In the fall of 2016, the EPA updated Section 608 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) by extending ozone depleting refrigerants to include substitutes like hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These changes strengthen the existing program, effectively reducing climate-damaging emissions from air conditioning and refrigeration equipment.
This is a recording of a presentation delivered by Qatar Green Leaders at the 2nd Annual Qatar HVAC Contracting Conference held at the Intercontinental Doha on 4th December 2017. The presentation addressed the interrelationships between HVAC design and various high performance goals as defined by LEED & GSAS rating systems.
Qatar Green Leaders
Green Building Certification Management (LEED / GSAS)
Email Address: info@qatargreenleaders.com
Company Profile: http://bit.ly/QGL_pro
Location Map: http://bit.ly/QGLgo
Web Address: www.qatargreenleaders.com
Linked-in Page: http://www.linkedin.com/company/qatar-green-leaders
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/QGL.Doha
Twitter Account: https://twitter.com/qgl2010
YouTube: http://bit.ly/QGL_tube
The currently used refrigerant properties were recommended as unsuitable for the future use due to their high ozone-depleting rate. To abide with the Montrcal Protocol norms have been taken into account and suitable alternative, which is innocuous to ozone layer.
Performance of HFC-152a is researched to develop the HFC-152a as alternative mixture. The HFC-152a has been tested under various systems. Its properties, comparison with HFC-134a, cost, risk assessment, efficiency and technological issues have been discussed.
In the fall of 2016, the EPA updated Section 608 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) by extending ozone depleting refrigerants to include substitutes like hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These changes strengthen the existing program, effectively reducing climate-damaging emissions from air conditioning and refrigeration equipment.
This is a recording of a presentation delivered by Qatar Green Leaders at the 2nd Annual Qatar HVAC Contracting Conference held at the Intercontinental Doha on 4th December 2017. The presentation addressed the interrelationships between HVAC design and various high performance goals as defined by LEED & GSAS rating systems.
Qatar Green Leaders
Green Building Certification Management (LEED / GSAS)
Email Address: info@qatargreenleaders.com
Company Profile: http://bit.ly/QGL_pro
Location Map: http://bit.ly/QGLgo
Web Address: www.qatargreenleaders.com
Linked-in Page: http://www.linkedin.com/company/qatar-green-leaders
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/QGL.Doha
Twitter Account: https://twitter.com/qgl2010
YouTube: http://bit.ly/QGL_tube
The currently used refrigerant properties were recommended as unsuitable for the future use due to their high ozone-depleting rate. To abide with the Montrcal Protocol norms have been taken into account and suitable alternative, which is innocuous to ozone layer.
Performance of HFC-152a is researched to develop the HFC-152a as alternative mixture. The HFC-152a has been tested under various systems. Its properties, comparison with HFC-134a, cost, risk assessment, efficiency and technological issues have been discussed.
European Regulation about Fgas and alternative refrigerants - Regolamentazione Europea gas fluorurati e refrigeranti alternativi (sintetici e naturali)
The success story of HFOs in commercial refrigeration: The Future Roles of HFOs are a near drop-in, environmentally preferable alternative to HFCs that meet / exceed global environmental imperatives.
Global Warming Potential: Pure HFOs have GWPs that are 99.9% lower than the products they replace.
Efficiency: HFOs provide greater efficiency versus other ultra-low GWP refrigerants.
Supermarket Innovation: A cooling system that drives cooling, heating and air conditioning with overall GWP<1 thanks to Solstice ze.
The supermarket industry is a heavy user of energy for keeping products cool and to maintain a comfortable environment for customers. Traditionally, refrigeration, heating and air conditioning have been driven by separate systems, but now refrigeration specialist TDF, working with Honeywell, has developed eCold, a cooling system that delivers
all these building service requirements in one solution, making boiler, chiller and a.h.u. (air handling unit) unnecessary.
Telehouse North Two Presentation 2015 - Adiabatic and Evaporative coolingTelehouse Europe
Telehouse is expanding its iconic Docklands Campus to include North Two - Europe’s most advanced data centre. Available from quarter 1, 2016, Telehouse North Two clients will be part of Europe’s leading connectivity hub with access to an unparalleled 73,400 sqm of space, with 532 carriers, ISP’s and ASP’s flowing into its Docklands campus. This presentation focuses on the industry leading implementation of our adiabatic and Evaporative cooling system.
Bluon TdX 20 Advantages - Bluon HVAC SolutionsBluon Energy
Bluon Energy LLC develops and manufactures energy-focused HVAC refrigerants. It provides TdX 20 for commercial and residential air conditioning and heat pumps. The company was incorporated in 2011 and is based in McClellan, California.
Bluon TdX 20 Compared to R-22 Testing SummaryBluon Energy
Bluon TdX 20 has been formulated as a drop-in replacement for R-22 in existing equipment. Rather than a pure chemical like R-22, Bluon TdX is a proprietary!
Presented at Cytef 2016: Refrigeration Science and Technologies. Low GWP and Ultra-Low GWP Refrigerants to replace R-‐404A and R-‐134a in Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration and Heating&Cooling.
Bluon R22 REPLACEMENT UPGRADE IT TO TdX 20Bluon Energy
Bluon Energy is the leading developer and manufacturer of the next generation of HVAC and Refrigeration refrigerants. Learn more about our new product Bluon TdX 20!
Emerson climate technologies 2010 - Refrigerant choices for commercial refrig...Jesús Catalán Gil
Emerson Climate Technologies is committed to supporting solutions that safeguard food and protect
the environment. Minimising the impact of climate change through responsible energy use and reducing
carbon footprint are key environmental objectives.
This study is designed to help our customers meet these objectives by providing guidance to the complex
decision-making process when specifying supermarket cabinet cooling systems, both for new build and
major refurbishment projects. It focuses on the refrigerant but takes into account the refrigeration system
architecture and technology which have an impact on energy consumption, environment and investment
costs. Supermarkets were chosen in this study as they offer the greatest potential to integrate the latest
refrigeration design principles in order to improve environmental performance.
Fourteen combinations of system technologies and refrigerants are investigated and referred to as “cases”.
The study sets out the refrigerant, compressor technology, and system type for each case, together with
alternatives and the operating conditions associated with them.
We have started from a baseline with a reference supermarket containing a sales area of 1000-1200m2,
typical of the store formats found throughout Europe. This Case 1 supermarket establishes the base with
which different refrigerant / technology combinations are compared.
The study includes five refrigerant / technology combinations for supermarket refrigeration systems -
centralised Direct Expansion (DX), distributed Direct Expansion, cascade system, secondary system, and
R744 booster transcritical system.
Compressors for Commercial Air ConditioningDanfoss India
Danfoss compressors reduce costs across the entire product lifespan in the application. Build your business with a 360° perspective and experience the benefits of true savings. For more info, visit http://www.danfoss.in/
Find the latest info on Solstice N40 is a hydrofluoro-olefin (HFO) blend A1-class (non-flammable) refrigerant. This energy efficient refrigerant is an acceptable replacement for R-404A, R-507 and R-22. It matches the capacity of R-404A and R-22
5-15% and is more efficient than R404A. Approved by leading component OEMs operating in major global supermarkets in EU and US. It is also under trial in Asia. For use in all commercial refrigeration applications. ASHRAE # R-448A
European Regulation about Fgas and alternative refrigerants - Regolamentazione Europea gas fluorurati e refrigeranti alternativi (sintetici e naturali)
The success story of HFOs in commercial refrigeration: The Future Roles of HFOs are a near drop-in, environmentally preferable alternative to HFCs that meet / exceed global environmental imperatives.
Global Warming Potential: Pure HFOs have GWPs that are 99.9% lower than the products they replace.
Efficiency: HFOs provide greater efficiency versus other ultra-low GWP refrigerants.
Supermarket Innovation: A cooling system that drives cooling, heating and air conditioning with overall GWP<1 thanks to Solstice ze.
The supermarket industry is a heavy user of energy for keeping products cool and to maintain a comfortable environment for customers. Traditionally, refrigeration, heating and air conditioning have been driven by separate systems, but now refrigeration specialist TDF, working with Honeywell, has developed eCold, a cooling system that delivers
all these building service requirements in one solution, making boiler, chiller and a.h.u. (air handling unit) unnecessary.
Telehouse North Two Presentation 2015 - Adiabatic and Evaporative coolingTelehouse Europe
Telehouse is expanding its iconic Docklands Campus to include North Two - Europe’s most advanced data centre. Available from quarter 1, 2016, Telehouse North Two clients will be part of Europe’s leading connectivity hub with access to an unparalleled 73,400 sqm of space, with 532 carriers, ISP’s and ASP’s flowing into its Docklands campus. This presentation focuses on the industry leading implementation of our adiabatic and Evaporative cooling system.
Bluon TdX 20 Advantages - Bluon HVAC SolutionsBluon Energy
Bluon Energy LLC develops and manufactures energy-focused HVAC refrigerants. It provides TdX 20 for commercial and residential air conditioning and heat pumps. The company was incorporated in 2011 and is based in McClellan, California.
Bluon TdX 20 Compared to R-22 Testing SummaryBluon Energy
Bluon TdX 20 has been formulated as a drop-in replacement for R-22 in existing equipment. Rather than a pure chemical like R-22, Bluon TdX is a proprietary!
Presented at Cytef 2016: Refrigeration Science and Technologies. Low GWP and Ultra-Low GWP Refrigerants to replace R-‐404A and R-‐134a in Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration and Heating&Cooling.
Bluon R22 REPLACEMENT UPGRADE IT TO TdX 20Bluon Energy
Bluon Energy is the leading developer and manufacturer of the next generation of HVAC and Refrigeration refrigerants. Learn more about our new product Bluon TdX 20!
Emerson climate technologies 2010 - Refrigerant choices for commercial refrig...Jesús Catalán Gil
Emerson Climate Technologies is committed to supporting solutions that safeguard food and protect
the environment. Minimising the impact of climate change through responsible energy use and reducing
carbon footprint are key environmental objectives.
This study is designed to help our customers meet these objectives by providing guidance to the complex
decision-making process when specifying supermarket cabinet cooling systems, both for new build and
major refurbishment projects. It focuses on the refrigerant but takes into account the refrigeration system
architecture and technology which have an impact on energy consumption, environment and investment
costs. Supermarkets were chosen in this study as they offer the greatest potential to integrate the latest
refrigeration design principles in order to improve environmental performance.
Fourteen combinations of system technologies and refrigerants are investigated and referred to as “cases”.
The study sets out the refrigerant, compressor technology, and system type for each case, together with
alternatives and the operating conditions associated with them.
We have started from a baseline with a reference supermarket containing a sales area of 1000-1200m2,
typical of the store formats found throughout Europe. This Case 1 supermarket establishes the base with
which different refrigerant / technology combinations are compared.
The study includes five refrigerant / technology combinations for supermarket refrigeration systems -
centralised Direct Expansion (DX), distributed Direct Expansion, cascade system, secondary system, and
R744 booster transcritical system.
Compressors for Commercial Air ConditioningDanfoss India
Danfoss compressors reduce costs across the entire product lifespan in the application. Build your business with a 360° perspective and experience the benefits of true savings. For more info, visit http://www.danfoss.in/
Find the latest info on Solstice N40 is a hydrofluoro-olefin (HFO) blend A1-class (non-flammable) refrigerant. This energy efficient refrigerant is an acceptable replacement for R-404A, R-507 and R-22. It matches the capacity of R-404A and R-22
5-15% and is more efficient than R404A. Approved by leading component OEMs operating in major global supermarkets in EU and US. It is also under trial in Asia. For use in all commercial refrigeration applications. ASHRAE # R-448A
The OzonAction Special Issue: 2010 and Then?Building on the Montreal Protocol...UNEP OzonAction
The ozone treaties have in 2009, achieved a series of extraordinary landmarks that will stand the international community in good stead as it works towards a low carbon, resource effi cient Green
Economy in 2010 and beyond.
With the accession this year of the world’s youngest democracy – Timor Leste – the Montreal Protocol will have achieved the unique goal of universal ratifi cation.
It sends a strong and quite remarkable signal of global solidarity not only for addressing ozone depletion, but increasingly for addressing other pressing sustainability issues and challenges:
not least climate change.
2010 for example marks the date when developing countries are scheduled to fully and fi nally phase out chlorofl uorocarbons (CFCs) and halons.
Paulo Vodianitskaia's presentation as Overview Speaker at the UNEP HFC Management Workshop, Bangkok, 20-21 April 2015. The presentation shows current refrigerant options, recommendations and strategic pathways to help refrigeration industry and policymakers worldwide to promote conversion from Hydrofluorocarbons to low-GWP refrigerants, considering recommendations from a sustainability perspective.
Stay in Business - Stop installing R-404A / R-507AAaron P. Gerber
The massive HFC phase-down step in 2018 and the Global Warming Potential (GWP) limit of 2500 in 2020 do not leave you any choice:
If you want to stay in business,
you have to stop installing
R-404A / R-507A - NOW!
How to have installations with both high performance and low GWP impact? The newest solutions for the various types of format prove that now natural refrigerants and efficiency can coexist.
An exclusive in-depth look at the latest technology trends on natural refrigerants CO2, ammonia and hydrocarbons by Prof. Pega Hrnjak, University of Illinois.
Klara Zolcer Skacanova, shecco, will share the latest market and policy trends from around the world on natural refrigerant technologies, including selected statistics from sheccoBase.
The currently used refrigerant properties were recommended as unsuitable for the future use due to their high ozone-depleting rate. To abide with the Montrcal Protocol norms have been taken into account and suitable alternative, which is innocuous to ozone layer.
Performance of HFC-152a is researched to develop the HFC-152a as alternative mixture. The HFC-152a has been tested under various systems. Its properties, comparison with HFC-134a, cost, risk assessment, efficiency and technological issues have been discussed.
Similar to 3 low gwp, energy-efficient hcfc replacement technologies in the rac sector (20)
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
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The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
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Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
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Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
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Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
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Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
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Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...
3 low gwp, energy-efficient hcfc replacement technologies in the rac sector
1. UNEP South America Regional Workshop
Low-
Low-GWP, Energy-Efficient HCFC Replacement Technologies in the
Energy-
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Sector
Update of the 2006 2010 UNEP Refrigeration and
Air-conditioning Technical Options Report
Air-
22nd – 23rd April, 2010, Bogota, Columbia
Lambert Kuijpers
[Daniel Colbourne]
3. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Introduction
• From 2006 to 2010 report
– Major focus is on low-GWP alternatives
– Especially in relation to phase-out of HCFCs/R22
– Minimising Climate Impacts (Decision XIX/6)
– Alternatives will applied for HCFCs that should minimise impacts
on the environment, including on the climate
– Climate “gains” realised if GWPs are lower and if the energy
efficiency is comparable or lower
– Decision XXI/9 (MOP-21)
– Requires report to illustrate the efficiency, cost and availability of
the low-GWP alternatives
4. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Domestic
• Two well-known refrigerant, HFC-134a and HC-600a
• Conversion still ongoing from HFC-134a to HC-600a
(could also be done under the Clean Development
Mechanism); market share HC-600a is growing
• The low-GWP option is HC-600a
• HC-600a has low pressure which has favourable aspects
for the noise production of the refrigerator
• HC-600a is a very efficient refrigerant (high Tcrit)
• There is no advantage to change to any short lived (HFC)
compounds (flammable) for any reason
5. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Commercial refrigeration
• In stand-alone products a change from HFC-134a to HCs
is occurring, but also to CO2 (small amount) (Coca Cola
greening of vending machines is mainly HCs now)
• Condensing units (cooling equipment at bakeries,
butchers, smaller shops) uses HCFC-22 (in particular in
A5), HFC-134a and R-404A
– first difficulty is the conversion away from HCFC-22 here
– difficulty also lies in the low costs, which do not make it
possible to compete when introducing low-GWP solutions
– subsector is slightly moving towards HCs and ammonia
(Japan);
– CO2 not considered in this subsector
6. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Commercial refrigeration
• Centralised systems in supermarkets
– Vary from 20 kW to 1 MW in capacity
– Use of high-GWP refrigerants (e.g. R-404A with GWP 3900)
will not be part of a sustainable future
– Indirect systems often with carbon dioxide in the secondary
circuit
– Low pressure CO2 cascade systems, with choices for several
refrigerants in the primary circuit (from HFCs to HCs and
ammonia)
– Two stage CO2 systems becoming more common
7. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Unitary
• Globally, air-cooled air conditioners and heat pumps --ranging
in size from 2 to 420 kW
– Comprise a vast majority of the AC market below 1,500 kW capacity
• Nearly all air-cooled AC and heat pumps manufactured prior
to 2000 used HCFC-22
• Air-cooled AC & HPs generally fall into four distinct categories
– small self-contained air conditioners (window- and through-wall)
– non-ducted or duct-free split residential and commercial
– ducted split residential
– ducted commercial split and packaged
8. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Unitary Air Conditioning-Current Situation
Conditioning-
• HCFC-22 was the ideal refrigerant in the past for AC and is
still being massively applied in Article 5 countries.
– The transition away from HCFC-22 is nearly complete (Europe in
2004) or is well underway in most developed countries.
– HFC refrigerant blends R-410A and R-407C have been dominant
replacements for HCFC-22 in all categories of unitary air
conditioners in developed countries.
– Hydrocarbons have been used in some applications, including
lower capacity portable room units and splits
• Most developing countries continue utilising HCFC-22 as the
predominant refrigerant in unitary air conditioning
applications
– The two largest developing country markets China and India
9. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Unitary Air Conditioning – HFCs
• R-407C is mostly used as a retrofit refrigerant (requires less
redesign when converting from HCFC-22) and was also used
for new equipment especially in Europe (to facilitate the early
HCFC-22 phase-out for new equipment, 2002)
• R-410A is the most likely refrigerant to replace HCFC-22 in
most applications in the developed countries and requires
significant redesign.
– Article 5 countries may go slightly different routes to phase out R-22
– As many HFC blends containing HFC-125, R-410A shows a capacity
and energy efficiency decrease with higher ambient temperatures
(much more than e.g. HFC-134a or R-290, both having a much
higher critical temperature)
10. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Unitary Air Conditioning – HC-290
HC-
• HC-290 is considered as an alternative to HCFC-22,
particularly in low charge applications
– IEC 60335-2-40 has established the maximum charge limits
• Broader use of HCs in unitary air conditioners will be more
difficult, because the many unitary AC have higher charge
– Significant progress made in reducing charges via redesign and
micro-channel HXs
• HC-290 is considered as one of the candidates in the phase-
out process of HCFC-22 in air conditioning in Article 5
countries; full cost implications are not yet established.
• There is a significant research conducted on CO2 (R-744)
systems to address efficiency issues
– It is not yet clear whether this will be a serious candidate
11. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Unitary Air Conditioning – future outlook
• The air conditioning industry is currently exploring
alternatives to R-410A and R-407C, which have lower GWP
and/or better TEWI
• Alternatives include: HFC-32, HC-290, CO2, HFC-152a and
possibly HFC-1234yf
• Technical challenges: flammability, toxicity, peak load
efficiency and economic feasibility
• Products with HC-290 have already been developed by
some manufacturers
• The development of products with the other options is
expected to require significant additional research and
development
12. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Chillers – Past and Present Refrigerants
• Prior to the Montreal Protocol, chillers used:
– Centrifugal chillers: CFC-11, CFC-12, R-500
– Reciprocating and screw chillers: CFC-12 and HCFC-22 with a few
using R-717 (ammonia)
• Now chillers use these refrigerants:
– Centrifugal chillers: HCFC-123, HFC-134a, HFC-245fa (limited use)
– Screw and scroll chillers: HCFC-22, HFC-134a, R-410A, R-407C
(decreasing)
– Screw and reciprocating chillers – also available with R-717, R290
• HCFC-22 was phased out for use in new equipment in all
developed countries by 1 January 2010 (Europe, 2004)
13. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Chillers using Ammonia and Water
• Using reciprocating compressors, ammonia (R-717) chillers
are available in the 10-1600 kW range
– With screw the range is 100-7000 kW, with scroll the range goes up
to 10,000 kW
– Techniques are available to reduce system volume and charge
– The market for R-717 chillers is likely to grow in the future in regions
where concerns about use of high-GWP refrigerants are strong
– Safety concerns in comfort cooling applications may increase costs
• Water (R-718) applications have been less common for
comfort than process cooling
– Some water chillers are installed in Europe
– Large process cooling chillers have enormous compressor swept
volumes (low density of water)
– Mainly applied in mines (South Africa)
– Higher costs inherent and are associated with large physical size
14. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Chillers using Propane and CO2
• Propane (HC-290) is used in chillers (<300 kW) in both
industrial and in larger buildings in Europe
– Some Article 5 countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and the
Philippines are applying HC chillers to large space cooling needs
– The use of HC refrigerants in small chillers is likely to grow in the
future where codes and regulations allow
• Several companies started production of R-744 (CO2) chillers
– In cooler climates such as in northern Europe, R-744 chillers are
accepted as alternatives to HFC chillers
– R-744 chillers offer the advantage of being able to use waste heat to
raise water to higher temperatures with higher efficiency than other
refrigerants
– For this application, R-744 heat recovery chillers provide good
efficiency
15. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Centrifugal Chillers – low GWP Alternatives
• Centrifugal chillers
– No replacements for HCFC-123 or HFC-134a have been
commercialised yet
– After phase-out for new equipment, HCFC-123 can be produced for
servicing existing chillers
– Hydrocarbons are used in centrifugal chillers in process applications
but not for comfort cooling because of safety concerns with large
refrigerant charges
– Water (R-718) can be used with centrifugal compressors, but
chillers are relatively large
– HFC-1234yf may prove suitable for centrifugal chillers but too early
– It is not clear whether HFC-1234ze will find any use in chillers
16. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Industrial and Transport Refrigeration
• Large amount of industrial systems have been and are using
HCFC-22
• HFCs have not been used that much as in other subsectors
• Ammonia and CO2 first candidates, not so many HCs
• Transport refrigeration covers large amount of different
subsectors, from trucks to ships and containers
• HCFC-22 difficult to replace (in particular on ships) and low-
GWP solutions not often easy to introduce
• Use of HFCs (containers), some HCs, but also intermediate
systems (with eutectic salts) in trucks
17. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Mobile AC
• MAC was one of the sectors where the conversion to HFC-
134a was complete at an early stage (nA5; A5)
• Candidates for conversion away from HFC-134a originally
were CO2 and HFC-152a; this is the reason for the GWP 150
limit in the EC directive
• Introduction of blends with short lived HFCs in 2005-2007
(however, not successful)
• Change to the HFC-1234yf candidate, which can be used in
HFC-134a systems (no real converting yet)
• German position on “CO2” has not formally changed
• It has become clear that HFC-1234yf will be the future...
18. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
HCFC Replacement – A5 Factors
• Technical suitability
• Low capital conversion cost
• Low operating cost
• No further conversions required
HCs HFCs CO2/ Unsatur.
NH3 HFCs
Proven technical suitability Yes Yes Yes No
Acceptability Depends Yes Depends Yes/ ?
Low capital conversion cost Depends Yes/? No/? Yes
Low operating cost Yes No Yes No
No further conversions Yes No Yes ??
19. 2006 2010 UNEP RTOC Report
Summary
• HFCs
– Technically suitable for applications
– High GWPs
– High operating costs
– Technology: transitional or not ?
• Natural refrigerants, HCs, NH3, CO2
– Technically suitable for applications
– In most cases good or better performance
– Low operating costs
– Dependent on building and equipment design (acceptability)
• Unsaturated HFCs
– When commercially available in quantities; which ones ?
– Technical suitability for subsectors and (operating) costs ?