The document discusses the Montreal Protocol and its measures to phase out ozone-depleting substances, including various chemicals like CFCs, HCFCs, and methyl bromide. It outlines the scheduled reductions and phase-out timelines for developed and developing countries, emphasizing the environmental impact of these substances and the importance of regulatory actions. Additionally, it reviews alternatives to these substances in refrigeration, addressing their safety, efficiency, and potential environmental benefits.

2. Background
Alternative
Residual Management
Conclusion

4. Month
Jun-07
Sep-06
Des-05
Mar-05
Jun-04
Sep-03
Des-02
Mar-02
Jun-01
Sep-00
Des-99
Mar-99
Jun-98
Sep-97
Des-96
Mar-96
Jun-95
Sep-94
Des-93
Mar-93
Jun-92
Sep-91
Des-90
5
Mar-90
Jun-89
Sep-88
Des-87
Mar-87
Jun-86
Sep-85
Des-84
Mar-84
Jun-83
Sep-82
Des-81
Mar-81
Jun-80
Sep-79
Area (million sq.km)
35
30
25
20
15
10
Montreal Protocol
0

6. Halon-1301
10
Halon-1211
3
Carbon Tetrachloride
1.1
CFC-12
1
CFC-114
1
CFC-11
1
CFC-113
0.8
CFC-115
0.6
Methyl Bromide
0.6
HCFC-141b
0.11
Methyl Chloroform
0.1
HCFC-142b
0.065
HCFC-22
0.055
HCFC-124
0.022
HFC-32
HFC-134a
11000 10000 9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Global Worming Potential (20 Year, CO2 = 1)
(Source: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion)
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ozone Depletion Potential (CFC-11 = 1)
(Source: The Montreal Protocol)
11

7. Summary of Montreal Protocol control measures
Ozone depleting substances
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Halons
Carbon tetrachloride
Methyl chloroform
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
Developed countries
Phased out end of 1995a
Phased out end of 1993
Phased out end of 1995a
Phased out end of 1995a
Freeze from beginning of 1996b
35% reduction by 2004
75% reduction by 2010
90% reduction by 2015
Total phase out by 2020c
Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)
Methyl bromide
(horticultural uses)
Phased out end of 1995
Freeze in 1995 at 1991 base levele
25% reduction by 1999
50% reduction by 2001
70% reduction by 2003
Total phase out by 2005
Phase out by 2002
Bromochloromethane (BCM)
Developing countries
Total phase out by 2010
Total phase out by 2010
Total phase out by 2010
Total phase out by 2015
Freeze in 2013 at a base level calculated as
the average of 2009 and 2010 consumption levels
10% reduction by 2015
35% reduction by 2020
67.5% reduction by 2025
Total phase out by 2030d
Phased out end of 1995
Freeze in 2002 at average 1995-1998 base levele
20% reduction by 2005
Total phase out by 2015
Phase out by 2002

8. “without significant subsequent action, the
world environment would surely have been in
grave jeopardy”

10. Back
REGULATION NO
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 33 Tahun 2005
Peraturan Presiden No 46 Tahun 2005
CONTENT
Pengesahan Beijing Amendment To The
Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete
The Ozone Layer (Amendemen Beijing Atas
Protokol Montreal Tentang Bahan-Bahan Yang
Merusak Lapisan Ozon)
Pengesahan Montreal Amendment To The
Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete
The Ozone Layer (Amendemen Montreal Atas
Protokol Montreal Tentang Bahan-Bahan Yang
Merusak Lapisan Ozon)
Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan No 24/Mdag/Per/6/2006
Ketentuan Impor Bahan Perusak Lapisan Ozon
Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian No 33/Mind/Per/4/2007
Larangan Memproduksi Bahan Perusak Lapisan
Ozon Serta Memproduksi Barang Yang
Menggunakan Bahan Perusak Lapisan Ozon
Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan No 51/Mdag/Per/12/2007
Ketentuan Impor Metil Bromida Untuk
Keperluan Karantina dan Pra Pengapalan

13. Environmental
Safety
• ODP
• GWP
• Flammability
• Toxicity
Technical
• Operating Pressure
• Oil Transport Properties
Economic
• New material price
• Conversion cost
• Down time

15. COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION
Advantages
Alternative and Presenter
Disadvantages
R-422D retrofit of HCFC-22 supermarket systems
(Epta)
• Retrofits done quickly without business interruption • Direct GWP climate impact
or additional investment
• No other disadvantages specifically addressed in
• Energy advantages
presentation
• Lower discharge temperature (for longer compressor
and components lifespan)
R-417A retrofit of HCFC-22 medium temp. ref. and
stationary AC
R-422A retrofit of HCFC-22 and R-502 medium/low
temp. ref.
R-422D retrofit of HCFC-22 ref. and stationary AC
R-437A retrofit of CFC-12 medium temp. ref. and
mobile AC (DuPont)
• Safety classification of A1
• Direct GWP climate impact
• Typically no-oil-change retrofit
• No other disadvantages specifically addressed in
• Comparable energy efficiency compared to HCFC- presentation
22 for R-417A, R-422A, and R-422D, and compared
to CFC-12 or HFC-134a for R-437A
• Comparable capacity compared to HCFC-22 or R417A, R-422A, and R-422D, and compared to CFC-12
or HFC-134a for R-437A
R-744 (CO2) new transcritical and cascade
supermarket refrigeration systems (Green Cooling
Council)
• Lack of systems knowledge/familiarity
• Potential for high power consumption in hot
climates
• Remote location servicing challenge
• Installation costs currently 20% higher than
conventional system
Ammonia commercial/industrial applications
(Jaeggi/Guntner)
• No climate impact
• Low toxicity and no flammability
• Potential for low power consumption in
cool/moderate climates
• Theoretical higher efficiency than HFC-134a up to
30°C
• Low cost and widely available refrigerant

Low cost and widely available refrigerant

In running production

Good thermodynamic performance compared
to HCFC-22, especially in low countries

Low climate impact (GWP of 3)

Comparable pressure, capacity loss, and COP
performance compared to HCFC-22

Improved pressure ratio LBP, discharge
temperature, and volumetric capacity compared
to HCFC-22

No climate impact

Favorable in large systems

No simple replacement in new systems; all
refrigerants need adjustments (e.g., different
refrigerant-carrying tubes)
Hydrocarbons retrofit of large chillers (Energy
Resources Group)



Technician training to understand hydrocarbon
characteristics Some projects, sites, and chillers
are not suitable for hydrocarbons because of
location, serviceability, ventilation
R-290 (propane)
commercial refrigeration equipment, including
bottle coolers, glass door merchandisers, ice
cream/chest freezers, commercial refrigerators
and freezers (Danfoss)
Back
Energy savings
Low climate impact



Safety concerns (flammability); may mean
slightly increased cost depending on base design
Costs for factory investments in leak test,
charging, and safety installments
Change of system parts for larger appliances

16. R-22
Residu
Recycle
Disposal

17. Available in Indonesia : PT Holcim Indonesia Tbk

19. • Cement Kiln is a destruction technology in which CFC gas
decomposes completely in a few seconds at high
temperatures, thus generating hydrochloric and hydrofluoric
acids which we are then reacted with alkaline calcium and
fixed to form non-toxic and harmless clinker material
• CFC thermal Destruction in cement kiln:
–
–
–
–
(1) CF2Cl2 + 2H2O 2HCl + 2HF + CO2
(2) CaCO3  CaO + CO2
(3) CaO + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O
(4) CaO + 2HF  CaF2 + H2O
Back

20. • HCFC is phasing out both in developed and
developing countries
• Several alternatives have been available in the
market
• No one substance is fit for all application
• ODS destruction facility is already available in
Indonesia
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