The document discusses the counterculture movement and protests of the 1960s. It focuses on the rise of the New Left among students, as well as the growth of feminism, environmentalism, and civil rights movements among other groups seeking recognition and justice. It also covers the Vietnam War escalation under Nixon and eventual defeat in Indochina. Domestically, Nixon dismantled Great Society programs and faced economic troubles of inflation and stagflation in the early 1970s.

1. THE CRISIS OF AUTHORITY
Kristin Rivas, Isai Argueta, Chris Manners, Ian Kytlica
CHAPTER 30

3. The Youth Culture
Protest focuses:
1. Political Left- strived to create a community of "the people" who would:
- break up powers that elites had
- end the war
-pursue racial and economic justice
-WANTED TO CHANGE POLITICAL LIFE
2. Liberation- spoke for and through groups, so that these particular
groups would gain recognition from society.
-African Americans
-Native Americans
-Hispanics
- Women
- Gays and lesbians

4. The New Left
The largest generation of youth in American history dominates more
than half of the population.
New Left: was formed by college and university students in the
1960s.
-Students for Democratic Society (SDS) in 1962.
Free Speech Movement:
- University of California Berkeley, Columbia University, Harvard
University
-1969 People's Park at UC Berkeley
-The Weathermen- bombed school campuses and killed people in
the process.
-Students did everything possible to make war efforts difficult.
ex. March on the Pentagon, attack corporations that made
weapons.

5. The Counterculture
A group of young people who openly expressed their disposition to middle
class values and lifestyles.
HIPPIES
- Sexual Revolution:
contraceptive, birth control
pill, abortion legalized in '73
-Haight-Ashbury
- Rock 'n' Roll: became famous
in the the 1950s but began
transitioning to mimic the
lifestyles displayed by the
rebellious generation.
ex. Woodstock in 1969

6. The Mobilization of Minorities
Many of the protests displayed by African Americans
inspired other groups and minorities to protest for their
recognition and rights as well.

7. The Indians
John Collier, the Commissioner of Indian
Affairs retired in 1946.
- 1953 "termination".
1. Removes all federal recognition of
tribes.
2. Encouraged Indians to assimilate
themselves to American ways so that
they will lose their cultural
distinctiveness.
- 1958, the Eisenhower administration
halts the termination policies.
- 1961 The Indian Civil Rights Movement
begins after the Declaration of Indian
Purpose is signed.

8. The Indians Continued
-1968, the American Indian Movement (AIM) was formed by
young Indian militants.
-1968, Indian Civilian Rights Act is passed by Congress
-1970, President Nixon promised increased tribal self-
determination and an increase in federal aid.
-1972, Indian demonstrators occupied the Bureau of Indian
Affairs in Washington D.C. for six days.
-1973, Wounded Knee, South Dakota
-1978, United States v. Wheeler
- 1985, County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation
"right to choose our own way of life"

9. Latino Activism
- 1952, Operation Wetback
- AFL-CIO American Federation of Labor
and Congress of Industrial
Organizations.
- Chicanos: Mexican American activists
- United Farm Workers (UFW)
- 1974, right of non-English speaking
students to schooling in their native
language.
- Muliculturalism

10. Gay Liberation
- Homosexuals tried to gain
equality and social acceptance
-Stonewall Riot June 27, 1969
-liberation movement helped
homosexuals "come out" openly

11. The Rebirth of Feminism
-Equal Pay Act- pay women the same amount
of money as men
- 1966, National Organization for Women
created; helped women gain equality
- NOW denounced exclusion of women from
professions, politics, etc.

12. Achievements of Women
-all male schools began to enroll women;
"two-career" family became normal
- women began serving in Congress; competing
against men

13. The Abortion Controversy
- Abortion had once been legal in the U.S., but
was banned until the 1960's
- In 1973, the Supreme Court invalidated all
laws prohibiting abortion during the first
trimester

14. The New Science of Ecology
- Ecology is the Science of the
interrelatedness of the natural world.
- widespread belief of "land ethic"
- the findings of ecology including things like
ecosystems, food chains, etc.

15. Environmentalism
- Many organizations predated the rise of
modern ecological science, including agencies
not related to environmentalism
- American Civil Liberties Union, The League
of Women's Voters, AFL-CIO, etc.
- pollution was a huge problem; water, air,
acid rain

16. Environmental Degradation
● Water Pollution
ex. Cuyahoga River
would catch on fire
because of the petroleum
that was dumped into it.
● Air Pollution from
factories and cars.
● Smog levels
● Acid rain
● Global Warming
Cuyahoga River, Cleveland, Ohio 1969

17. Earth Day and Beyond
● Earth day was originally supposed
to be a series of teach-ins on
college campuses.
○ earth day however grew to more than
that
● Earth day popularized environmentalism and helped
create movements with more controversial topics.
● 1970 congress passed and Nixon signed the National
Environmental Protection Act-- created the
Environmental Protection Agency

18. Vietnamization
● Henry Kissinger: national
security advisor.
● Lottery system
- destroys Selective Service
System.
● Vietnamization
-train South Vietnamese
military.

19. Escalation
- Nixon orders bombing of Cambodia territory.
- Establish a pro-American regime under
General Lon Nol.
-May 4, Kent State University, Ohio
-Pentagon Papers
-My Lai Massacre
-Black Mail
-Easter Offensive

20. "Peace and Honor"
- Kissinger discusses peace with Le Duc Tho:
North Vietnamese foreign secretary.
- December 16, talk of peace ends
- December 17, American B-52's began air
raids.
- December 30, Nixon terminates Christmas
bombing
-January 27, 1973 a peace agreement is signed

21. Defeat in Indochina
● March 1975, the North Vietnamese launched a
full-scale offensive against the forces of the
south.
● April 1975, communist forces marched into
Saigon.
● Thieu regime and the staff of
the American embassy had
fled the country
● Communist forces occupied
the capital. Renamed it Ho
Chi Minh City

22. Defeat in Indochina cont.
● The Lon Noi Regime in
Cambodia fell to communists
at the same time.
● This was the end of American
involvement in Vietnam.
● 1.2 million Vietnamese
soldiers had died.
● The war cost the nation $150
billion in direct costs.
● 55,000 deaths and 300,000
injured.

23. China and the Soviet Union
● 1949 Current U.S.
Relations with China
● Nixon's visit to
China
○ July 1971-Henry
Kissinger
○ February 1972-Nixon
himself
● SALT 1 (1972)
○ ICBMs
Chinese Relations
With Soviets

24. The Problems of Multipolarity
● Nixon Doctrine
○ "Participate in the defense and development of
allies and friends," but leave the "basic
responsibility."
○ Military Junta-Gov't run by military officers
● "Six-Day War"
○ Middle East (1967)
○ King Hussein threatened by influx of Palestinians
● Arab Oil Embargo
○ Yom Kippur War
○ Embargo (1973)-Arab Gov't to supp. of Israel

25. Domestic Initiatives
● Nixon's Domestic
Policies
○ Dismantled the
programs of the
Great Society and
the New Frontier
○ EX: The Office of
Economic
Opportunity

26. From the Warren Court to the Nixon
Court
● Supreme Court Rulings disrupted traditional
social patterns and, in the opinion of many
Americans, contributed to an increase in
crime, disorder, and moral decay.
● Baker v. Carr
○ Warren Court (1962)
○ All citizen's votes would have equal weight
● Bakke v. Board of Regents of California
○ 1978
○ Affirmative Action (Nixon court)
● New Court Fell Short of many conservatives
expectations!

27. The Election of 1972
- Nixon entered reelection with a strong political
campaign
- Democrats nominated George McGovern, but his
campaign was unappealing to the public
-Nixon won by a landslide: 60.7% of the popular vote

28. The Troubled Economy
● Inflation began to take off at an alarming
rate
○ Disturbing economic problem of the 1970s
○ Most likely caused by federal deficit spending
(1960s)
○ No longer able to get cheap raw minerals
■ Cost of energy went up (Dependency of
automobiles and fossil fuels)
● OPEC
○ Arab members stating the closure of oil imports to
nations that supported Israel
○ Nations agreed to rais oil prices by 400%!

29. The Troubles Economy (CONT.)
● Deindustrialization
○ Factories closed across the country
■ Workers lost jobs
● Many more knowledge based jobs (i.e.
technology, information systems)
● Industrial workers could not get work at the
"knowledge based" jobs
● Result: Growing pool of unemployed and
underemployed workers
○ Industry never went back to the way it was in the
1950s and 1960s

30. The Nixon Response
● Nixon decided to focus on inflation in
response to the economic decline
○ Cost of living rose to 15 percent (First 2 1/2 years)
● "Stagflation"-(Slow economic growth)
○ Summer of 1971 Freeze!
○ November-Phase II of Nixon economic plan
○ Afraid of recession being more damaging during
election year, the administration reversed itself
○ Largest budget deficit since WWII
● Substantial increase in inflation throughout
these events