This document discusses various rapid prototyping and manufacturing techniques categorized by the type of material used - liquid, powder, or solid/foil based. Liquid based techniques discussed include stereolithography, which uses a laser to cure liquid resin into layers, and jetting systems, which use print heads to deposit both model and support materials. Powder based techniques like selective laser sintering fuse powdered materials using a laser. Solid/foil techniques such as fused deposition modeling deposit melted materials. The document provides details on the processes and materials used for different rapid prototyping methods.
The presentation covers all the methods of Rapid protoyping and various aspects related to it.
The Topics covered in the presentation are
1) Droplet Deposition Manufacturing
2) Laminated Object Manufacturing
3) Fused Deposition Modeling
4) Selective Laser Manufacturing
5) Sterolithography
This document discusses various rapid prototyping technologies used to speed up the product development process. It describes subtractive processes that remove material from a workpiece and additive processes that build parts up layer by layer. Specific additive techniques covered include fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, ballistic particle manufacturing, 3D printing, and laminated object manufacturing. The document also discusses applications of rapid prototyping like making individual parts and tools, and explains how rapid tooling uses rapid prototypes to quickly create molds and tools for limited production runs.
Design Development Experimental Approach of Industrial Product Enhancement Pr...IJMER
This document discusses stereo lithography (SLA), a type of rapid prototyping. SLA uses a laser to solidify liquid photopolymer resin layer by layer based on a 3D CAD model. The key steps are: 1) creating a CAD model; 2) slicing the model into layers; 3) using a laser to solidify each layer on top of the previous one. SLA can produce prototypes faster and cheaper than conventional methods. However, the layered construction results in stair-stepping on slanted surfaces that requires post-processing smoothing.
Stereolithography (SLA) is an additive manufacturing process that involves building 3D objects layer-by-layer by curing liquid photopolymer resin with a UV laser beam. It traces the cross-section of each layer on the surface of the resin vat, solidifying the pattern. The elevator then lowers and the next layer is traced, adhering to the previous one. This process is repeated until the object is completed. SLA provides high accuracy and good surface finish but may require additional curing and removal of support structures.
The document discusses rapid prototyping (RP), which allows prototypes to be made from a CAD model in hours or days rather than weeks. It describes various RP technologies including stereolithography, solid ground curing, droplet deposition manufacturing, laminated object manufacturing, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering. These technologies differ in their starting materials, which can be liquids, solids like sheets, or powders, and how layers are added to build the final part in a layer-by-layer process from the CAD model.
An Analysis of Surface Roughness Improvement of 3D Printed Materialijsrd.com
3D printing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital model. 3D printing is achieved using additive processes, where an object is created by laying down successive layers of material. This work investigates surface finish improvement techniques used with 3D printed metal parts during the infiltration treatment. The goal is to produce an acceptable surface quality without performing a secondary machining process. Such a surface would be categorized as a D-series surface under the surface finish standards the injection molding process.
This document discusses various additive manufacturing techniques that could enable in-space manufacturing and addresses key parameters to consider. It suggests that vat photopolymerization using a two-photon approach may allow 3D printing of plastics and composites in space without gravity affecting the process. An alternative approach using a centrifuge module to provide artificial gravity is also proposed to allow stereolithography additive manufacturing in microgravity conditions. The document analyzes the technical feasibility and challenges of both approaches.
3D PRINTING- POWDER BASED ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING S. Sathishkumar
The document discusses three powder-based additive manufacturing systems: selective laser sintering (SLS), three dimensional printing (3DP), and laser engineered net shaping (LENS). SLS uses a laser to sinter powdered materials like plastic and metal together layer by layer. 3DP uses inkjet printheads to apply a binder to layers of powder to build parts. LENS uses a laser to melt metal powder as it is deposited, building parts layer by layer. Each system uses a different technique but all use lasers or binders to fuse powdered materials together to build 3D parts additively.
The presentation covers all the methods of Rapid protoyping and various aspects related to it.
The Topics covered in the presentation are
1) Droplet Deposition Manufacturing
2) Laminated Object Manufacturing
3) Fused Deposition Modeling
4) Selective Laser Manufacturing
5) Sterolithography
This document discusses various rapid prototyping technologies used to speed up the product development process. It describes subtractive processes that remove material from a workpiece and additive processes that build parts up layer by layer. Specific additive techniques covered include fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, ballistic particle manufacturing, 3D printing, and laminated object manufacturing. The document also discusses applications of rapid prototyping like making individual parts and tools, and explains how rapid tooling uses rapid prototypes to quickly create molds and tools for limited production runs.
Design Development Experimental Approach of Industrial Product Enhancement Pr...IJMER
This document discusses stereo lithography (SLA), a type of rapid prototyping. SLA uses a laser to solidify liquid photopolymer resin layer by layer based on a 3D CAD model. The key steps are: 1) creating a CAD model; 2) slicing the model into layers; 3) using a laser to solidify each layer on top of the previous one. SLA can produce prototypes faster and cheaper than conventional methods. However, the layered construction results in stair-stepping on slanted surfaces that requires post-processing smoothing.
Stereolithography (SLA) is an additive manufacturing process that involves building 3D objects layer-by-layer by curing liquid photopolymer resin with a UV laser beam. It traces the cross-section of each layer on the surface of the resin vat, solidifying the pattern. The elevator then lowers and the next layer is traced, adhering to the previous one. This process is repeated until the object is completed. SLA provides high accuracy and good surface finish but may require additional curing and removal of support structures.
The document discusses rapid prototyping (RP), which allows prototypes to be made from a CAD model in hours or days rather than weeks. It describes various RP technologies including stereolithography, solid ground curing, droplet deposition manufacturing, laminated object manufacturing, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering. These technologies differ in their starting materials, which can be liquids, solids like sheets, or powders, and how layers are added to build the final part in a layer-by-layer process from the CAD model.
An Analysis of Surface Roughness Improvement of 3D Printed Materialijsrd.com
3D printing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital model. 3D printing is achieved using additive processes, where an object is created by laying down successive layers of material. This work investigates surface finish improvement techniques used with 3D printed metal parts during the infiltration treatment. The goal is to produce an acceptable surface quality without performing a secondary machining process. Such a surface would be categorized as a D-series surface under the surface finish standards the injection molding process.
This document discusses various additive manufacturing techniques that could enable in-space manufacturing and addresses key parameters to consider. It suggests that vat photopolymerization using a two-photon approach may allow 3D printing of plastics and composites in space without gravity affecting the process. An alternative approach using a centrifuge module to provide artificial gravity is also proposed to allow stereolithography additive manufacturing in microgravity conditions. The document analyzes the technical feasibility and challenges of both approaches.
3D PRINTING- POWDER BASED ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING S. Sathishkumar
The document discusses three powder-based additive manufacturing systems: selective laser sintering (SLS), three dimensional printing (3DP), and laser engineered net shaping (LENS). SLS uses a laser to sinter powdered materials like plastic and metal together layer by layer. 3DP uses inkjet printheads to apply a binder to layers of powder to build parts. LENS uses a laser to melt metal powder as it is deposited, building parts layer by layer. Each system uses a different technique but all use lasers or binders to fuse powdered materials together to build 3D parts additively.
The document contains questions about rapid prototyping technologies and processes. It asks about liquid-based and solid-based rapid prototyping systems like stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). Questions also cover topics like the STL file format used for 3D printing/additive manufacturing, materials used in different processes, advantages of rapid prototyping over traditional methods, and issues with current additive manufacturing technologies.
Shape deposition manufacturing (SDM) is a rapid prototyping technique that simultaneously fabricates and assembles mechanisms in layers. SDM involves alternating deposition of part material and sacrificial support material with machining of hardened layers. This allows for embedded components and spatially varying material properties. Literature studies discuss SDM applications like spider-inspired climbing aids and hexapedal robots. Modern equipment uses lasers for precise material deposition integrated with CNC milling. Case studies examine using SDM to develop tissue scaffolds.
TYPES OF RAPID PROTOTYPING - ADDITIVE PROCESSNurhuda Hayati
This document discusses several types of rapid prototyping (RP) technologies. It describes the input, method, materials, and applications of RP. It provides details on liquid-based systems like stereolithography (SLA), solid-based systems like fused deposition modeling (FDM), and powder-based systems like selective laser sintering (SLS). For each approach, it outlines the basic process, common materials used, advantages, and limitations. The document serves as an overview of fundamental RP concepts and several important RP techniques.
Selective Laser Sintering is one of the most used processes of Rapid Prototyping. It is a powder based process where powder of different metals/materials get sintered by LASER.
3D PRINTING - LIQUID AND SOLID BASED ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING S. Sathishkumar
This document provides information on liquid-based and solid-based additive manufacturing systems. It discusses stereolithography (SLA) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) in detail. SLA uses a laser to cure liquid resin layer-by-layer, and was the first commercialized AM process. FDM extrudes melted thermoplastics through a nozzle to build parts layer-by-layer. Both techniques can create prototypes, models, and some end-use parts, with SLA providing better accuracy and surface finish.
A NOVEL APPROACH TO SMOOTHING ON 3D STRUCTURED ADAPTIVE MESH OF THE KINECT-BA...csandit
3-dimensional object modelling of real world objects in steady state by means of multiple point
cloud (pcl) depth scans taken by using sensing camera and application of smoothing algorithm
are suggested in this study. Polygon structure, which is constituted by coordinates of point
cloud (x,y,z) corresponding to the position of 3D model in space and obtained by nodal points
and connection of these points by means of triangulation, is utilized for the demonstration of 3D
models. Gaussian smoothing and developed methods are applied to the mesh consisting of
merge of these polygons, and a new mesh simplification and augmentation algorithm are
suggested for the over the 3D modelling. Mesh consisting of merge of polygons can be
demonstrated in a more packed, smooth and fluent way. In this study is shown that applied the
triangulation and smoothing method for 3D modelling, perform to a fast and robust mesh
structures compared to existing methods therewithal no remeshing is necessary for refinement
and reduction.
Rapid prototyping is impacting medicine in several ways such as designing and developing medical devices, planning complex surgeries, surgical simulation, diagnosis, and manufacturing implants and tools. This document discusses the history and basic principles of rapid prototyping processes. It explores applications in orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, and tissue engineering. Recent trends include using rapid prototyping to plan the separation of conjoined twins. The future of rapid prototyping in medicine depends on improvements in speed, cost, accuracy, biomaterials, and collaboration between medical professionals and engineers.
this short ppt gives you a rough idea about the additive manufacturing process of stereolithography. This process is apart of 3d printing technologies around us. Also included is link to a video that will help you further.
This document proposes a blind, robust watermarking technique for 3D triangular mesh models using neural networks. It selects optimal watermark carrier vertices using self-organizing maps (SOM) neural networks to cluster vertices by smoothness. Watermark bits are embedded in the selected vertices using local statistical measures. Experimental results show the watermarks can be extracted without re-alignment or re-meshing after various attacks, demonstrating the technique's robustness. The approach is compared to other blind 3D watermarking methods and proves efficient in terms of robustness and imperceptibility.
BAYESIAN CLASSIFICATION OF FABRICS USING BINARY CO-OCCURRENCE MATRIXijistjournal
Classification of fabrics is usually performed manually which requires considerable human efforts. The goal of this paper is to recognize and classify the types of fabrics, in order to identify a weave pattern automatically using image processing system. In this paper, fabric texture feature is extracted using Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrices as well as Binary Level Co-occurrence Matrices. The Co-occurrence matrices functions characterize the texture of an image by calculating how often pairs of pixel with specific values and in a specified spatial relationship occur in an image, and then extracting statistical measures from this matrix. The extracted features from GLCM and BLCM are used to classify the texture by Bayesian classifier to compare their effectiveness.
Powder-based additive manufacturing systems like selective laser sintering use a laser to fuse powdered material together to build parts layer by layer. Key systems include 3D Systems' SLS technology, which was the first to commercialize SLS and uses a CO2 laser to sinter nylon and other powders without fully melting them. The process produces strong prototypes directly from CAD data without additional supports.
Simulation of Deep-Drawing Process of Large Panelstheijes
The article deals with the analysis of formability of deep-drawing DC06 steel sheets. The aim of the investigations is to verify possibilities of formability of sheet metal with thickness of 0.85 mm. The mechanical parameters of the sheets have been determined in uniaxial tensile and bulge tests. The numerical simulations using AUTOFORM has been carried out for two drawpiece models. Obtained results can be used during the simulation of real forming process.
Use of rapid prototyping method for manufacture and examination of gear wheel...Saras Chandra
The document discusses the use of rapid prototyping methods for manufacturing and examining gear wheels. It analyzes various rapid prototyping techniques like SLA, FDM, SLS in terms of their suitability for producing gear wheel prototypes. It also describes preparing geometric data for rapid prototyping and issues with file formats. The document then evaluates the geometric accuracy of rapid prototyping for gear wheels through measurements. Finally, it discusses using rapid prototyping for gear wheel testing applications like tooth contact analysis and fatigue testing of non-involute gears.
A combined method of fractal and glcm features for mri and ct scan images cla...sipij
Fractal analysis has been shown to be useful in image processing for characterizing shape and gray-scale
complexity. The fractal feature is a compact descriptor used to give a numerical measure of the degree of
irregularity of the medical images. This descriptor property does not give ownership of the local image
structure. In this paper, we present a combination of this parameter based on Box Counting with GLCM
Features. This powerful combination has proved good results especially in classification of medical texture
from MRI and CT Scan images of trabecular bone. This method has the potential to improve clinical
diagnostics tests for osteoporosis pathologies.
This document summarizes a seminar on additive manufacturing (AM) presented by Ankush Kalia. It defines AM as a process that builds 3D objects by joining materials layer by layer under computer control using a 3D printer. The key steps in AM are modeling, printing, and finishing. Different AM methods are classified and compared in terms of design flexibility, cost of complexity, accuracy, assembly needs, and production efficiency. Capabilities of AM like multi-material printing and applications in areas like rapid prototyping, food, apparel, vehicles, firearms, medicine, bioprinting, space, and education are discussed. Current barriers to AM like scalability, resolution, material properties, and reliability are also presented
IRJET- Study of Fused Deposition Modeling Process Parameters for Polycarbonat...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on the effects of process parameters on parts manufactured using fused deposition modeling (FDM) of a polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) blend material. Five parameters were selected - extrusion temperature, bed temperature, layer thickness, raster width, and printing speed. Experiments were conducted using an L8 orthogonal array design in Taguchi methodology. Parts were manufactured and measured for dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, and flatness without support structures. The goal was to determine optimal parameter settings to improve part quality characteristics for this material.
This document provides an introduction to rapid prototyping and modeling. It defines rapid prototyping as using manufacturing techniques based on dispersed accumulation forming to quickly produce preliminary versions of devices from which other forms are developed. The document outlines several rapid prototyping techniques such as stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, selective layer sintering, fused deposition modeling, and ink jet printing. It also discusses the history and principles of rapid prototyping and its applications in rapid manufacturing, tooling, and molding.
3 d cad cam and rapid prototypingv1.1 2navannandha
The document provides an overview of 3D CAD modeling for rapid prototyping and different rapid prototyping technologies. It discusses converting 3D CAD models to an STL file format, which is understood by most rapid prototyping software. It also covers several common rapid prototyping processes like stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, and fused deposition modeling. The document compares additive rapid prototyping to subtractive CNC machining.
A REVIEW: RAPID PROTOTYPING TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING OF CUS...IAEME Publication
Rapid prototyping (RP) technologies are mostly related with applications in the product development and the design process as well as with small batch manufacturing. Due to their
comparatively high rapidity and flexibility, however, they have also been engaged in various non manufacturing applications. A field that attracts increasingly more attention by the scientific
community is related to the application of technologies in medicine and health care. The associated research is focused both on the development of specifically customized or new methods and systems based on principles, as well as on the applications of existing systems assisting health care services.
Rapid prototyping refers to technologies that can automatically construct physical models from CAD data. These technologies allow designers to quickly create tangible prototypes rather than just 2D pictures. The document discusses several rapid prototyping techniques including stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, solid ground curing, and 3D inkjet printing. All techniques involve slicing a 3D CAD model into layers and building the model layer-by-layer. Rapid prototyping enables faster and cheaper prototype production compared to traditional methods, facilitating improved product design and testing.
The document contains questions about rapid prototyping technologies and processes. It asks about liquid-based and solid-based rapid prototyping systems like stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). Questions also cover topics like the STL file format used for 3D printing/additive manufacturing, materials used in different processes, advantages of rapid prototyping over traditional methods, and issues with current additive manufacturing technologies.
Shape deposition manufacturing (SDM) is a rapid prototyping technique that simultaneously fabricates and assembles mechanisms in layers. SDM involves alternating deposition of part material and sacrificial support material with machining of hardened layers. This allows for embedded components and spatially varying material properties. Literature studies discuss SDM applications like spider-inspired climbing aids and hexapedal robots. Modern equipment uses lasers for precise material deposition integrated with CNC milling. Case studies examine using SDM to develop tissue scaffolds.
TYPES OF RAPID PROTOTYPING - ADDITIVE PROCESSNurhuda Hayati
This document discusses several types of rapid prototyping (RP) technologies. It describes the input, method, materials, and applications of RP. It provides details on liquid-based systems like stereolithography (SLA), solid-based systems like fused deposition modeling (FDM), and powder-based systems like selective laser sintering (SLS). For each approach, it outlines the basic process, common materials used, advantages, and limitations. The document serves as an overview of fundamental RP concepts and several important RP techniques.
Selective Laser Sintering is one of the most used processes of Rapid Prototyping. It is a powder based process where powder of different metals/materials get sintered by LASER.
3D PRINTING - LIQUID AND SOLID BASED ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING S. Sathishkumar
This document provides information on liquid-based and solid-based additive manufacturing systems. It discusses stereolithography (SLA) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) in detail. SLA uses a laser to cure liquid resin layer-by-layer, and was the first commercialized AM process. FDM extrudes melted thermoplastics through a nozzle to build parts layer-by-layer. Both techniques can create prototypes, models, and some end-use parts, with SLA providing better accuracy and surface finish.
A NOVEL APPROACH TO SMOOTHING ON 3D STRUCTURED ADAPTIVE MESH OF THE KINECT-BA...csandit
3-dimensional object modelling of real world objects in steady state by means of multiple point
cloud (pcl) depth scans taken by using sensing camera and application of smoothing algorithm
are suggested in this study. Polygon structure, which is constituted by coordinates of point
cloud (x,y,z) corresponding to the position of 3D model in space and obtained by nodal points
and connection of these points by means of triangulation, is utilized for the demonstration of 3D
models. Gaussian smoothing and developed methods are applied to the mesh consisting of
merge of these polygons, and a new mesh simplification and augmentation algorithm are
suggested for the over the 3D modelling. Mesh consisting of merge of polygons can be
demonstrated in a more packed, smooth and fluent way. In this study is shown that applied the
triangulation and smoothing method for 3D modelling, perform to a fast and robust mesh
structures compared to existing methods therewithal no remeshing is necessary for refinement
and reduction.
Rapid prototyping is impacting medicine in several ways such as designing and developing medical devices, planning complex surgeries, surgical simulation, diagnosis, and manufacturing implants and tools. This document discusses the history and basic principles of rapid prototyping processes. It explores applications in orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, and tissue engineering. Recent trends include using rapid prototyping to plan the separation of conjoined twins. The future of rapid prototyping in medicine depends on improvements in speed, cost, accuracy, biomaterials, and collaboration between medical professionals and engineers.
this short ppt gives you a rough idea about the additive manufacturing process of stereolithography. This process is apart of 3d printing technologies around us. Also included is link to a video that will help you further.
This document proposes a blind, robust watermarking technique for 3D triangular mesh models using neural networks. It selects optimal watermark carrier vertices using self-organizing maps (SOM) neural networks to cluster vertices by smoothness. Watermark bits are embedded in the selected vertices using local statistical measures. Experimental results show the watermarks can be extracted without re-alignment or re-meshing after various attacks, demonstrating the technique's robustness. The approach is compared to other blind 3D watermarking methods and proves efficient in terms of robustness and imperceptibility.
BAYESIAN CLASSIFICATION OF FABRICS USING BINARY CO-OCCURRENCE MATRIXijistjournal
Classification of fabrics is usually performed manually which requires considerable human efforts. The goal of this paper is to recognize and classify the types of fabrics, in order to identify a weave pattern automatically using image processing system. In this paper, fabric texture feature is extracted using Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrices as well as Binary Level Co-occurrence Matrices. The Co-occurrence matrices functions characterize the texture of an image by calculating how often pairs of pixel with specific values and in a specified spatial relationship occur in an image, and then extracting statistical measures from this matrix. The extracted features from GLCM and BLCM are used to classify the texture by Bayesian classifier to compare their effectiveness.
Powder-based additive manufacturing systems like selective laser sintering use a laser to fuse powdered material together to build parts layer by layer. Key systems include 3D Systems' SLS technology, which was the first to commercialize SLS and uses a CO2 laser to sinter nylon and other powders without fully melting them. The process produces strong prototypes directly from CAD data without additional supports.
Simulation of Deep-Drawing Process of Large Panelstheijes
The article deals with the analysis of formability of deep-drawing DC06 steel sheets. The aim of the investigations is to verify possibilities of formability of sheet metal with thickness of 0.85 mm. The mechanical parameters of the sheets have been determined in uniaxial tensile and bulge tests. The numerical simulations using AUTOFORM has been carried out for two drawpiece models. Obtained results can be used during the simulation of real forming process.
Use of rapid prototyping method for manufacture and examination of gear wheel...Saras Chandra
The document discusses the use of rapid prototyping methods for manufacturing and examining gear wheels. It analyzes various rapid prototyping techniques like SLA, FDM, SLS in terms of their suitability for producing gear wheel prototypes. It also describes preparing geometric data for rapid prototyping and issues with file formats. The document then evaluates the geometric accuracy of rapid prototyping for gear wheels through measurements. Finally, it discusses using rapid prototyping for gear wheel testing applications like tooth contact analysis and fatigue testing of non-involute gears.
A combined method of fractal and glcm features for mri and ct scan images cla...sipij
Fractal analysis has been shown to be useful in image processing for characterizing shape and gray-scale
complexity. The fractal feature is a compact descriptor used to give a numerical measure of the degree of
irregularity of the medical images. This descriptor property does not give ownership of the local image
structure. In this paper, we present a combination of this parameter based on Box Counting with GLCM
Features. This powerful combination has proved good results especially in classification of medical texture
from MRI and CT Scan images of trabecular bone. This method has the potential to improve clinical
diagnostics tests for osteoporosis pathologies.
This document summarizes a seminar on additive manufacturing (AM) presented by Ankush Kalia. It defines AM as a process that builds 3D objects by joining materials layer by layer under computer control using a 3D printer. The key steps in AM are modeling, printing, and finishing. Different AM methods are classified and compared in terms of design flexibility, cost of complexity, accuracy, assembly needs, and production efficiency. Capabilities of AM like multi-material printing and applications in areas like rapid prototyping, food, apparel, vehicles, firearms, medicine, bioprinting, space, and education are discussed. Current barriers to AM like scalability, resolution, material properties, and reliability are also presented
IRJET- Study of Fused Deposition Modeling Process Parameters for Polycarbonat...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on the effects of process parameters on parts manufactured using fused deposition modeling (FDM) of a polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) blend material. Five parameters were selected - extrusion temperature, bed temperature, layer thickness, raster width, and printing speed. Experiments were conducted using an L8 orthogonal array design in Taguchi methodology. Parts were manufactured and measured for dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, and flatness without support structures. The goal was to determine optimal parameter settings to improve part quality characteristics for this material.
This document provides an introduction to rapid prototyping and modeling. It defines rapid prototyping as using manufacturing techniques based on dispersed accumulation forming to quickly produce preliminary versions of devices from which other forms are developed. The document outlines several rapid prototyping techniques such as stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, selective layer sintering, fused deposition modeling, and ink jet printing. It also discusses the history and principles of rapid prototyping and its applications in rapid manufacturing, tooling, and molding.
3 d cad cam and rapid prototypingv1.1 2navannandha
The document provides an overview of 3D CAD modeling for rapid prototyping and different rapid prototyping technologies. It discusses converting 3D CAD models to an STL file format, which is understood by most rapid prototyping software. It also covers several common rapid prototyping processes like stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, and fused deposition modeling. The document compares additive rapid prototyping to subtractive CNC machining.
A REVIEW: RAPID PROTOTYPING TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING OF CUS...IAEME Publication
Rapid prototyping (RP) technologies are mostly related with applications in the product development and the design process as well as with small batch manufacturing. Due to their
comparatively high rapidity and flexibility, however, they have also been engaged in various non manufacturing applications. A field that attracts increasingly more attention by the scientific
community is related to the application of technologies in medicine and health care. The associated research is focused both on the development of specifically customized or new methods and systems based on principles, as well as on the applications of existing systems assisting health care services.
Rapid prototyping refers to technologies that can automatically construct physical models from CAD data. These technologies allow designers to quickly create tangible prototypes rather than just 2D pictures. The document discusses several rapid prototyping techniques including stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, solid ground curing, and 3D inkjet printing. All techniques involve slicing a 3D CAD model into layers and building the model layer-by-layer. Rapid prototyping enables faster and cheaper prototype production compared to traditional methods, facilitating improved product design and testing.
RAPID PROTOTYPING - AN OPPORTUNITY FOR CHANGESimon Major
More commonly referred to as 3D Printing and touted as the future in 2013. A report of mine about it from 20 years earlier!
"This report investigates the opportunities available to the Thorn Lighting Group by using 'Rapid Prototyping' technologies. It considers the implementation issues and cost / benefit analysis. The report indicates several paths forward."
Rapid prototyping (RP) involves using 3D computer-aided design (CAD) data to quickly fabricate scale models or prototypes. The first RP technique was stereolithography developed in 1986. RP techniques add and bond materials in layers to form objects, unlike traditional subtractive methods like milling. Common RP applications include visualization, design testing, and creating molds or tools. The basic RP process involves creating a CAD model, converting it to STL format, slicing the STL file into thin layers, building the model layer-by-layer, and finishing the prototype.
Drehbuch zum Talk "Rapid Prototyping mit PHP Frameworks"Ralf Eggert
Das Drehbuch zum Talk "Rapid Prototyping mit PHP Frameworks" auf der Web-Developer-Conference kompakt 2013 zeigt die schrittweisen Aufbau eines Prototypen anhand des ZF2
Folien unter http://de.slideshare.net/eggertralf/rapidprototypingzf2 zu finden
Replication allows data from a MySQL master database to be synchronized with one or more slave databases. The master records all data changes in its binary log. Slave databases connect to the master and receive the binary log transactions, which they then apply locally to stay synchronized with the master database. Replication can be used for load balancing reads across multiple slave servers or for high availability by failing over to a slave if the master fails.
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
Course Objectives:
Students undergoing this course would
Understand different methods of 3D Printing.
Gain knowledge about simulation of FDM process
Estimate time and material required for manufacturing a 3D component
Course Outcomes:
Upon the successful completion of course, students will be able to
Explain different types of 3d Printing techniques
Identify parameters for powder binding and jetting process
Determine effective use of ABS material for 3D Printing
Apply principles of mathematics to evaluate the volume of material require.
Module 1:
Introduction to Prototyping, Working of 3D Printer, Types of 3D printing Machines:
Exp 1: Modelling of Engineering component and conversion of STL format.
Exp 2: Slicing of STL file and study of effect of process parameter like layer thickness,
Orientation and infill on build time using software.
Exercise 1 : Component-1
Exercise 2 : Component-2
Module 2:
Exp 1 : 3D Printing of modeled component by varying layer thickness.
Exp 2 : 3D Printing of modeled component by varying orientation.
Exp 3: 3D Printing of modeled component by varying infill.
Module 3:
Study on effect of different materials like ABS, PLA, Resin etc, and dimensional accuracy.
Module 4:
Identifying the defects in 3D Printed components.
Module 5
Exp1: Modelling of component using 3D Scanner of real life object of unknown dimension
in reverse engineering.
Exp 2: 3D Printing of above modeled component.
IRJET- 3D-Printing in Additive ManufacturingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on 3D printing and additive manufacturing techniques for polymers. It discusses several common 3D printing methods like fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, digital light processing, selective laser sintering, three-dimensional printing, laminated object manufacturing, and PolyJet technology. It also reviews studies evaluating the mechanical properties of 3D printed parts under different loading conditions and the effects of fillers and post-processing on mechanical properties. The goal is to understand the strengths of 3D printed parts for practical applications and facilitate standardization of mechanical testing methods.
This document discusses fused deposition modeling (FDM), a type of additive manufacturing. FDM uses thermoplastic filament fed through an extruder head to deposit material layer by layer. The heated extruder head melts the filament and deposits it in thin layers on a platform according to a 3D computer model. Each new layer bonds to the previous layer, allowing three-dimensional objects to be built up from successive layers of material. FDM is a low-cost type of 3D printing that works well for prototypes and some end-use parts using thermoplastics like ABS and PLA. The document provides details on the FDM printing process and compares it to other additive manufacturing techniques.
Rapid prototyping (RP) uses additive manufacturing techniques to quickly produce physical prototypes directly from 3D CAD models. There are several RP technologies categorized by the form of the starting material - liquid, solid or powder. RP allows faster prototyping compared to traditional methods and is useful for design validation, engineering analysis, tooling applications and small batch manufacturing. However, RP parts can have reduced accuracy and mechanical properties compared to final production components.
This document discusses the analysis of different process parameters on the properties of components manufactured using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). It aims to study the effect of road width, air gap, and build orientation (0°, 45°, 90°) on properties like accuracy, surface finish, and build time. Samples will be manufactured at different combinations of these parameters and tested to determine their properties, with results analyzed and presented graphically. Prior research has found orientation affects properties like surface quality, accuracy, build time and cost, so optimization of orientation is important for FDM.
Product Development for Future using Rapid Prototyping TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document discusses rapid prototyping techniques for product development. It begins by defining rapid prototyping as a process that helps improve product quality and reduce prototyping costs by quickly building models from 3D computer designs. The two main types of rapid prototyping are additive manufacturing, which adds material to build a geometry, and subtractive manufacturing, which removes material from a solid. The document then examines several specific rapid prototyping techniques like stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, selective laser sintering, 3D inkjet printing, and fused deposition modeling. It concludes that future developments in rapid prototyping will include making larger parts, improving surface finish and accuracy, and using new materials to further enhance the product
1. Rapid prototyping is a group of techniques that quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical part using 3D computer-aided design data through additive layer manufacturing. 2. The document discusses the history and development of rapid prototyping technologies from the 1980s onward. 3. It describes common rapid prototyping processes like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling which build parts layer-by-layer from materials in different states of matter.
This presentation is useful; for understanding the processes of rapid prototyping and its application.
Also this presentation includes the STL file format and problems with STL files.
Rapid Prototyping Technology BY NRAH SINGH MEENA K10926nrahsingh
This document provides an overview of rapid prototyping technology. It discusses how rapid prototyping uses 3D computer models to directly create physical models layer by layer with high accuracy. The document then describes several major rapid prototyping techniques like stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. It explains the basic rapid prototyping process and shows examples of applications in engineering, medicine, arts, and tooling. The document concludes that rapid prototyping is a useful manufacturing option that complements traditional machining.
Rapid prototyping (RP) uses 3D printing technologies to automatically construct physical models from CAD data. This allows designers to quickly create prototypes rather than just 2D pictures. All RP techniques involve (1) creating a CAD file, (2) converting it to STL format, (3) slicing the STL file into thin layers, (4) constructing the model layer-by-layer, and (5) cleaning and finishing the prototype. The most common techniques are stereolithography, which solidifies liquid resin with UV light, and laminated object manufacturing, which bonds sheets of material like paper or metal powder. RP saves significant time and cost over traditional prototyping methods.
Industrial adoption of 3D Printing has been increasing gradually from prototyping to manufacturing of low volume customized parts. The need for customized implants like tooth crowns, hearing aids, and orthopedic-replacement parts has made the life sciences industry an early adopter of 3D Printing. Demand for low volume spare parts of vintage cars and older models makes 3D printing very useful in the automotive industry. It is possible to 3D print in a wide range of materials that include thermoplastics, thermoplastic composites, pure metals, metal alloys and ceramics. Right now, 3D printing as an end-use manufacturing technology is still in its infancy. But in the coming decades, and in combination with synthetic biology and nanotechnology, it has the potential to radically transform many design, production and logistics processes.
IRJET- Analysis and Review of Rapid Prototyping Technology, & Study of Materi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses 3D printing technology and materials used in the 3D printing process. It begins with an introduction to rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing technologies. It then provides details on the general principles and processes involved, including CAD modeling, file conversion, printing, post-processing, and different 3D printing methods like vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, fused deposition modeling, and others. Finally, it discusses materials that can be used for 3D printing, including metals, polymers, and their combinations. The goal is to provide an overview of 3D printing technologies and materials to help guide selection for different applications.
Additive manufacturing, commonly referred to as 3d printing, is a manufacturing
technique that rises in the 1980’s mainly focused on engineering prototyping. Current
advances in the precision and cost of the techniques, as well as the widespread use of 3d
designing have increased 3d printing’s scope of use from high-end engineering prototypes
to a large variety of uses in manufacturing. 3d printing improve the processing time,
decrease waste, and increase the level of customization of certain products by eliminating
the need for the specialty tooling and dies that are traditionally used in manufacturing. In
addition, the ability to physically print difficult shapes based on a computer model has
given rise to new products that would otherwise be simply impossible to create. The
various fields have taken advantage of this technology by printing 3d objects.
This document discusses generating a foam-like infill structure for 3D printing applications using a biomimetic approach. It reviews bone structure, engineering foams, 3D printing technology, 3D models, and the Protosphere sphere packing algorithm. The methodology generates a foam structure by using Protosphere to place non-overlapping spheres within a 3D model, converting it to an STL file for 3D printing. This structure mimics bone and is intended to produce stronger, lighter parts compared to traditional layer-based infill patterns.
Rapid prototyping uses layer-by-layer additive manufacturing techniques to quickly produce physical prototypes directly from 3D CAD models. It offers significant time and cost savings over traditional subtractive methods. The basic rapid prototyping process involves (1) creating a CAD model, (2) converting it to STL format, (3) slicing the digital model into thin layers, and (4) constructing the physical model layer-by-layer using materials like polymers, paper or powdered metals. This allows for the fabrication of objects with complex internal features.
This document reviews the development of a low-cost 3D printer. It begins with an introduction to 3D printing technologies and a brief history. It then discusses the key components of a 3D printer, including stepper motors, power supplies, control boards, drivers, endstops, thermistors, and extruders. The working principles and typical materials used in 3D printing like ABS and PLA are explained. The goal of the work described is to build an accurate and low-cost 3D printer that can print small parts at a lower price than commercial 3D printers currently available.
Similar to A_REVIEW_ON_FABRICATING_PROCEDURES_IN_RAPID_PROTOTYPING (20)
1. A REVIEW ON FABRICATING PROCEDURES IN RAPID PROTOTYPING
GANZI SURESH1*
, Dr. K L NARAYANA2
1*
Research Scholar Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, KLEF University, Vaddeswaram,
Guntur District – 522502, India
Email: ganzi.suresh@klunivesity.in
Phone: +919494434470
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, KLEF University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur District
– 522502, India
Email: drkln@kluniversity.in
Phone: +917893224455
ABSTRACT
Rapid prototyping (RP) advancements are in light of the rule of making three-
dimensional geometries straightforwardly from computer aided design (CAD) by
stacking two-dimensional profiles on top of one another. Rapid manufacturing (RM) is
the utilization of rapid prototyping advancements to make end-utilize or completed
items. Aside from the ordinary assembling methods which are utilized for quite a while
assembling of an item, added substance assembling methodologies have picked up force
in the late years. The explanation for this is that these techniques don't oblige
extraordinary tooling and don't evacuate material which is exceptionally advantageous
really taking shape of a segment. Rapid manufacturing is the developing innovation in
assembling commercial ventures with a specific end goal to create the model inside the
less time and expense effective. In this paper we talked about a portion of the fast
assembling advancements in light of the sort of crude material is utilized for the
procedures, applications, preferences and limits.
Keywords: Rapid Manufacturing; Rapid Prototyping; Layered Manufacturing;
Generative Manufacturing; Rapid Tooling.
INTRODUCTION
The rapid prototyping (RP) industry is comprised of a progression of innovations
containing computerized methods that can rapidly manufacture any given three-
dimensional article with the end goal of testing the structure, fit, and capacity of a
configuration[1]. As a layer-based added substance producing system, Rapid
Prototyping gives an architect the ability to manufacture any possible geometry.
Rapid prototyping forms, when all is said in done, start with a three-dimensional
computer aided model of the part to be made. This computerized representation of the
part is cut into virtual layers by computer aided design (CAD). Every layer, speaking to
a cross-segment of the sought part, is sent to the rapid prototyping machine where it is
based upon the past layer [2]. This methodology, assembling the part layer-by-layer
2. starting from the earliest stage, is rehashed until the part is finished as indicated in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Additive Fabrication Process of Rapid Prototyping.
Rapid prototyping frameworks can deliver models from 3D CAD information,
CT and MRI checks, and 3D digitizing frameworks[3]. Utilizing an added substance
approach, rapid prototyping frameworks join fluid, powder or sheet materials to shape
physical protests on a layer by layer premise. Rapid prototyping machines process
plastic, paper, artistic, metal and composite materials from flimsy, level cross areas of
computer aided models[4].
This report gives a far reaching diagram of rapid prototyping techniques grouped into
three principle gatherings in light of the kind of material used to manufacture a 3D
model.
• Liquid based procedure
• Powder based procedure
• Solid/ fibre/ foil based methodology
Table 1. Classifications of rapid manufacturing processes.
Rapid Manufacturing Technologies
Liquid based process Powder based process Solid / foil based process
Stereolithography
Jetting System
Direct Light Processing
Technology
High Viscosity Jetting
The MAPLE Process
Selective laser sintering
--Polymers
--Ceramics & metals
Direct Metal Laser Sintering
Three-Dimensional Printing
Fused Metal Deposition System
Electron Beam Melting
Selective Laser Melting
Selective Masking Sintering
Fused Deposition Modeling
Laminated Object
Manufacturing or Sheet
Stacking Technology
3. Selective Inhibitation Sintering
Electro-Photographic Layered
Manufacturing
High Speed Sintering
Prototyping frameworks normally work untended, and upon consummation, the
created models can oblige some post-operations[1]. These post transforming operations
incorporates surface completing and bolster evacuation. Altogether, notwithstanding,
the expense of model demonstrating is extraordinarily diminished from more routine
model shop manufactures. Albeit fast prototyping has gotten to be imbued into the item
advancement transform far and wide[5], it appears that development is more probable
than coming to full development. The business discovers itself deluged in new methods,
materials, and frameworks that will inevitably prompt open up new markets, described
by new clients and novel applications.
LIQUID BASED PROCESS
Stereo-Lithography (SLA)
Stereolithography is an enclosed substance amassing or 3 dimensional printing
developments used for convincing models, models[6], illustrations and
creation components up one layer instantly by action a photograph responsive leave
with an ultraviolet light optical device or another equivalent power supply. The
expression "stereolithography" was begat in 1986 by Charles (Chuck) W. Body.
Stereolithography is an included substance collecting system which uses a vat of liquid
brilliant reparable photopolymer "tar" and a splendid laser to develop parts' layers every
one thusly[7]. For every layer, the optical device bar takes once a transversally of
the 0.5 found out on the surface of the fluid pitch. Introduction to
the wealthy optical optical device light-weight cures and sets the case took once on the
tar and obliges it to the layer beneath. After the case has been taken once, the
stereolithography convey stage dives by a division similar to the thickness of a
specific layer, faithfully 0.5 millimetres to 0.15 mm[8]. By then, a sap
stuffed harm edge clears over the cross scene of the re-covering it with late material. On
this new fluid surface[9], the related to layer case is taken when; adjustment
of reputability the past layer. An end three-dimensional half is formed by this
technique[10]. Within the wake of being made, components area unit inundated during
a substance shower keeping in mind the tip goal to be clean of abundance pitch and area
unit during this means cured during a bright stove.
Stereolithography obliges the employment of supporting structures that serve to
affix the half to the elevate stage, avoid avoidance because of gravity and hold the cross
4. segments set up with the goal that they oppose horizontal weight from the re-coater
edge [11, 12]. Backings are produced naturally amid the arrangement of 3Dimensional
computer aided design models for utilization on the stereolithography machine, despite
the fact that they may be controlled physically. Underpins must be expelled from the
completed item physically[13], not at all like in other, less extreme, quick prototyping
developments.
Figure 2. Schematic of Selective laser sintering process.
Jetting System
One representative mix based completely fluid framework is Poly-Jet, a 0.5 kind of
fabric spouting or printing. As coordinator's scene unit unpleasantly aware of the
desktop shaping, the methodology by item Geometries uses printing advancement to
store bolster and gather material coagulated with picture or brilliant feasible materials.
Not at interims the tiniest amount like around 3D printing machines[14], it’s prepared
for transference results like those from stereolithography outlines.
Figure 3. Schematic representation of jetting process.
As shown in Fig.3, in this method, the spilling head slides forward and in reverse on the
X-centre purpose, stinting one super skinny layer of photopolymer onto the build plat.
Promptly among the wake of building every layer, light-weight ultraviolet illumination
radiation accessible the streaming extension discharge magnetic force wave light [15],
instantly set and activity each layer. This step forgoes the requirement for any post
5. showing set, as needed by entirely stunning progressions. The internal flying plate
moves down with beaming exactitude and consequently the plane head begins
developing the ensuing layer. This framework is reiterated until the model is completed.
The methodology programming deals with the procedure that utilizes eight streaming
heads.
Every head is severally supplanted by the customer. The stock gadgets enable
the eight heads to figure in parallel, to synchronously stream undefined measures of
pitch on the plate. These outcomes during a truthful and swish surface. Two separate
materials square measure utilized for building; one is employed for the
real model, though' another gel like photopolymer material is employed for support[16].
Like all utterly completely different speedy prototyping forms, the arithmetic of
the bolster structure is planned to consent to confused geometries, as an example,
cavities, shades and undercuts, or fragile highlights and skinny walled regions.
It depends on upon supporter accumulate compose that moves down within the Z-
bearing (vertical) [17], with moving ''print heads'' that carelessness the stage and
print each the model material what's additional the reinforce material to
develop each layer. Once technique plant created, each layer is then cured and powerful
by introduction to property shaft lighting. The going with layer is then maintained prime
of that then forward. At the purpose once the build is completed, a water-fly viably
empties the gel like support material.
Direct Light ProcessingTM
Technology
Digital mirror devices became by Texas instruments have found associate in nursing
arrangement of employments heading off from learning projectors to the gathering of
electronic things. Regarding layer accumulation innovation[18]. The going before
technique developed by Envision Tec of Deutschland is that the primary machine was at
first advanced by Envision Tec in walk 2003 is a particularly enthralling advancement
from the point of view of brisk making. Plainly, the name of the machine (a truncation
of individual procedure plant) proposes that it’s wanted to make things (mechanical
office) which these things are powerless to be modified to the main individual[19]. Past
the name, the philosophy to boot has various perceiving perspectives beginning with the
implies that the system makes a region that get to be downwardly as opposed to
upwards.
Similarly like the shot and InVision the procedure assemble components from an
acryl Greek deity based mostly icon curable leave nonetheless it will intrinsically by
using a two-dimensional system of mirrors instead of a one-dimensional show of reason
heads to explicitly cure the fabric. Therefore on specifically cure a layer; the procedure
build utilization of doctorate innovation grew by National Instruments to explicitly
actuate and off mirrors that mirror lightweight ultraviolet illumination actinic radiation
or actinic ray light from a supply on to the build zone. With a create pace of 10 -15
seconds every layer the system is suitable to collecting parts quickly, nonetheless the
use of a solitary doctorate with a restricted network of pixels constrains the procedure to
very little components if a fine determination is well-kept. Given the quality to make
6. little parts, it’s of little stun that the portable gear business has incontestable critical
energy for this development with changed machines gave to US-based makers.
High Viscosity Jetting Process
The rule incorporates consistent change in a layers sample (negative photo of the layer)
as showed by a shaky cut of the article to be printed. This uses a framework considering
removing a little drop of printable materials (powder stuffed compound glue) to a
required zone on a substrate. The key unit incorporates a solitary plane that is controlled
through plane heft. The distribution from the substrate and therefore the length of the
gushing pulse as in Figure.4.
Figure 4. The high-viscosity jetting principle.
A take a look at program on single plane is being done the results are exhibiting the
varied shapes and sizes of affirmation that may be finished. This thought is scaled to
a sq. of multi-planes controlled in parallel to store a layer of a stunning delineation[20].
The last strategy can give answers to can provide answers for various problems and
confinements identified in common printing and existing rapid prototyping machines. It
in like manner has flexibility within the level of exactness relying upon the crevice
size getting used for the plane. Associate degree era rate like existing high volume
creation systems are doable and therefore the paste is stacked with any powder.
The MAPLE Process
MAPLE DW (Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation: Direct write) was created
through examiners at the military administration science research facility Washington. It
uses a high repetition rate, 355 μm thick layer of amass material on the viewpoint[21].
As a consequence of the optical gadget imperativeness is facilitated to the trim the
develop material trade to the getting substrate. This can be for all purposes and
capacities a twin of a structure creator strip.
7. Figure 5. Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation.
LIQUID BASED PROCESS
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Selective laser sintering is an encased substance conveying procedure that uses an
optical laser in light of the fact that the force supply to fashion beat material, making the
optical optical device afterwards at collects in house portray by a 3D
model[22], ligature the material toward production a strong structure. Specific laser
mollify jobs accomplice proportional thought, of course specifically laser dissolving the
fabric is totally thick as opposed to structure[23], permitting separated properties.
Unequivocal optical device Sintering may be a gigantic new development that so far has
basically been utilized for speedy Prototyping for low-volume making of portion parts.
Creation segments zone unit connecting on the grounds that the commercialisation of
added substance delivering advancement propels.
An enclosed substance amassing layer development, selective optical laser
sintering joins the employment of a high power optical laser (for example, a carbon-
dioxide laser) to breaker almost no particles of mouldable materials into a mass that
joins an obliged three-dimensional structure. The optical laser in a far-reaching way
circuits fine material by auditing cross-territories produced using a 3-D impelled
portrayal of the half (for instance from a CAD file or compass information) on the
surface of a powder bed. After each particle is inspected, the grain spot is assigned to
bed by lamina thickness, addition of material is joined on high, and the strategy is
pushed until the part is finished.
8. Figure 6. Schematic rpesentation of selective laser sintering.
Since finished half thickness depends on upon prime optical mechanism, rather than
optical contraption compass a selective laser sintering machine commonly uses a laser.
The selective optical device sintering machinery preheats the mass powder
material within the powder bed to a degree beneath its softening purpose, to create it
less requesting for the optical device to lift the temperature of the picked territories
the straggly leftovers of the course to the dissolving purpose.
Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)
Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) is process enclosed substance delivering
procedure that uses a optical laser because the power supply to sinter powdery material
(routinely metal), entwining the fabric toward build a solid structure guiding the
optical optical laser thus at concentrates in house delineate by a 3D model, binding the
fabric toward manufacture a vigorous structure. It’s like selective laser sintering the
two are instantiations of a similar plan but vary in specialised delicate parts. Selective
laser melting utilizes a much identical plan, but in selective optical laser melting the
fabric is totally liquefied as opposition form [24], allowing distinctive properties.
The direct metal laser sintering system incorporates usage of a 3D CAD model
whereby a .stl record is formed and sent to the machine's item. A specialist lives up to
expectations with this 3D model to appropriately organize the maths for fabricating and
incorporates support structure as fitting[25]. At the aim once this "production record"
has been done, it's delve the layer thickness the machine will develop in and
downloaded to the direct metal laser sintering structure machine permitting the
accumulate to start. The direct metal optical laser sintering machine uses a high-fuelled
two hundred watt Yb-fiber optical laser.
Inside the develop chest change, there's a fabric meeting stage and an
assembling stage on board a re-coater extremely sharp edge usual move new powder
over the amass stage. The event circuits metal powder into a solid half by melting it
primarily victimisation the jogged laser bar. Parts are made additively layer by layer
[26]; usually victimisation layers twenty micrometers thick. This philosophy thinks
seriously regarding terribly capricious geometries to be created specifically from the 3D
CAD data, utterly thus, in hours and with no machining. Direct metal optical laser
sintering is likewise a net-shape method, making parts with high precision and purpose
behind interest determination, wonderful surface quality and stunning mechanical
properties.
Three-Dimensional Printing (3 DP)
Three dimensional printing or included substance social occasion is a strategy of
making a three-dimensional strong object of all around that truly matters any shape
9. from a computerized model. 3D printing is refined utilizing an included substance
process[27], where element layers of material are arranged down in grouped shapes. 3D
printing is moreover seen as unmistakable from standard machining strategies, which
for the most part depend on upon the takeoff of material by systems, for occurrence[28],
cutting or penetrating.
The 3D printing improvement is utilized for both prototyping and streamed
gathering with applications being developed illustrating, headway current plan, auto,
flight, military, arranging, essential building, dental and helpful business meanders,
biotech (human tissue substitution), footwear, gems, eyewear, planning, geographic data
structures, support, and different unmistakable fields.
Figure 7. A typical 3D printer.
In 3D printing a model to be created by added to a layer on the double. A layer of
powder is thusly spared in the model plate. The print head then applies pitch perfectly
healthy of the model. The layer dries solid rapidly. The model plate then moves down
the detachment of a layer and another layer of power is kept in position, in the model
plate. The print head again applies tar alive and well of the model, binds it to the first
layer. This course of action happens one layer on the double until the model is done.
Starting late Engineers at the University of Southampton in the UK have arranged,
printed, and sent skyward the world's first carrier created absolutely through 3-D
printing development.
Making complete models in a singular strategy using 3D printing has amazing
points of interest. This creative advancement has been exhibited to extra association’s
time, work and money. Associations giving 3D printing courses of action have breathed
life into a gainful and prepared imaginative thing.
Fused Metal Deposition Systems
Various techniques are made that utilization the rule of processing metal pulverulance
into a metal pool created by an optical device. Among the engineers of
those advancements were Sandia National Labs United Nations agency utilized the
representation Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENSTM
) and joint work between John
Hopking University, Penn State School. Distinctive adaptations of the innovation have
been marketed by various associations including POM, Optimec and Aeromet. For the
10. most part these techniques have generally moderate completion [29], yet they are
doing provide the likelihood to method much reviewed materials in high dissolve
temperature metals as well as metallic element.
These methodology have in addition complete up
being particularly consummate at subsiding thought outside the box devices by as well
as material were essential [30]. This may form a rapid manufacturing specialty for
these strategies within the equally high enclosed price region of item repair or support.
Figure.8 Laser engineered net shaping
Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
Electron beam melting is a sort of included added substance assembling for metal parts,
electron beam melting as a powder bed combination system which likewise incorporates
specific laser softening. The principle distinction is that electron beam melting utilizes
an electron pillar as its vitality source, rather than a laser. Electron shaft dissolving
advancement manufactures parts by melting metal powder layer by layer with an
electron bar in a high vacuum[31]. Rather than sintering techniques, both electron beam
melting and selective laser melting accomplish full liquefying of the mineral powder.
The laser sintering is for the most part recorded and is at times used to depict full
softening or plastic procedures.
This strong free shape manufacture technique creates completely thick metal
parts specifically from metal powder with attributes of the objective material. The
electron beam melting apparatus peruses information from a 3D computer aided design
model and sets down progressive layers of powdered ingot. These layers are melted
together utilizing a computer controlled electron shaft. Along these lines it develops
the parts. The methodology happens beneath vacuum that's suited to make part in
responsive materials with a high warm-heartedness for chemical element, e.g. titanium.
The procedure is understood to figure at higher temperatures (up to 1000 °C), which
might prompt contrasts in stage development however cementing and strong state stage
change.
11. Figure 9. Schematic representation of Electron beam melting.
The powder feedstock is commonly prealloyed, rather than a mixture. That viewpoint
permits characterization of electron beam melting with specific laser dissolving where
contending advancements like selective laser sintering and direct metal laser sintering
oblige warm treatment subsequent production. Differentiated with selective laser
melting and direct metal laser sintering, electron beam melting has a for the most part
prevalent form rate in light of its higher vitality thickness and examining strategy.
Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
Selective laser melting is partner encased substance accumulating technique that uses
3D CAD information as a pushed data supply and vitality as a high-control optical laser
column to make three-dimensional metal components by association fine brilliant
powders along.
The framework begins by cutting the 3D CAD file information into layers, for
the most part from twenty to a hundred micrometers thick, this record affiliation is that
the business typical .stl report utilized on most layer-based 3D printing or
stereolithography headways [32]. This record is then stacked into a document readiness
programming bundle that doles out parameters, qualities and physical backings that
permit the document to be deciphered and constructed by distinctive sorts of added
substance assembling machines.
12. Figure10. Schematic representation of selective laser melting process.
With specific optical gadget liquefying thin layers of atomized fine metal powder are
consistently spread using a covering instrument onto a substrate plate, normally metal,
that is joined with a compartmentalization table that moves inside the vertical (Z) turn.
This happens inside a chamber containing a solidly controlled climate of torpid gas,
either concoction component or substance component at nuclear number eight levels
beneath five hundred areas every million. When every layer has been dispersed every
second cut of the half immaculate science is joined by particularly applying the optical
gadget imperativeness to the powder surface, by coordinative the ran optical contraption
section utilizing two high excess examining mirrors inside the X and Y axis's. The
optical device centrality is sufficiently exceptional to permit full dissolving (welding) of
the particles to edge effective metal. The framework is rehashed layer when layer till the
half is finished.
Selective Masking Sintering (SMS):
The selective masking sintering strategy incorporates printing a shroud of infrared
considering materials to a glass sheet and swings the sheet over a powder bed. Infrared
is then associated with the glass sheet and reasonable to explicitly experience the duvet
subsequently on near the powder foursquare to a lower spot.
Figure.11 Representation of SMS process
13. This methodology dispenses with the conditions for an optical laser and just in
case wherever a large a part of the surface must be mould this have to be compelled
to considerably diminish handling time once contrasted and optical laser sintering.
Speed half assert that each layer may be utterly handled in 10-20 sec which the
employment of a canopy started of a layer guarantees that assemble. Times Square
measures something however tough to foresee and freed from half volume.
Afterwards, this system has to be compelled
to have soap benefits whereas being utilised for fast producing as a section of high cubic
measure to fabricate 300x210x500 metric linear unit may be utilised to
deliver components. The approach was at first tried for conveying vacuum surrounding
devices, creating utilization of the process in warming consistence, nevertheless new
materials might build this one among the up and coming back era of rapid
manufacturing machines.
Selective Inhibition Sintering (SIS)
The selective inhibition sintering methodology is being created by the University of
Southern American state in light-weight of speedy manufacturing instead
of like specific covering sintering the methodology tries to hitch the benefits of
selective optical device sintering and flying procedures. Be that as it may, selective
inhibition sintering is prone to attain to preferred determination and definition over the
velocity part handle as the incivility material is written squarely on to the powder and
uses no cowl which will take under consideration lightweight dissemination. The
procedure was represented at the robust race creation conference in Austin, Texas in
august 2002 and utilizes a print head to stream liquid to utmost sintering on to picked
extents of the assembling volume. This is frequently trailed by utilizing a sending
warmth supply to explore the gathering area and shape any powder that has not had the
substance carved onto it.
Starting work utilized one spout to print round the edge of half yet the
framework may while not an uncertainty be made to at steady time print the smothering
material in an exceptionally one-dimensional network. Late analysis has thought-
about the utilization of smorgasbord of restraining materials running from business
improvement specialists to halide. Another half materials that has been looked into is
that the powder material of the half themselves. With achievement reportable once
sintering a buffet of compound powder at the part of polycarbonate, and polyester.
Unlike most of the option powder sintering approach, Selective Inhibition
Sintering doesn't oblige that the fabric entirely surprising the 0.5 be upraised with
an additional sturdy temperature than the fabric to not be work. This could make
alteration of warmth slant over the surface which can provoke advantages, for
occurrence, lessened turn age. This can be in different respects a mirror of different
procedures, for occasion, 3Dimensional procurement in that the fabric that is engraved
onto the surface is utilized as half a neighbourhood that won't contribute the last part.
14. As a rule the real volume of an expansive bit of that is updated separated and therefore
the volume that is incorporates is little. Thus, selective inhibition sintering will get to
use the preventative material to the dominant a locality of every layer with
elements merely embodying a lion's share of every layer. From the reason for read of
high-volume fabricate this has all the reserves of being illogical approach.
Having aforementioned this, the target of high-volume fabricate by rapid
manufacturing will often be to pack 0.5 beds as thickly as are often allowed. Thus
this plain nonsensical methodology is susceptible to be less of a difficulty than it
might be Rapid Prototyping, wherever thickly stuffed half beds square measure from
time to time utilised.
Electro-Photographic Layered Manufacturing
This methodology utilizes a fascinating blend of thoughts that have been utilized for
laser sintering. This system utilizes electro-photographic method to store a district
powder and around then a bolster powder for each layer. starting work focused round
the idea about transport of title an unpractised half by golf shot away separate half
strengthen powders and thus utilizing a radiator operation to form the half material in
another step, this compelled by a solemn obligation that the bolster material had a
superior mellow reason than the half material. Notwithstanding, any work has attempted
various things with the idea about sintering each layer before the chaperon layer is place
away, similar to option powder basically based layer get-together strategy.
One of the issues that need to be overcome is in storing material electro-
photographically to create elements with an outsized Z stature. It creates the impression
that the methodology has to be suited to high generation rate however forced to
littler elements, for example, electrical segments.
High Speed Sintering (HSS)
Rapid sintering strove for misapplying the mechanical properties given by selective
laser sintering while attaining to a develop machine through spot and diminished
machine worth by shedding the requirement for an optical gadget. It portrays the
immaculate number-crunching of every layer by printing an antiquity that advances
considerable approach of radiation on to the powder bed surface, rather like negative of
selective inhibition sintering. The best thanks to affect high speed sintering
is capability to affect the speed of sintering over the manufacture surface. Examination
has exhibited that a high sintering rate attains to immaterial shrinkage and impossible
edge definition however poor mechanical properties, though' direct sintering satisfies
higher mechanical properties however to a hurt definition and accuracy. By
predominant sintering rates through ways in which, .for example, the use of faint scale
and material that acclimatize importance at all completely different rates the goal of
achieving impossible mechanical properties with extraordinary truth and surface
consummation is sought for once.
15. SOLID BASED PROCESS
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is an added substance fabricating innovation
normally utilized for demonstrating, prototyping, and creation applications. It is one of
the procedures utilized for 3D printing. Fused deposition modeling takes a shot at an
"included substance" rule by setting down material in layers[33]; a plastic fiber or metal
wire is loose up from a turn and supplies material to make a part.
Fused Deposition Modeling starts with a product process which forms a
stereolithography record (STL document design) [34, 35], experimentally cutting and
arranging the model for the manufacture process. On the off chance that obliged, fortify
structures may be made. The machine may allot distinctive materials to accomplish
unmistakable destinations: for event, one may utilize one material to add to the model
and utilization another as a dissolvable bolster structure[36], or one could utilize
different shades of the same sort of thermoplastic on the same model.
The model or part is passed on by evacuating little globules of thermoplastic
material to shape layers as the material solidifies quickly after expulsion from the spout.
A plastic fiber or metal wire is loose up from a turn and supplies material to an
evacuation gush which can butcher the stream on and. There is routinely a worm-drive
that pushes the fiber into the spout at a controlled rate. The spout is warmed to unwind
the material. The thermoplastics are warmed past their glass move temperature and are
then saved by an evacuation head.
Figure 12. Shematic representation of fused deposition modelling.
The spout can be moved in both even and vertical orientation by a numerically
controlled framework. The spout takes after an apparatus way controlled by a PC
supported assembling (CAM) programming bundle, and the part is developed from the
16. base[37], one layer at once. Stepper engines or servo engines are regularly utilized to
move the expulsion head. Albeit as a printing innovation fused deposition modeling is
extremely adaptable, and it is fit for managing little shades by the backing from lower
layers fused deposition modeling overall has a couple of restrictions on the slope of the
shade, and can't make unsupported stalactites.
Horde materials are accessible, for example, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
ABS, Polylactic corrosive PLA, Polycarbonate PC, Polyamide PA, Polystyrene PS,
lignin, elastic, among numerous others, with distinctive exchange offs in the middle of
quality and temperature properties.
Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)/ Sheet Stacking Technology
Laminated object manufacturing included layer-by-layer overlay of paper material
sheet, cut utilizing a CO2 laser, every sheet speaking to one cross-sectional layer of the
CAD model of the part[21]. In laminated object manufacturing the segment of the paper
sheet which is not contained inside the last part is cut into 3D shapes of materials
utilizing a cross-lid cutting operation.
Figure 13. Schematic representation of LOM.
This procedure has been created taking into account sheet cover including other form
materials and cutting procedures. In view of the development guideline, just the external
shape of the parts is cut and the sheet can be either cut and after that stacked or stacked
and afterward cut.
The procedure is executed as takes after:
Sheet is command quick to a substrate with a warm roller. .
Laser follows sought measurements of model.
Laser cross brings forth non-part region to encourage waste evacuation.
Platform with finished layer moves down off the crushed path.
Fresh sheet of fabric is stirred into position.
Platform downs into new position to induce next layer.
The methodology is rehashed
17. Materials used in Rapid Prototyping
Table 2. Classification of Materials
APPLICATIONS
Regardless of the way that Rapid Prototyping can be joined in every industry, some
common Rapid Prototyping applications are recorded underneath
More Exact: As Rapid Prototyping machines are getting to be fit for making parts with
higher determination, the example is to consolidate different systems to convey quality
parts, and numerous Rapid Prototyping methods will have the capacity to create parts
with great exactness and accuracy.
Medicinal Applications: Many therapeutic applications oblige specially designed
Rapid Prototyping parts. At the point when Rapid Prototyping methods can create a
mixture of materials for restorative application at a sensible expense, Fast Prototyping
headways will be a trademark match for helpful applications.
Repair and Reuse: As some included substance methodologies can adequately lace
two materials, including high-temperature materials, use of Rapid Prototyping
headways for part repair and reuse will be remarkably financially watchful. The
applications will be in repairing and reusing medium- and high-respect parts. A valid
example, one wonderful application will be to repair a ragged out mold or to change and
reuse a present mold for unmistakable applications
Gradient Materials: Rapid Prototyping will be able to pass on a part that
""successfully"" joins two or more materials together, metal to metal, metal to
innovative, optical material and metal, and so forth. There will be innumerable to make
parts with new material properties, and the applications are past imaginative
imperativeness.
Materials used in Rapid Manufacturing
Metallic Polymers Ceramics Organic
Tool steel
Aluminium
Titanium
Inconel
Cobalt chrome
Copper
Stainless steel
Gold / Platinum
Hastelloy
ABS (Acrylonite
Butadiene Styrene )
Poly-Amide (nylon)
Filled PA
PEEK
Thermo setting
epoxies
PMMA
Polycarbonate
ULTEM
Aluminium loaded
polyamide
Alumina
Mullite
Zirconia
Silicon carbide
Beta-tri calcium
phosphate
Ceramics loaded
epoxies
Silica (sand)
Plaster
Graphite
Wax
Tissue/cells
18. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Assembling completed parts direct from advanced data is a leap forward mechanical
headway. Still in its initial stages, quick assembling is coming into progressively
boundless use in specific innovation, some of the pros and cons are listed in table.3
Table.3 Advantages and disadvantages of Rapid Manufacturing
CONCLUSION
There are different Rapid prototyping methods, and more are creating. As Rapid
prototyping is a rising range, every methodology is enhancing quickly and getting to be
more aggressive. This paper gives an outline of Rapid prototyping innovation in short
and accentuates on their capacity to abbreviate the item plan and advancement process.
Here we exhibited diverse quick prototyping courses of action assembled into three
classes in view of the crude material used to create the model.
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