The earliest inhabitants of North America were Native Americans who lived in various tribes across the continent. The most advanced civilizations developed complex societies in Mesoamerica, with cities, advanced mathematics, astronomy, and calendars. The first European explorers were Norsemen in the 11th century, followed by Portuguese and Spanish explorers in the 15th century seeking trade routes and riches. Columbus worked for the Spanish crown after being turned down by other monarchs. Early Spanish settlements focused on extracting gold and silver but ultimately declined due to overworking native populations. English settlements began with fur trapping and trading with natives, and later grew tobacco farming in Jamestown as a profitable export. Puritan migration established self-governing colonies

1. A new world Ch 1 Who were the earliest inhabitants of America?

2. Who were the most advanced? How so? S of US border Maize, cities, architecture Math, astronomy, calendar Government, division of labor N of MX Primitive: about 10 million Ltd agriculture Hunter/gatherers Exceptions: Powhatans – VA Creeks- Gulf region SW cave dwellers

3. Did they have a values system? Dignity Self reliance Self control Individualistic No cooperation or division of labor

4. Who were the 1 st explorers? 11 th c. Norsemen -> Iceland, Newfoundland Sm. Settlement 1492 Columbus for Spain 1400s Portuguese (Henry The Navigator) Around Africa -> India for spices

5. American on eve of exploration Natives of the Americas 1491

6. Developments in Europe that lead to exploration Rise of Merchant Class Seeking 4n trade Rise of kings & larger units of society Nationhood Wealth, power Pursuit of 4n trade, riches, land

7. How did Columbus wind up working for Spanish? Genoese Theory: reaching east by sailing west Turned down by Italy, Portugal Spain allows, to compete with P

8. Success or Failure? Found Carib Isles Oct. 1492 Letter from Columbus on first voyage 4 trips looking for Asia Found some gold

9. Can you go E by heading W? Magellan sailed around S America 1519-22 To Asia Search for NW passage Non-existant

10. Significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas Divided world 1494 46-47 th meridians P gets app pts east; Sp gets west Who got better deal at the time? Why?

11. Why didn’t Natives defeat invaders? Spanish are armed Unscrupulous Kill and enslave Indians Had horses & firearms

12. How did Spain plan to make money from Americas? Gold -> sugar -> cheap labor Encomiendas: slaves on plantations Encomenderos (owners) demand labor as tribute Indians used on sugar plantations, silver mines from Mexico thru Peru

13. Why did Spanish empire decline by 17 th century? Overwork, despair, disease wiped out labor 25 million down to 1 million Lost competition to England Armada sank

14. Results of early Spanish exploration of N. America? Ponce de Leon -> Fl coast Narvaez & De Soto -> SW Fl & Gulf plains Coronado -> AZ, NM, TX, OK, KS 1540-42 no gold, silver Few people

15. What Spanish settlement was there in the US? 1565 St. Augustine, Fl- fort Missions north to SC & Chesapeake Bay Farming & crafts West to AZ, NM Presidios built to hold back hostiles thru CA

16. Who were the first Europeans to explore NW US? 1497 John Cabot, Genoese, sailed for England… NE coast 1524 Verrazano, Florentine, for France… NC -> Nova Scotia, looking for NW Pass 1534 Jacques Cartier, St. Lawrence River -> 1 st rapids 1541 Cartier’s settlement No gold, riches… Fr, Eng, Sp, Port  Grand Banks: Codfishing Sp & Fall docks, drying stations on shore; international communities

17. How did Europeans begin new settlements in N. America? Gradually Fur trapping began Trade w/ Indians (Furs for metals) 1608- Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec 1609- Henry Hudson -> Hudson River for Dutch 1623- Dutch trading posts along Deleware River 1624 Hudson River 1633 Connecticut River 1638- Swedes – outposts on Delaware R 1655 pushed out by Dutch

18. What was the purpose of French and Dutch trade in the New World? Trade with the Indians

19. What was the effect of French and Dutch trade on the Indians? Disease Alcohol Christianity Progress Guns Hatchets Weakened tribal customs Tribal warfare/ rivalry

20. How was England’s exploration so diff. from the French, Dutch and Spanish? Protestants (Henry VIII) – 1539 Divorced from Catherine, married Anne Got monastic lands, wealth Impt: launched religious rivalry 100 yrs warfare w/ Spain Selling off monastic land starts price rev $$$ shifts Rise of Merchant class They will finance exploration

21. How will the rise of a merchant class shape English settlement & exploration? 1576: Cathay (China) Co – to trade w/ China via Americas Martin Frobisher  NW passage 2 nd trip, ret. w/ fools gold  Co folds 1578 Humphrey Gilbert  colony Codfish Exploit natives Raid Spanish 2 nd try: 83: financed by noblemen, merchants 260 settlers, 5 ships  Newfoundland  lost @ Sea Hakluyt’s sales pitch 1584 Sir W. Raleigh- 85: Roanoke Isle (VA/NC)… home by 86 87: 120 people 88: Spanish Armada 90: re-supply Roanoke gone Problem: no profits here?

22. How did colonizing become profitable for England? 1606- Jamestown  Joint Stock Co Merchant groups invest- less loss/profit 2 B gov’d by Cpt John Smith 1609- VA Co- new charter: Est Governing council Co members chose Governor Gov chose council of advisors Sold stock to public Got 9 ships, 600 emigrants 400 arrived Smith injured; left ’ 09-11: Starving time ’ 12: new crop: tobacco- $$$ by ‘17

23. How did slavery become pt of VA economy? 1618: VA Co reforms to ^ investors, planters For fare to VA, get: Head right (50 acres) Must pay Quit rent Col gov’d by English law, Rights Planters elect assembly, help Gov’s council legislate Variety of craftsmen to be sent to diversify Hard life: diseases, starvation, raids, labor shortages VA Co  bankrupt, King dissolved, controlled 1619: 1 st slaves arrive via Dutch More $$ than 7 yr indentured servants 60s: ^ pop  ^ labor  ^ tobacco  v prices Bands of indigent freedmen make trouble ^^ slaves imported

24. How do Puritans come to New World? Enclosure, ^^$$$, dislocation, ^^taxes  large scale emigration Plymouth Grp of VA Co- chartered: ‘Council 4 New E’ 1630s Gt Migration  N.E. & W.I. Calvinists: Church of E= corrupt/papist 1620- Congregationalists (Separatists) -> Plymouth via Holland

25. How does N.E.’s est. set precedent 4 self gov in America? Mayflower Compact: Cape Cod 12/1620 B4 disembarking, agreed: est Gov & follow laws (outside VA) Aboard the Mayflower

26. Puritan Migration 1628 Puritans took over N.E. Col  MA Bay Col 29: re-org’d controlled by Puritan stockholders 30: 1 st thousand under Winthrop  1640s 15k- 20k  settled Boston, etc

27. How did Democracy begin in N.E.? 1631- Transformed from trading company to Commonwealth Admitted 100 adult men to company to vote Freemenship open to all Church members- 2 elect council 2 assist law making General Ct: Gov, deputy Gov, Exec council, body of deputies elected annually Legislature & Supreme Ct

28. Character of Puritan N.E. Congregational churches No Bishops or Church Courts Sep of Church & State

29. Who were the troublemakers and their significance? Roger Williams: said King had no rt to grant land w/o purchase Gov had no authority in religious matters Represents ‘liberty principle’ to Winthrop’s ‘authority principle’ Banished to R.I. as threat to unity Anne Hutchinson- meetings to improve upon Puritan sermons Denied ‘good conduct’ is a sign of Grace (rule of law) Claimed ‘Holy Spirit’ in hearts of true believers gives automatic Grace Followers split colony (threaten peace) Told authorities she had a revelation from God (blasphemy!) Banished to R.I.

30. How did R.I. become legitimized? Roger Williams applied to Parliament 1640- gets it 1663 Royal Charter confirms & guarantees religious freedom

31. How was CT founded, why? Puritans want more space  took land from weak Dutch trading posts Form gov w/ agreement: “Fundamental Orders” 1662” Royal Charter granted Adds in New Haven

32. How does Puritan control foster Capitalism? Policy: no virtue in Poverty Hard work & frugal conduct: sign of grace And coincidentally: success

33. What was Puritan economy based on? Fishing Corn Wheat Cattle Lumber Ship building

34. Colonies established for family fortune: George Calvert  Lord Baltimore: MD Charter 1632, died  son: Cecilius Calverts: Catholic- MD becomes refuge Gov’d from England  granted small estates Rent collected Lets in Puritans (tobacco farmers) 1649: MD Toleration Act: freedom of worship For all Christians who accept Trinity