider for determining the safe thickness of glass, safety issues related to glass structures, and companies involved in glass manufacturing.
Glass is an amorphous solid formed by rapidly cooling molten materials like silica. It is manufactured by melting raw materials like quartz at high temperatures then rapidly cooling. The molten glass can be shaped using processes like pressing, blowing, or drawing. Glass has many useful properties like high strength, resistance to chemicals, and being a good electrical insulator. Common types include soda lime glass, borosilicate glass, and leaded glass. Glass finds wide uses in construction, appliances, vehicles, and scientific and industrial equipment due to its versatile material properties.
Glass is now a commodity in architecture that is prevalent in iconic structures worldwide. It is a versatile material that adds vibrancy to buildings while also being sustainable as it is recyclable. Glass allows natural lighting and ventilation in buildings, contributing to energy efficiency and air circulation. It also provides transparency in commercial spaces and delineates boundaries in public spaces. Through advances in manufacturing, glass now incorporates safety and weather resistance features to suit modern construction needs.
Wooden cladding offers several advantages for building exteriors, including design freedom, ease of installation, and ability to withstand stresses. Proper installation is important to prevent moisture damage - cladding should be sealed and finished before installation, with flashing added at joints and openings. Regular maintenance of finishes helps protect the cladding from swelling, shrinking, and discoloration over time.
Plastics are widely used in building construction and materials. They are used for roofing materials, cladding panels, sound and thermal insulation, decorative laminates, adhesives and sealants, and more. Plastics provide advantages over traditional materials like being lightweight, resistant to rot and weather, and requiring little maintenance. Common plastics used in buildings include polycarbonate, PVC, polystyrene, and foams for insulation. While plastics have advantages, they can also soften at high temperatures or become brittle in cold.
Glass has widespread use and can be produced through different manufacturing processes. It is made by melting raw materials like silica sand, soda ash, and limestone at high temperatures. In the float glass process developed in the 1950s, molten glass flows on a bath of molten tin and is cut to size after annealing and inspection. Glass can be strengthened, tinted, low-emissivity coated, or made obscure/self-cleaning for various applications like windows, touchscreens, lenses, and decorative pieces. Standards like IS codes regulate glass production and properties in India.
This document provides an overview of glass, including its composition, properties, production methods, types, uses, and recycling. It discusses how glass is made by melting raw materials like sand at high temperatures and shaping it through blowing. Different types of glass like soda-lime, lead-alkali, and borosilicate vary in their properties, costs, and applications. The document also outlines how glass is used in architecture, art, medical devices, and its growing use in home construction. It concludes with a brief discussion of glass recycling.
Glass is an inorganic product formed by cooling molten materials without crystallization. It is commonly used in construction for windows, doors, and curtain walls. The main types of glass used are float glass, sheet glass, patterned glass, and wired glass. Glass can be modified through processes like adding reflective coatings, laminating for safety, or toughening. It has properties like transparency, strength, and workability that make it useful for construction applications.
Glass can be used in many ways in interior design to add style and sophistication. It comes in various types based on its appearance and properties. Clear glass provides visibility while tinted glass dims light. Frosted glass provides privacy while still transmitting light. Glass can also be used to meet the needs of different interior design concepts, such as using acoustic glass in noisy areas or patterned glass for added visual interest. When installing glass, considerations include the type of material and proper installation methods for windows, doors, walls and other applications.
An introduction of different types of glassesManisha Agarwal
This document discusses the different types and properties of glass. It begins by explaining that glass is made from a mixture of sand and silicates that are melted at high temperatures. It then describes several common types of glass including soda-lime glass, potash-lime glass, potash-lead glass, and coloured glass. It provides details on their compositions and typical uses. The document also outlines specialty glasses such as safety glass, bulletproof glass, insulating glass, and glass wool. It aims to cover the major categories and applications of glass.
This document provides an overview of different types of glass used in construction. It discusses architectural glass and its uses as a building material and glazing. Various safety glasses are described, including tempered glass and laminated glass. Other glass types summarized are acoustic glass, colored glass, special glasses like sun protection glass and self-cleaning glass, as well as extra clear glass, etched glass, fire rated glass, annealed glass, mirror glass, patterned glass, and coated glass.
The document discusses different types of glass, their properties, manufacturing process, history, uses, advantages and disadvantages. It describes how glass is made by melting sand, soda ash and limestone in a furnace. The main types discussed are float glass, tinted glass, toughened glass, laminated glass, shatterproof glass and double glazed units. The document also outlines the various applications of glass in architecture, interior design and its benefits like transparency, strength and energy efficiency.
Glass comes in various common forms including sheet, frit, stringer, and rods. It has properties such as transparency, strength, workability, and is recyclable. There are also many types of glass like laminated, toughened, float, and insulated glass. Proper measuring, storage, transportation, cleaning, and installation techniques help prevent glass damage.
structural glazing is term used to describe glass that is integral to the design of a building. It involves large glass panels, which usually bear some weight in the structure.
Glass can be produced through float glass processes or glassblowing. Float glass involves floating molten glass on molten tin to produce uniform, flat sheets for modern windows. Glassblowing makes bottles and containers. There are several types of glass like float glass, laminated safety glass, stained glass, tinted glass, and toughened glass. Glass has advantages like various sizes, colors, and being waterproof and rustproof but has disadvantages as it breaks easily and melts at high temperatures. Glass has many applications in buildings as windows, walls, and interior uses due to its light transmission properties.
This document discusses partition walls, which divide interior spaces without carrying structural loads. It defines partition walls and lists their advantages such as dividing spaces, providing privacy, and being lightweight. It describes requirements for good partition walls and various types including brick, hollow block, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal, and asbestos cement. Movable and portable partition walls are also discussed. Common applications include offices, schools, hotels, and event spaces.
This document provides an overview of metals and metal by-products. It discusses the extraction of metals from ores through processes like pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Various properties of metals are outlined, including physical properties like conductivity and mechanical properties like strength. Common metals like iron, steel, aluminum and tin are described in terms of their composition, production, properties and uses. Potential defects in metal structures like dislocations and corrosion are also mentioned.
The document discusses different types of materials used for false ceilings, including gypsum board, POP (Plaster of Paris), acrylic, PVC, wood, and metals. It provides details on gypsum board, including common thicknesses ranging from 8mm to 20mm. It also lists advantages of gypsum board like its smooth surface and ease of installation. The document then covers POP sheets, including their size, preparation process, and rates. It provides a comparison of POP and gypsum board. Finally, it discusses different wood ceiling options and methods for installing suspended ceilings made of materials like steel and aluminum.
Building Materials And Construction - steel interiorsDeepthi Deepu
This document discusses the use of steel and stainless steel in building construction. It provides details on:
- Steel is commonly used as the structural skeleton of buildings to hold everything up and together. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron and chromium that is corrosion resistant and attractive.
- Stainless steel has various properties including malleability, ductility, elasticity, hardness, and conductivity that make it useful for building interiors.
- Examples of interior uses of steel include ceilings, walls, kitchen interiors, flooring, furniture, staircases, and fireplaces. Various finishes can be applied to stainless steel like brushed, polished, patterned, and decorative finishes.
This presentation discusses glazing materials and techniques. It begins with an introduction defining glazing as glass installed in windows, doors, or other openings. The main materials used in glazing are discussed, including glass, aluminum, sealants, and stainless steel. Common glazing systems like structural glazing, curtain walls, unitized systems, and stick systems are explained. Structural glazing attaches glass directly to the building without pressure plates for greater transparency. Curtain walls are non-structural outer walls that keep weather out while allowing natural light in. Unitized systems involve factory assembly of glazed panels for faster installation. The presentation concludes that advanced glazing technologies can integrate daylighting and ventilation into building designs.
Tinted and decorative glass can be used in buildings to provide privacy while still allowing light transmission. Glass can be tinted through different methods such as coatings or adding materials during the manufacturing process. Common tints include gray, bronze, and blue-green. Tinted glass helps reduce solar heat gain and glare while maintaining transparency from inside. It provides benefits such as lower energy bills but can make a home darker in winter. Decorative glass options include patterns, textures, and colors applied to glass for aesthetic wall accents.
The document discusses specifications and estimations for various types of glass. It provides details on the composition, properties, and applications of glass types including annealed glass, heat-strengthened glass, tempered glass, laminated glass, insulating glass, reflective glass, tinted glass, wired glass, patterned glass, and glass bricks. It also discusses factors to consider for determining the safe thickness of glass, safety issues related to glass structures, and companies involved in glass manufacturing.
Glass is an amorphous solid formed by rapidly cooling molten materials like silica. It is manufactured by melting raw materials like quartz at high temperatures then rapidly cooling. The molten glass can be shaped using processes like pressing, blowing, or drawing. Glass has many useful properties like high strength, resistance to chemicals, and being a good electrical insulator. Common types include soda lime glass, borosilicate glass, and leaded glass. Glass finds wide uses in construction, appliances, vehicles, and scientific and industrial equipment due to its versatile material properties.
Glass is now a commodity in architecture that is prevalent in iconic structures worldwide. It is a versatile material that adds vibrancy to buildings while also being sustainable as it is recyclable. Glass allows natural lighting and ventilation in buildings, contributing to energy efficiency and air circulation. It also provides transparency in commercial spaces and delineates boundaries in public spaces. Through advances in manufacturing, glass now incorporates safety and weather resistance features to suit modern construction needs.
Wooden cladding offers several advantages for building exteriors, including design freedom, ease of installation, and ability to withstand stresses. Proper installation is important to prevent moisture damage - cladding should be sealed and finished before installation, with flashing added at joints and openings. Regular maintenance of finishes helps protect the cladding from swelling, shrinking, and discoloration over time.
Plastics are widely used in building construction and materials. They are used for roofing materials, cladding panels, sound and thermal insulation, decorative laminates, adhesives and sealants, and more. Plastics provide advantages over traditional materials like being lightweight, resistant to rot and weather, and requiring little maintenance. Common plastics used in buildings include polycarbonate, PVC, polystyrene, and foams for insulation. While plastics have advantages, they can also soften at high temperatures or become brittle in cold.
Glass has widespread use and can be produced through different manufacturing processes. It is made by melting raw materials like silica sand, soda ash, and limestone at high temperatures. In the float glass process developed in the 1950s, molten glass flows on a bath of molten tin and is cut to size after annealing and inspection. Glass can be strengthened, tinted, low-emissivity coated, or made obscure/self-cleaning for various applications like windows, touchscreens, lenses, and decorative pieces. Standards like IS codes regulate glass production and properties in India.
This document provides an overview of glass, including its composition, properties, production methods, types, uses, and recycling. It discusses how glass is made by melting raw materials like sand at high temperatures and shaping it through blowing. Different types of glass like soda-lime, lead-alkali, and borosilicate vary in their properties, costs, and applications. The document also outlines how glass is used in architecture, art, medical devices, and its growing use in home construction. It concludes with a brief discussion of glass recycling.
Glass is a supercooled liquid that is transparent and unaffected by chemicals. It is most commonly made from mixtures of silica (sand), soda ash, and limestone. The manufacturing process involves mixing these ingredients and heating them to very high temperatures in a furnace until they melt and form a clear jelly-like substance. As this cools and solidifies, glass is formed. There are several types of glass that vary in properties and uses, such as soda-lime glass commonly used for windows and bottles, colored glass, plate glass, safety glass, laminated glass, optical glass, pyrex glass, photochromic glass, and lead crystal glass.
Glass is commonly used as a building material for windows, partitions, and architectural features due to its transparency and lightness. It has various properties like strength, insulation, solar control, safety, fire resistance, and sound control that make it suitable for construction. However, glass is also brittle and prone to breaking, requires careful handling, and can increase energy costs depending on the type used. Architects have more options for glass designs and buildings due to continual advances in glass manufacturing technologies.
Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Glass is typically hard and brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture. A glass may be colorless or colored. It is usually transparent, but may be made translucent or opaque (such as in white, opal glass). Objects made of glass are loosely and popularly referred to as glass; such as glass for a tumbler, a barometer, a window, a magnifier, or a mirror. The subject of studying glass in materials science is an important part.
1. Glass is made by heating sand, limestone, and soda ash to over 1700 degrees Celsius in a furnace, which allows the materials to melt and form a clear jelly-like substance.
2. Glass has been made since at least 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia, and glassmaking later developed in ancient Egypt, Rome, China, and other societies throughout history.
3. There are many types of glass including soda lime glass, flint glass, Pyrex glass, and laminated glass, each with different optical and safety properties used for windows, containers, and other applications.
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it will be beneficial for my knowledge if you like my presentation please comment about your feeling and tag your friends.
Glass can be produced through either float glass or glass blowing processes. The float glass process involves melting raw materials and allowing the molten glass to float on molten tin, where it cools and is cut. The glass blowing process uses a furnace to melt glass feedstock, after which a gob of molten glass is formed using press-and-blow or blow-and-blow techniques, producing parisons that are blown into molds. Both processes include annealing to strengthen the glass. Inspection and packaging occur after shaping to ensure quality.
Glasses structures, properties and applicationsRushikesh Raval
This document defines glass and describes its structure, history, production process, types, properties and applications. Specifically, it states that glass is an inorganic, amorphous solid formed by rapid cooling of molten materials. It has no long-range crystal structure and is actually a very viscous liquid at high temperatures. The document outlines the key raw materials used to produce different types of glass, including silica, soda ash, limestone and lead oxide. It then describes common glass types like silica glass, borosilicate glass, lead glass and sodalime glass. The document concludes by listing some key properties and applications of glass in areas like solar cells, optics and construction materials.
Glass is a hard, brittle material made by melting together silica sand, soda ash, limestone and other ingredients at high temperatures. It can be formed into different shapes through processes like glassblowing, pressing or drawing and is then annealed to increase its strength. Common types of glass include soda-lime glass for windows and containers, lead crystal for tableware, Pyrex for labware and heat resistance, and optical glass for lenses. Glass fibers are used for insulation, reinforcement and other applications. Modern glass production involves batching raw materials, melting in furnaces, forming the glass, annealing and inspection.
This document discusses different types of architectural glass. It begins with an introduction to glass and its importance in architecture. Then it describes the glass manufacturing process using the float glass process. It discusses 14 types of architectural glass including flat glass, safety glass, acoustic glass, colored glass, tempered glass, laminated glass, and others. For each type, it provides details on their properties and applications in construction. The document is a report submitted by students to their architecture school on glass types commonly used in building design and construction.
Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid made through melting raw materials like sand, lime, and soda at high temperatures. It is fabricated through processes like moulding, annealing, and finishing. Common types of glass include float glass, laminated glass, and toughened glass. Glass has properties like hardness, transparency, and recyclability. It has widespread uses like windows, tableware, and electronics. Glass is tested for properties like flexibility, fire resistance, weathering, and radiation resistance through tests such as bending, fire, impact, temperature, and radiation tests.
This document discusses glass and its uses in buildings. It provides an introduction to glass, describing it as an inorganic, amorphous material characterized by transparency and brittleness. Glass is used in buildings primarily for windows and doors to allow daylight in. Different types of glass serve various functions like solar control, sound insulation, and safety. The document then discusses the constituents and manufacturing process of glass, including melting the raw materials of silica, soda, and lime in furnaces at high temperatures, and shaping the molten glass through various fabrication methods.
Glass is made from silica and other additives like soda ash and lime. Modern glass uses sand, soda ash, and limestone. Different colors are achieved by adding metal compounds like cobalt for blue. The float glass process involves floating molten glass on liquid tin to create flat sheets. Float glass makes up most flat glass products and is made in thicknesses from 2-25mm. Non-sheet glass includes cast glass blocks and profiled sections. Sheet glass undergoes further processing like annealing, toughening, laminating, etching, and adding coatings. Structural glass elements use toughened glass in columns, fins, and load-bearing walls fixed with clamps or adhesive.
Glass has several key properties including its ability to transmit, absorb, or refract light without having a definite crystalline structure. There are different types of glass such as soda lime glass, potash-lime glass, potash-lead glass, and borosilicate glass which are used for various purposes. Glass is manufactured through a process involving collection of raw materials, batch preparation through mixing, melting in furnaces, fabrication into desired shapes, and annealing to slowly cool the glass.
Glass is a non-crystalline solid made primarily from silica sand, soda ash, and limestone. The most common type of glass is soda-lime glass, composed of around 75% silica. Glass was first developed around 6000 years ago and its properties are still not fully understood. It can be produced in different colors by adding various metal oxides as impurities. Ceramics are materials made from clay and other minerals like quartz, feldspar, and alumina. Traditional ceramics include pottery, bricks, and tiles, while new ceramics have superior mechanical properties. Glasses have a non-crystalline structure and silica-based window glass is the clearest example
Glass Industry (Chemistry of Glass industry) Pakistan's Glass IndustryMuhammad Abubakar
This Presention is about the chemistry of glass industry.
This includes
Glass
Types of glass
General properties of glass
Manufacturing process of glass
Uses of glass.
Pakistan's glass's economy
import and export of float glass of Pakistan
Glass is a transparent material that allows light to pass through it, allowing objects behind it to be distinctly seen. It has many uses in architecture and building construction. There are different types of glass including transparent glass, translucent glass, opaque glass, and laminated glass. Transparent glass is the clearest type and allows full visibility. Translucent glass scatters light as it passes through, making images appear blurred. Opaque glass is completely opaque and does not allow light to pass through. Laminated glass is made of two or more glass sheets bonded together with a plastic interlayer, making it stronger and safer if broken.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Glass
1.
2. Introduction
There is a special relationship between glass and
buildings. Glass is a magical material which has so many
different properties and uses, that it has presented Architects
with many new possibilities and designs.
Architectural glass is glass that is used as a building
material. It is most typically used as
transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including
windows in the external walls.
Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an
architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of
a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and
laminated glasses.
This project gives information about the its types,
3. A BRIEF HISTORY OF GLASS IN THE
BUILDING INDUSTRY
In prehistoric times, Obsidian (Naturally occurring glass
found near volcanic regions) and fulgurite (glass formed
naturally after lightning strikes sand) were used to make
weapons. Manmade glass was used as a luxury material was
used in decorations, jewelry, vessels and crockery.
Glass blowing was discovered in the 1st century in Europe,
this revolutionized the glass making industry. The technique
spread throughout the Roman Empire.
Production of Clear glass, by introduction of manganese
dioxide, saw glass being used for architectural purposes.
Cast glass windows began to appear in the most important
buildings and villas in Rome and Pompeii.
4. •By 11th century sheet glass was made by the crown glass
process. In this process, the glassblower would spin molten
glass at the end of a rod until it flattened into a disk. The disk
would then be cut into panes.
• By 13th century, this technique was perfected in Venice. Stain
glass windows were used in gothic renaissance and baroque
architecture from the 11th to the 18th century.
•glass was still an item of luxury as it took large resources,
brilliant skill and immense energy to be produced. In 1958
Pilkington and Bickerstaff introduced the revolutionary float glass
process to the world. This method gave the sheet uniform
thickness and very flat surfaces. Modern windows are made
from float glass.
5. INDIAN HISTORY OF GLASS
•Indigenous development of glass technology in South
Asia may have begun in 1730 BC. Evidence of this culture
includes a red-brown glass bead along with a hoard of beads
dating to that period, making it the earliest attested glass from
the Indus Valley locations.
•Chalcolithic evidence of glass has been found
in Hastinapur, India.[ Some of the texts which mention glass in
India are the Shatapatha Brahmana and Vinaya
Pitaka.[However, the first unmistakable evidence in large
quantities, dating from the 3rd century BC, has been
uncovered from the archaeological site in Takshashila,
ancient India.
•By the 1st century AD, glass was being used for ornaments
and casing in South Asia.[Contact with the Greco-Roman
7. PRODUCTION OF GLASS
Making glass is a very ancient process, with archaeological
evidence of glass making dating back to before 2500 BC.
Once a rare and prized art, manufacturing glass has
become a common industry thanks to the Pilkington
process.
Traditionally glass was made by blowing liquid glass
derived by melting sand calcium oxide and sodium
carbonate to extremely high temperatures and the cooling
the liquid to the desired shape. Since a few thousand years
8. The glass – float glass as we know - is manufactured
by the PPG process. This process was invented by
Sir Alistair Pilkington in 1952 and is the most popular
and widely used process in manufacturing
architectural glass in the world today.
9. The manufacturing for glass consists of
the following stages :
• Melting and refining of the raw materials
• Float bath
• Coating (for making reflectuve glass)
• Annealing
• Inspection
10. Batching of raw materials:
The main components, namely, soda lime glass, silica
sand (73%), calcium oxide (9%), soda (13%) and
magnesium (4%),
are weighed and mixed into batches to which recycled
glass (cullet) is added. The use of ‘cullet’ reduces the
consumption of natural gas. The materials are tested and
stored for later mixing under computerised control.
11. Stage 1 : Melting and refining
Fine grained ingredients closely controlled for quality, are mixed
to make a batch, which flows into the furnace, which is heated up to
1500 degree Celsius.
• The raw materials that go into the manufacturing of clear float glass
are:
• SiO2 – Silica Sand
• Na2O – Sodium Oxide
from Soda Ash
• CaO – Calcium oxide
from Limestone / Dolomite
• MgO – Dolomite
• Al2O3 – Feldspar
• Apart from the above basic raw material, broken glass aka cullet, is
added to the mixture to the tune of nearly 25% ~ 30% which acts
primarily as flux. The flux in a batch helps in reducing the melting
point of the batch thus reducing the energy consumed to carry out
12. These raw materials primarily mixed in batch helps to make
clear glass. If certain metal oxides are mixed to this batch they
impart colors to the glass giving it a body tint.
For e.g.
• NiO & CoO – to give grey tinted glasses (Oxides of Nickel & Cobalt)
• SeO – to give Bronze tinted glasses (oxide of Selenium)
• Fe2O3 – To give Green tinted glasses (oxides of iron which at times
is also present as impurity in Silica Sand)
• CoO – To give blue tinted glass (oxides of Cobalt)
13. Stage 2 : Float bath
• Glass from the furnace gently flows over the refractory spout on to
the mirror-like surface of molten tin, starting at 1100 deg Celsius and
leaving the float bath as solid ribbon at 600 deg Celsius.
14. Stage 3 - Coating (for making
reflective glasses):
• Coatings that make profound changes in optical
properties can be applied by advanced high temperature
technology to the cooling ribbon of glass. Online
Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) is the most
significant advance in the float process since it was
invented. CVD can be used to lay down a variety of
coatings, a few microns thick, for reflect visible and infra-
red radiance for instance. Multiple coatings can be
deposited in the few seconds available as the glass
flows beneath the coater (e.g. Sunergy)
15. Stage 4 - Annealing:
Despite the tranquillity with which the glass is formed,
considerable stresses are developed in the ribbon as the glass
cools. The glass is made to move through the annealing lehr where
such internal stresses are removed, as the glass is cooled gradually,
to make the glass more prone to cutting.
16. Stage 5 - Inspection:
• To ensure the highest quality inspection takes place at
every stage.
• Automated online inspection does two things.
i)It reveals process faults upstream that can be
corrected.
ii) And it enables computers downstream to steer
round the flaws.
• Inspection technology now allows 100 million
inspections per second to be made across the ribbon,
locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see.
17. Stage 6 - Cutting to Order:
Diamond steels trim off selvedge – stressed edges- and cut ribbon to size
dictated by the computer. Glass is finally sold only in square meters.
18.
19. Properties Of Glass
It is solid and hard material.
It has disordered and amorphous structure.
It is fragile and easily breakable into sharp
pieces.
It is transparent to visible light.
When light falls on glass,
part of it is reflected at the
surface, part of it is
absorbed in the glass
and part of it is
transmitted.
20. It is an biologically inactive material.
It is recyclable.
21. It has low thermal conductivity.
It is fire resistant.
22. It has dimensional stability.
The thermal, optical, electrical and
chemical properties of glass vary with its
composition.
Glass is electrically insulating material; it
does not conduct electricity.
23. Transparency: This property allows visual connection with
the outside world. Its transparency can be permanently
altered by adding admixtures to the initial batch mix. By the
advent of technology clear glass panels used in buildings can
be made opaque. (Electro chromatic glazing)
U value: The U-value is the measure of how much heat is
transferred through the window. The lower the U-value the
better the insulation properties of the glass– the better it is at
keeping the heat or cold out.
24. Strength: Glass is a brittle material but with the advent of
science and technology, certain laminates and admixtures can
increase its modulus of rupture( ability to resist deformation
under load).
Greenhouse effect: The greenhouse effect refers to
circumstances where the short wavelengths of visible light
from the sun pass through glass and are absorbed, but the
longer infrared re-radiation from the heated objects are
25. Workability: It is capable of being worked in many ways. It
can be blown, drawn or pressed. It is possible to obtain glass
with diversified properties- clear, colorless, diffused and
stained. Glass can also bewelded by fusion.
Recyclable: Glass is 100% recyclable, cullets (Scraps of broken
or waste glass gathered for re-melting) are used as raw
materials in glass manufacture, as aggregates in concrete
construction etc.
26. Solar heat gain coefficient: It is the fraction of incident solar
radiation that actually enters a building through the entire
window assembly as heat gain.
Visible transmittance: Visible transmittance is the fraction of
visible light that comes through the glass.
28. FLOAT GLASS
• Float glass is a sheet of
glass made by floating molten
glass on a bed of molten metal,
typically tin, although lead and
various low melting point alloys
were used in the past.
• Modern windows are made from
float glass.
• The float glass process is also
known as the Pilkington process,
named after the British glass
manufacturer Pilkington
• Float glass is used in many
architectural buildings, one of
29. CROWN GLASS
• Crown glass was an early type of
window glass
• in this process, glass
was blown into a "crown" or
hollow globe.
• The process was first perfected
by French glassmakers in the
1320s, notably around Rouen,
and was a trade secret.
• his method for manufacturing flat
glass panels was very expensive
and could not be used to make
large panes.
• It was replaced in the 19th
century by the cylinder, sheet, and
rolled plate processes, but it is still
30. ANNEALED GLASS
• Annealed glass is the most
common glass used in windows
and is also known as a standard
sheet of float glass.
• Annealed glass is slowly cooled to
relieve internal stresses after it is
formed, thus making it strong.
• Annealed glass has the surface
strength that provides the wind-
load performance and thermal-
stress resistance needed in most
architectural applications
• Care should be taken when
choosing locations to install
annealed glass since there is a
31. TEMPERED GLASS
• Toughened glass is typically four
to six times the strength of
annealed glass.
• When broken, tempered glass
fragments are usually relatively
small and less likely to cause
serious injury.
• It is used when strength, thermal
resistance and safety are
important considerations.
• In commercial structures it is
used in unframed assemblies
such as frameless doors,
32. Soda lime glass
• Typical glass from which most tableware ant art glass
and plate glass is manufactured
• 75% of silica, along with Na2CO3, Na20, Ca0, CaC03,
Mg0
• Over 90% of all glass is sodalime.
33. Obscured /Patterned glass
• Patterned glass is a kind of decorative translucent glass with
embossed patterns on one or both surfaces. Pattern Glass
or Decorative Glass or Rolled Glass is generally used where
privacy or obscurity is desired but light transmission is still important.
With the special property of decoration, patterned glass can allow
light to pass through, at the same time, it can also prevent clear
view. Usually it transmits only slightly less light than clear glass.
34. Fused silica glass
• Fused quartz or fused silica is glass consisting
of silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form. It differs
from traditional glasses in containing no other
ingredients, which are typically added to glass to lower
the melt temperature.
35. Borosilicate glass
• Borosilicate glass is a type of glass with silica and
boron trioxide as the main glass-forming
constituents. Borosilicate glasses are known for having
very low coefficients of thermal expansion (~3 ×
10−6 K−1 at 20 °C), making them resistant to thermal
shock, more so than any other common glass.
36. HEAT- STRENGTHENED GLASS
• With heat-strengthened glass,
the cooling process is slower,
which means the compression
strength is lower
• This glass is approximately
twice as strong as annealed, or
untreated, glass.
• when broken, the glass
fragments are more similar in
size and shape to annealed
glass fragments and thus tend
to stay in the openings
• It is used to resist wind
pressure, thermal stress or both
• This glass is used in most
architectural buildings
37. CHEMICALLY STRENGTHENED GLASS
• Chemically strengthened glass is typically six to eight
times the strength of annealed glass.
• The glass is chemically strengthened by submerging the
glass in a bath containing a potassium salt
• when the surface of chemically strengthened glass is
deeply scratched, this area loses its additional strength.
• Chemically strengthened glass was used on some fighter
aircraft canopies
38. HEATABLE GLASS
• Healable glass based on low-emissive
coatings was first produced in high
volume in the early 1980s.
• The idea of heating glass is based on the
use of energy-efficient low-
emissive glass, which is generally
simple silicate glass with a special
metallic oxides coating.
• Heating glass is used in the construction
of many kinds of buildings and in mass
production of vehicles, ships and trains.
• Such combination helps reduce the total
rate of heat loss of the building, thereby
39. GLASS BLOCK
• Glass brick, also known as glass
block, is an architectural element
made from glass.
• Glass bricks provide visual
obscuration while admitting light.
• The glass block was originally
developed in the early 1900s to
provide natural light
in manufacturing plants.
• Glass bricks are produced for both
wall and floor applications.
• It is used in many architectural
building , one of them being
Hermes Store in Tokyo, Japan
by Renzo Piano
40. PRISM GLASS
• Prism glass is architectural glass
used around the turn of the
century to provide lighting to
underground spaces and areas
that would otherwise be too
difficult to light.
• Prism glass uses a unique
convex lens design to help
illuminate more than ordinary
glass.
• Prism glass can sometimes be
found on sidewalks and in this
form is known as vault lighting.
41. SOLAR CONTROL GLASS
• Solar control glass units are
typically double glazed, which
means they also insulate well.
• Solar control glass is a hi-tech
product developed by the glass
industry to allow sunlight to pass
through a window or façade while
radiating and reflecting away a
large degree of the sun’s heat.
• The indoor space stays bright and
much cooler than would be the
case if normal glass were used.
• or buildings with high internal
loads, it is used to minimise solar
heat gain by rejecting solar
42. WIRE MESH GLASS
• Wire mesh glass has a grid or mesh
of thin metal wire embedded within
the glass. The presence of the wire
mesh appears to be a strengthening
component.
• Wired glass often may cause
heightened injury in comparison to
unwired glass
• The wire prevents the glass from
falling out of the frame even if it
cracks under thermal stress, and is
far more heat-resistant than a
laminating material.
43. Glass wool
Glass wool is a thermal insulation that consists of
intertwined and flexible glass fibers, which causes it to
"package" air, and consequently make good insulating
materials. Glass wool can be used as filler or insulators in
buildings, also for soundproofing.
44. Chromatic glass
This type of glass can control daylight and transparency
effectively. These glass are available in three forms-
photochromatic (light sensitive lamination on glass),
thermochromatic (heat sensitive lamination on glass) and
electrochromatic (light sensitive glass the transparency of
which can be controlled by electricity switch.) It can be used
in meeting rooms and ICUs
45. Double Glazed Units
These are made by providing air gap between two glass
panes in order to reduce the heat loss and gain. Normal
glass can cause immense amount of heat gain and upto
30%of loss of heat of air conditioning energy. Green,
energy efficient glass can reduce this impact.
46. Extra clean glass
This type of glass is hydrophilic i.e. The water moves over
them without leaving any marks and photocatylitic i.e. they
are covered with Nanoparticles that attack and break dirt
making it easier to clean and maintain.
47. Shatterproof glass
By adding a polyvinyl butyral layer, shatter proof glass
is made. This type of glass does not from sharp edged
pieces even when broken. Used in skylight, window,
flooring, etc
48. Laminated Glass
This type of glass is made by sandwiching glass panels within a protective layer. It is
heavier than normal glass and may cause optical distortions as well. It is tough and
protects from UV radiation (99%) and insulates sound by 50%. Used in glass facades,
aquariums, bridges, staircases, floor slabs, etc.
49. Tinted Glass
Certain additions to the glass batch mix can add color to the
clear glass without compromising its strength. Iron oxide is
added to give glass a green tint; sulphar in different
concentrations can make the glass yellow, red or black.
Copper sulphate can turn it blue. Etc
50. Anti–bacterial glass–The Latest in
Healthcare Architecture
AGC Flat Glass Europe, formerly Glaverbel recently
launched its new Antibacterial Glass TM in a world premiere.
The glass kills 99.9% of bacteria and also stops the spread of
fungi. Given the instances of visitors and patients catching
infections while in hospital, this is a milestone.
This glass eliminates micro-organisms as soon as they come
in contact with the surface of the glass.
The glass has been tested by university laboratories, with
results validated based on European and Japanese
standards. Accelerated age testing demonstrates that the
functionality of the glass does not diminish over time. The
51. Major Dealers in the Market
On the global arena, Ace Clear Inc, Glass Security, LLC, Custom Glass
Corporation and Armour Glass are some of the major players. In India there
are number of dealers such as Aakruti glass Crafts, Asahi Safety glass, Ace
Indo Canada and Auto Glass Security.
The challenge ahead for architects working on Government buildings is to
seamlessly integrate the life-safety and security measures with aesthetic
building design. Security need not be incompatible with good design but the
use of prudent precautionary measures may save countless lives and
millions of dollars in damages.
52. Role of Glass in Green Buildings
•Glass plays a unique and important role in building design
and the environment. It affects design, appearance, thermal
performance and occupant comfort. T
•India being a tropical country, we need to be careful while
selecting a glass. Selection of glass has become more
complex since a variety of glasses are available to choose
from, ranging from performance to aesthetics.
•The properties of glass have also become multifaceted, able
to perform a wide variety of functions, like Solar Control to
53. ENERGY MANAGEMENT
•Key factors which play an important role in designing the
building envelope with glass are as follows.
•Solar Factor (SF) / Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient (SHGC)
•U-Value
•Relative Heat Gain (RHG)
•Visual Comfort
54. Use in facade
• Glass plays an essential role in the facade. A facade is a special type of wall. It
separates inside from outside. By its property of transparency it opens up our
buildings to the outside world.
The glass used in today's window and facades does more things than many people
perhaps realise. From prime concerns like safety, security, and environmental protection to
convenient functions like self cleaning or practical qualities like scratch resistance or design
aspects, the choices are many and varied.
Thermal insulation
Thermally insulating glass can be one of several desirable properties such as maintenance,
solar control, noise reduction, decorative glass and enhanced safety and security.
55. Solar control
Solar control glass is glass designed to reduce or prevent solar heating of buildings. There are
two approaches that can be used: the glass is either tinted (coloured) throughout the
material (called a "body tint"), or else it has a microscopically thin and transparent coating on
one side.It can be combined with many other features for multifunctional glazing, such as
thermal insulation, self cleaning, noise reduction, decorative glass and enhanced
safety and security.
Safety and security
To improve its resistance to impact and breakage, glass can be either toughened or laminated, depending on where
and how it is being used
Fire resistance
A range of fire-resistant glass types is available that offers increasing levels of protection, which is measured in
defined time periods (30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes). Fire-resistant glass must meet strict levels of integrity and
insulation, or integrity only which are set down by European CE standards.
Noise control
Acoustically insulating glazing can be a major contributor to comfort levels in buildings and houses. Its benefits are
greatest for people living or working near busy high streets, urban traffic, motorways, railway lines and airports, or on
a flight path
Decorative: interior design
Glass can transform living spaces and work environments. A wide range of effects, patterns and
colours allows interior designers endless possibilities in look and atmosphere. Glass can be
combined with stone, wood or metal for a strong visual and tactile effect
56. Structurally glazed systems create a greater transparency than traditional captured
systems. There are less visual interruptions due to the lack of metal on the exterior (and
potentially the interior), creating a seamless, continuous glass look. Traditional captured
curtain wall systems have pressure plates and caps that can conduct large amounts of
heat in or out of the façade depending on the season. Since there is little to no exposed
exterior metal, there is also less thermal bridging with structural glazing, saving on energy
consumption costs
57. Glass is a material for aesthetics and not for structural theory: Glass load-bearing structures contradict this
assumption. They enhance the glass facade with glass structures and help to create totally transparent rooms
Glass has taken on new life in recent building years. Long valued for its transparency and lightness, glass is now
also being considered for its structural and protective capabilities.
“When glass is load bearing it can serve three roles at
once: structure, envelope, and transparency,” says Mark
DuBois.
LOAD BEARING GLASS WALLS
The architectural space formed by the load bearing glass wall is visually remarkable and
psychologically very intriguing. The large area of roof which cantilevers out past the
glass wall is very dramatic in the way it both frames the landscape and pulls the viewer
out towards it. The hovering roof plane provides an unusual sense of shelter because
there is clearly no visible means of support. The use of glass bearing walls is an exciting
opportunity to blur the distinction between engineering and aesthetics and thereby
expand the vocabulary of architecture.
LOAD BEARING GLASS FLOORS
Structural glass floors are specialist products, designed to balance load
bearing capacity and translucency. They’re usually fabricated as frameless
or structural panels to offer the maximum clear area for light to filter
through.
59. 1. Off Line Coatings
• Off-line coatings are those which are applied to
individual panes of glass once the glass has been
manufactured and cut.
• The application of coatings, by dipping panes into
chemical solutions, drying and firing, or by evaporation
of metals on to glass surfaces under conditions of
vacuum, has been known for many years
60. • This process is capable of giving a wide range of
coatings of different colours, reflectivities
and thermal properties.
• In magnetron sputtering, the material to be
sputtered is made the cathode of an electrical circuit
at 500 volts.
• Argon gas is introduced into a vacuum chamber,
and a glow discharge plasma occurs. Electrons are
removed from the argon and leave positively
charged ions. These ions are attracted to, and
impact with, the target cathode. They have very high
61. • Light transmission depends on the nature and thickness
of coating.
• Colour depends on coating thickness material and
configuration.
• The product ranges are under continuous development.
62. 2. On Line Coatings
• On-line modifications are made while the glass is hot
and still in the annealing lehr.
• They may still be considered as basic products, and size
and tolerance constraints are similar to those for clear
float glass.
• They involve the thermal decomposition of gases, liquids
or powders sprayed on to the glass to form a metal oxide
layer which fuses to the surface.
63. • On-line coatings have advantages of hardness and
durability over off-line coatings and are suitable for
bending and toughening.
64. 3. Dielectric Coatings
• These are composed of multi-layered
coatings which exhibit different colours by
reflection and transmission as a function of
viewing angle.
65. 4. Mirror Silvering
• Mirror silvering is a chemical process depositing
a coating of metal, mostly silver, on to the
surface of clear glass.
• This deposit is usually protected by a layer of
copper which in turn is protected by a paint
backing.
• The controlled use of stannic solution can
produce decorative 'oil-stain' patterns which can
be painted with a coloured transparent varnish.
68. advantages
• Use of glass adds beauty to the building. It makes it
more aesthetically pleasing
• Installation of glass ensures ample supply of natural
daylight which makes the construction more sustainable
• Glass tends to have great weather resistance. It shows
no significant loss of quality due to exposure to the
weather conditions through all the seasons
• Unlike metals, which are also used in building
construction, glass does not rust by exposure to humidity
and air.
• Cleaning of glass is a rather easy when compared to
other building materials
• usage of glass ensures passage of natural light even
69. • Adding to its natural aesthetical qualities, glass can be
manufactured in shades of various colours making it
more artistic
• It can be blown, drawn and pressed to any shape
• It provides an ideal way to showcase a product due to its
100% transparency
• Glass is 100% recyclable and can be recycled endlessly
without loss in quality or purity
• It has got no problem with UV degradation
70. • Glass has got Excellent abrasion resistance
• Glass shows high stability over a wide range of
temperature
• It is unaffected by air, water and most of the acids.
• Its use fulfils the architectural view for external
decoration
• By using glass in interior, it saves the space inside
the building
• Conserves heat and protects against outside
71. Disadvantages
• An expensive Material. So, increase the cost of building
• Breaks Easily, Very Rigid and Brittle
• When broken, the pieces may be sharp, injuries
• Less impact resistance
• It is affected by some alkalis
• It is affected by hydrofluoric acid.
72. • Use of glass also enhances the cost of security
• Glass is also unsafe for earthquake proven area
• Glass is poor in terms of heat preservation, leading to
higher costs in the operation of air-conditioners
• Glass absorbs heat and hence act as a greenhouse and
hence not suitable in warm and hot climates. It will
increase AC load and more energy consideration for air
conditioning.
73. • Though many feel that once you provide glass in a
building façade, you are free from painting expenses for
ever but this is not fine. You may have to spend equally
for cleaning of glass. Sometimes it is as costly as
external painting. Again, you may paint building once in a
5 years but for glass you have to clean every year
• Glare is a major problem in glass façade building
74. Alternatives to Glass
• Polycarbonate: This elastic is 300 times stronger than
glass, is resistant to most chemicals, is twice as lighter
than class, has high abrasion and impact resistance. It
can transmit as much light as glass without many
distortions. Applications include window, green house
glazing etc.
75. Acrylic: Acrylic is made of thermo plasticsis weather
resistant, is 5 times stronger than glass but is prone to
scratches. It has excellent optics, is softer than glass but
can accumulate a lot of dust. This is extensively used in to
make playhouses, green house etc.
76. • GRP panels: GRP is manufactured by combining
hundreds of glass strands together using a
pigmented thermosetting UV resin.Glass-reinforced
plastics are also used to produce house building
components such as roofing laminate, canopies etc.
The material is light and easy to handle. It is used in
the construction of composite housing and insulation
to reduce heat loss.
77. ETFE: Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene is a plastic with high
strength and corrosion resistance. It has high energy
radiation resistance properties, it is strong, self cleaning
and recyclable.
78. • The versatility of glass keeps on increasing as scientists
find new applications to this wonder material. Glass is
now being used in the building industry as insulation
material, structural component, external glazing material,
cladding material; it is used to make delicate looking
fenestrations on facades as well as conventional
windows. With the advent of green technology in
construction, glass is constantly undergoing
transformation. Solar power glass, switchable glass
projection screens are a few of the newer uses. This is
one material to look out for!
•
79. Glass in windows
•
There are nine types of Glasses used in
windows:
• Obscure Glass
• Tinted Glass
• Tempered Glass
• Laminated Glass
• Stained Glass
• Reflective Glass
• Low E Glass Window
• Insulating glass
• Colored glass