Richard Nixon was elected president in 1968 and re-elected in 1972. His foreign policy successes included establishing diplomatic relations with China, negotiating arms limitations with the Soviet Union, and ending U.S. involvement in Vietnam. However, the Watergate scandal erupted in 1972-1973 involving the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and subsequent cover-up, ultimately leading to Nixon's resignation in 1974 to avoid impeachment. His domestic policies were overshadowed by economic troubles including inflation and the 1973 oil crisis. Gerald Ford succeeded Nixon as president and granted him a full pardon for any Watergate crimes.
Richard Nixon was president from 1969-1974. He pursued a foreign policy of détente, improving relations with China and the Soviet Union. However, the Watergate scandal, involving a break-in at the Democratic headquarters and Nixon's subsequent attempts to cover it up, led to his resignation in 1974 to avoid impeachment. Gerald Ford then became president and sought to move past Watergate by pardoning Nixon, though this hurt his popularity.
Nixon Through Bush documents key events during the Nixon presidency from 1968-1973. It discusses Nixon's election in 1968 amid turmoil over the Vietnam War and assassinations of Robert Kennedy and MLK. His use of a "Southern Strategy" and emphasis on détente with China and USSR. It also examines the Watergate scandal, from the 1972 break-in through Nixon's involvement in the coverup and subsequent investigations.
The document summarizes key events in US foreign policy during the early 1960s under presidents Kennedy and Johnson. It describes the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, the Berlin Crisis and Kennedy's confrontation with Khrushchev over Soviet missiles in Cuba, known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. It also discusses Kennedy's Alliance for Progress initiative to promote economic development in Latin America and the establishment of the Peace Corps. The summary concludes by noting Johnson's continuation of containment policies against communism, including sending troops to the Dominican Republic and military advisors to South Vietnam.
The document provides background information on key events leading up to and during World War 2 in the Pacific theater, including:
1) Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and subsequent trade embargoes by the US, as well as the sinking of the USS Panay.
2) Plans for the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 by Japanese admiral Yamamoto and the devastating surprise attack that destroyed much of the US Pacific fleet.
3) The fall of the Philippines and brutal Bataan Death March that followed the Japanese conquest.
4) Major naval battles like Coral Sea, Midway, and Leyte Gulf that turned the tide in favor of the Allies.
5) Gruel
The document provides an overview of several key events and developments in the United States during the 1970s. It discusses the economic stagnation of the decade, the Vietnam War policies of President Nixon including Vietnamization and the bombing of Cambodia, the Watergate scandal, and the women's rights and environmental movements. It also summarizes several Supreme Court cases related to desegregation, affirmative action, and privacy rights.
Kennedy faced several foreign policy crises during his presidency including the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, the Berlin Wall, and most dangerously, the Cuban Missile Crisis. During the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered nuclear missile sites being built in Cuba with help from the Soviet Union. Kennedy established a naval blockade of Cuba and initiated secret negotiations with Khrushchev to resolve the crisis and remove the missiles, bringing the U.S. and Soviet Union dangerously close to nuclear war. The crisis ended when Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles, averting war but demonstrating the threat of nuclear proliferation.
LBJ greatly expanded social programs under the Great Society but became bogged down in the Vietnam War. He escalated US involvement despite growing domestic opposition. By 1968 the Tet Offensive showed the war was unwinnable, leading LBJ to not seek re-election. The war deeply divided the US and eroded trust in government. It ended in 1975 with a communist victory in Vietnam after the US withdrew.
The document outlines key foreign policy events and strategies during the Eisenhower administration, referred to as "The New Look". It focused on deterring communist expansion through threats of "massive retaliation" using nuclear weapons. This included building up nuclear arsenals and policies like mutual assured destruction. The administration was concerned about the spread of communism in Southeast Asia and used strategies like the Domino Theory and Eisenhower Doctrine to contain it. Several covert CIA operations were also conducted to overthrow communist governments.
Richard Nixon was president from 1969-1974. He pursued a foreign policy of détente, improving relations with China and the Soviet Union. However, the Watergate scandal, involving a break-in at the Democratic headquarters and Nixon's subsequent attempts to cover it up, led to his resignation in 1974 to avoid impeachment. Gerald Ford then became president and sought to move past Watergate by pardoning Nixon, though this hurt his popularity.
Nixon Through Bush documents key events during the Nixon presidency from 1968-1973. It discusses Nixon's election in 1968 amid turmoil over the Vietnam War and assassinations of Robert Kennedy and MLK. His use of a "Southern Strategy" and emphasis on détente with China and USSR. It also examines the Watergate scandal, from the 1972 break-in through Nixon's involvement in the coverup and subsequent investigations.
The document summarizes key events in US foreign policy during the early 1960s under presidents Kennedy and Johnson. It describes the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, the Berlin Crisis and Kennedy's confrontation with Khrushchev over Soviet missiles in Cuba, known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. It also discusses Kennedy's Alliance for Progress initiative to promote economic development in Latin America and the establishment of the Peace Corps. The summary concludes by noting Johnson's continuation of containment policies against communism, including sending troops to the Dominican Republic and military advisors to South Vietnam.
The document provides background information on key events leading up to and during World War 2 in the Pacific theater, including:
1) Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and subsequent trade embargoes by the US, as well as the sinking of the USS Panay.
2) Plans for the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 by Japanese admiral Yamamoto and the devastating surprise attack that destroyed much of the US Pacific fleet.
3) The fall of the Philippines and brutal Bataan Death March that followed the Japanese conquest.
4) Major naval battles like Coral Sea, Midway, and Leyte Gulf that turned the tide in favor of the Allies.
5) Gruel
The document provides an overview of several key events and developments in the United States during the 1970s. It discusses the economic stagnation of the decade, the Vietnam War policies of President Nixon including Vietnamization and the bombing of Cambodia, the Watergate scandal, and the women's rights and environmental movements. It also summarizes several Supreme Court cases related to desegregation, affirmative action, and privacy rights.
Kennedy faced several foreign policy crises during his presidency including the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, the Berlin Wall, and most dangerously, the Cuban Missile Crisis. During the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered nuclear missile sites being built in Cuba with help from the Soviet Union. Kennedy established a naval blockade of Cuba and initiated secret negotiations with Khrushchev to resolve the crisis and remove the missiles, bringing the U.S. and Soviet Union dangerously close to nuclear war. The crisis ended when Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles, averting war but demonstrating the threat of nuclear proliferation.
LBJ greatly expanded social programs under the Great Society but became bogged down in the Vietnam War. He escalated US involvement despite growing domestic opposition. By 1968 the Tet Offensive showed the war was unwinnable, leading LBJ to not seek re-election. The war deeply divided the US and eroded trust in government. It ended in 1975 with a communist victory in Vietnam after the US withdrew.
The document outlines key foreign policy events and strategies during the Eisenhower administration, referred to as "The New Look". It focused on deterring communist expansion through threats of "massive retaliation" using nuclear weapons. This included building up nuclear arsenals and policies like mutual assured destruction. The administration was concerned about the spread of communism in Southeast Asia and used strategies like the Domino Theory and Eisenhower Doctrine to contain it. Several covert CIA operations were also conducted to overthrow communist governments.
1. JFK pursued a multi-pronged foreign policy approach including increasing nuclear weapons and conventional forces while also growing economic aid and diplomacy through initiatives like the Peace Corps.
2. Key events during JFK's presidency included the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, the Berlin Crisis, and the Cuban Missile Crisis where the U.S. and USSR brought the world close to nuclear war over Soviet missiles in Cuba.
3. JFK worked to improve relations with the USSR through diplomacy and arms control agreements while also taking a hard line against communism in Cuba and Vietnam.
The document summarizes key events in US foreign policy during the early 1960s under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. It describes the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, the Berlin Crisis involving the construction of the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis that brought the US and Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war. It also discusses the Alliance for Progress that aimed to promote economic development in Latin America and the establishment of the Peace Corps to support developing nations. Overall, the document analyzes Cold War crises and US initiatives during this period of escalating tensions with the Soviet Union.
The document provides an overview of major events in US foreign policy and domestic politics from the 1950s through the 1970s. It summarizes the Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union, including the arms race and conflicts in Korea, Hungary, and Cuba. It also discusses the US escalating involvement in Vietnam under Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. Domestically, it outlines the civil rights movement and key civil rights legislation of the 1950s-1960s, as well as Great Society programs and political scandals like Watergate in the 1960s-1970s.
The document summarizes several proxy wars that occurred during the Cold War between the US and Soviet spheres of influence. These include the Greek Civil War, Korean War, Vietnam War, Bay of Pigs Invasion, Chilean Coup d'etat, Angolan Civil War, and the war in Afghanistan. In each conflict, one side received support from either the US or Soviet Union while the other received aid from the opposing superpower, leading to increased tensions but also shifts in the size of each country's sphere of influence.
President Kennedy continued the Cold War policy of resisting the spread of communism through both military and non-military means. He offered economic and development aid to other nations through initiatives like the Alliance for Progress and Peace Corps while also threatening military force if needed to defend against threats like those in Cuba and Berlin. Kennedy believed in pursuing peace without relying solely on weapons and sought to ease tensions with the Soviet Union through agreements like the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
JFK campaigned on a platform of "new politics" that emphasized charisma and style over specific policy issues. He utilized new campaign technologies like television that highlighted his youthful image compared to Nixon. JFK won the 1960 election by small margins. As president, his top priority was foreign policy and confronting communism around the world. He increased defense spending and established programs like the Peace Corps. However, his attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs failed. On the domestic front, JFK focused on increasing NASA funding and proposed tax cuts, but accomplished relatively little due to his assassination in 1963.
The document summarizes several major events of the 1990s including:
1. The US invasion of Panama in 1989 to arrest Manuel Noriega on drug charges.
2. The Persian Gulf War of 1990-1991 in which a US-led coalition liberated Kuwait from Iraq in response to Saddam Hussein's invasion.
3. The collapse of Soviet communism in Eastern Europe including the fall of the Berlin Wall and reunification of Germany.
It also discusses the 1992 US presidential election where Bill Clinton defeated George H.W. Bush and independent candidate Ross Perot. The Clinton administration pursued policies like NAFTA and health care reform but also faced controversies like Clinton's impeachment over
The Free Speech Movement at UC Berkeley in 1964 marked the beginning of large-scale student protests across US campuses in the 1960s. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned racial discrimination but the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was still needed to enforce black voting rights. Despite gains, riots in Watts showed continuing tensions. US involvement in Vietnam escalated throughout Johnson's presidency despite growing domestic opposition, undermining his Great Society programs.
The document summarizes key events and policies during John F. Kennedy's presidency regarding the Cold War, including establishing the Green Berets and the Peace Corps, the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, the Berlin Crisis where Khrushchev issued an ultimatum on Berlin, the Cuban Missile Crisis where Soviet missiles were deployed in Cuba, support for South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem and increasing US military advisors in Vietnam, the US-Soviet space race where Kennedy pledged to land a man on the moon, and Kennedy's vision for genuine and lasting world peace.
This document provides an overview of John F. Kennedy's presidency from 1960-1963, known as the "Camelot Era". It discusses Kennedy challenging Nixon for the presidency in 1960 and his narrow victory. His agenda as president included establishing the Peace Corps, pursuing the space program, advocating for flexible response in foreign policy, getting involved in Vietnam, and pushing for civil rights legislation. However, his presidency was cut short when he was assassinated in 1963, leaving questions about possible conspiracies unanswered.
Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with Stalin allowing Germany to invade Poland without Soviet opposition. When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of World War 2. The US remained officially neutral but provided increasing aid to Britain through measures like cash-and-carry and destroyer deals to help the British war effort against Germany.
The document provides an overview of the Nixon administration and presidency from 1969-1974. It discusses Nixon's conservative yet also liberal domestic policies including his Southern Strategy, environmental protections, and creation of OSHA. His foreign policy achievements included establishing relations with China and negotiating arms limitations with the Soviet Union. However, the Watergate scandal erupted over Nixon's involvement in the break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters and his subsequent attempts to cover it up, ultimately leading to his resignation in 1974. Gerald Ford then assumed the presidency to complete Nixon's term.
This document provides learning objectives and background information on the Vietnam War. It outlines the major events and policies from Eisenhower's containment policy to the fall of Saigon in 1975. Key points covered include the division of Vietnam in 1954, the escalation under Kennedy and Johnson, the Tet Offensive, Nixon's Vietnamization strategy, and the impact of the war on American society and politics.
The document discusses several causes of international conflicts including competing territory, scarce resources, and ideological differences. It examines case studies of conflicts between India and China over territory, Britain and Iceland over fishing rights, and North and South Korea over different political ideologies. The document also provides context on the division of Korea after World War 2 and the resulting war in the 1950s after North Korea invaded South Korea.
The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October 1962 when U.S. reconnaissance flights discovered Soviet nuclear missiles being installed in Cuba, just 90 miles from Florida. This placed major U.S. cities within range of nuclear attack. President John F. Kennedy created a committee called EXCOMM to discuss options. After initially considering air strikes, Kennedy opted for a naval blockade of Cuba. Soviet ships turned back from the blockade, but tensions escalated until Soviet leader Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba. The crisis highlighted the dangers of the Cold War between the U.S. and Soviet Union.
This document summarizes key events in the post-Cold War era involving Israel/Palestine, Iraq, India/Pakistan, Yugoslavia, and Africa. It discusses the 1967 Six-Day War between Israel and its neighbors, the 1979 Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt, and continued peace talks and violence between Israel and Palestine. It also outlines Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and subsequent Gulf War, tensions over Kashmir between India and Pakistan, the civil war and ethnic violence in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, and instability in African countries after colonial rule.
Unit 6 section 1 lesson 1 kennedy and the cold warMrsSmithGHS
Kennedy faced challenges from the Cold War and communism abroad. He launched new policies like flexible response and the Alliance for Progress, and created the Peace Corps. The failed Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis were major confrontations. Kennedy took responsibility for Bay of Pigs but negotiated a resolution to the missile crisis. At home, Kennedy promoted his New Frontier agenda but achieved mixed success passing legislation. He was assassinated in 1963.
1) The Cuban Missile Crisis arose in 1962 when the US discovered that the Soviet Union had secretly placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, just 90 miles from US shores.
2) President Kennedy was faced with difficult choices about how to respond, including doing nothing, air strikes on Cuba, invasion of Cuba, or imposing a naval blockade on Cuba.
3) Kennedy chose to impose a blockade, hoping to resolve the crisis diplomatically without escalating to war. The document walks through the outcomes of different response options before concluding the blockade was the right choice.
This document provides a summary of major wars and conflicts from 1947 to 2016. It discusses the Vietnam War, Suez Canal crisis, Berlin Blockade, Chinese Civil War, Afghan War, Korean War, Hungarian Revolution of 1956, 9/11 attacks, sectarianism, and Cuban Missile Crisis. For each event it provides brief details about dates, locations, involved parties, and outcomes. The document aims to concisely outline some of the most important wars and political conflicts of the post-World War 2 era.
Nixon pursued a foreign policy of détente by relaxing tensions with communist adversaries like China and the Soviet Union. He made historic visits to both countries in 1972, establishing diplomatic relations and signing arms control agreements. Nixon also worked to resolve the Vietnam War and stabilize the volatile Middle East region during the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel and its Arab neighbors.
Richard Nixon was born in 1913 in California. He had a long political career, serving as vice president from 1953-1961 and president from 1969-1974. As president, Nixon pursued a foreign policy of détente to relax tensions with communist nations like China and the Soviet Union. In 1972, Nixon became the first American president to visit China, opening up diplomatic and trade relations. However, Nixon's presidency came to an end due to the Watergate scandal, in which several of Nixon's aides were involved in an attempted cover-up after breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters.
Richard Nixon was elected president in 1968 and 1972, promising to end the Vietnam War and restore order. While he pursued détente with China and the USSR, the Watergate scandal erupted in 1973 over a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and the subsequent cover-up, implicating Nixon. Facing impeachment and certain conviction, Nixon resigned in 1974, the first US president to do so. The scandal undermined trust in the presidency and government.
1. JFK pursued a multi-pronged foreign policy approach including increasing nuclear weapons and conventional forces while also growing economic aid and diplomacy through initiatives like the Peace Corps.
2. Key events during JFK's presidency included the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, the Berlin Crisis, and the Cuban Missile Crisis where the U.S. and USSR brought the world close to nuclear war over Soviet missiles in Cuba.
3. JFK worked to improve relations with the USSR through diplomacy and arms control agreements while also taking a hard line against communism in Cuba and Vietnam.
The document summarizes key events in US foreign policy during the early 1960s under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. It describes the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, the Berlin Crisis involving the construction of the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis that brought the US and Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war. It also discusses the Alliance for Progress that aimed to promote economic development in Latin America and the establishment of the Peace Corps to support developing nations. Overall, the document analyzes Cold War crises and US initiatives during this period of escalating tensions with the Soviet Union.
The document provides an overview of major events in US foreign policy and domestic politics from the 1950s through the 1970s. It summarizes the Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union, including the arms race and conflicts in Korea, Hungary, and Cuba. It also discusses the US escalating involvement in Vietnam under Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. Domestically, it outlines the civil rights movement and key civil rights legislation of the 1950s-1960s, as well as Great Society programs and political scandals like Watergate in the 1960s-1970s.
The document summarizes several proxy wars that occurred during the Cold War between the US and Soviet spheres of influence. These include the Greek Civil War, Korean War, Vietnam War, Bay of Pigs Invasion, Chilean Coup d'etat, Angolan Civil War, and the war in Afghanistan. In each conflict, one side received support from either the US or Soviet Union while the other received aid from the opposing superpower, leading to increased tensions but also shifts in the size of each country's sphere of influence.
President Kennedy continued the Cold War policy of resisting the spread of communism through both military and non-military means. He offered economic and development aid to other nations through initiatives like the Alliance for Progress and Peace Corps while also threatening military force if needed to defend against threats like those in Cuba and Berlin. Kennedy believed in pursuing peace without relying solely on weapons and sought to ease tensions with the Soviet Union through agreements like the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
JFK campaigned on a platform of "new politics" that emphasized charisma and style over specific policy issues. He utilized new campaign technologies like television that highlighted his youthful image compared to Nixon. JFK won the 1960 election by small margins. As president, his top priority was foreign policy and confronting communism around the world. He increased defense spending and established programs like the Peace Corps. However, his attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs failed. On the domestic front, JFK focused on increasing NASA funding and proposed tax cuts, but accomplished relatively little due to his assassination in 1963.
The document summarizes several major events of the 1990s including:
1. The US invasion of Panama in 1989 to arrest Manuel Noriega on drug charges.
2. The Persian Gulf War of 1990-1991 in which a US-led coalition liberated Kuwait from Iraq in response to Saddam Hussein's invasion.
3. The collapse of Soviet communism in Eastern Europe including the fall of the Berlin Wall and reunification of Germany.
It also discusses the 1992 US presidential election where Bill Clinton defeated George H.W. Bush and independent candidate Ross Perot. The Clinton administration pursued policies like NAFTA and health care reform but also faced controversies like Clinton's impeachment over
The Free Speech Movement at UC Berkeley in 1964 marked the beginning of large-scale student protests across US campuses in the 1960s. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned racial discrimination but the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was still needed to enforce black voting rights. Despite gains, riots in Watts showed continuing tensions. US involvement in Vietnam escalated throughout Johnson's presidency despite growing domestic opposition, undermining his Great Society programs.
The document summarizes key events and policies during John F. Kennedy's presidency regarding the Cold War, including establishing the Green Berets and the Peace Corps, the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, the Berlin Crisis where Khrushchev issued an ultimatum on Berlin, the Cuban Missile Crisis where Soviet missiles were deployed in Cuba, support for South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem and increasing US military advisors in Vietnam, the US-Soviet space race where Kennedy pledged to land a man on the moon, and Kennedy's vision for genuine and lasting world peace.
This document provides an overview of John F. Kennedy's presidency from 1960-1963, known as the "Camelot Era". It discusses Kennedy challenging Nixon for the presidency in 1960 and his narrow victory. His agenda as president included establishing the Peace Corps, pursuing the space program, advocating for flexible response in foreign policy, getting involved in Vietnam, and pushing for civil rights legislation. However, his presidency was cut short when he was assassinated in 1963, leaving questions about possible conspiracies unanswered.
Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with Stalin allowing Germany to invade Poland without Soviet opposition. When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of World War 2. The US remained officially neutral but provided increasing aid to Britain through measures like cash-and-carry and destroyer deals to help the British war effort against Germany.
The document provides an overview of the Nixon administration and presidency from 1969-1974. It discusses Nixon's conservative yet also liberal domestic policies including his Southern Strategy, environmental protections, and creation of OSHA. His foreign policy achievements included establishing relations with China and negotiating arms limitations with the Soviet Union. However, the Watergate scandal erupted over Nixon's involvement in the break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters and his subsequent attempts to cover it up, ultimately leading to his resignation in 1974. Gerald Ford then assumed the presidency to complete Nixon's term.
This document provides learning objectives and background information on the Vietnam War. It outlines the major events and policies from Eisenhower's containment policy to the fall of Saigon in 1975. Key points covered include the division of Vietnam in 1954, the escalation under Kennedy and Johnson, the Tet Offensive, Nixon's Vietnamization strategy, and the impact of the war on American society and politics.
The document discusses several causes of international conflicts including competing territory, scarce resources, and ideological differences. It examines case studies of conflicts between India and China over territory, Britain and Iceland over fishing rights, and North and South Korea over different political ideologies. The document also provides context on the division of Korea after World War 2 and the resulting war in the 1950s after North Korea invaded South Korea.
The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October 1962 when U.S. reconnaissance flights discovered Soviet nuclear missiles being installed in Cuba, just 90 miles from Florida. This placed major U.S. cities within range of nuclear attack. President John F. Kennedy created a committee called EXCOMM to discuss options. After initially considering air strikes, Kennedy opted for a naval blockade of Cuba. Soviet ships turned back from the blockade, but tensions escalated until Soviet leader Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba. The crisis highlighted the dangers of the Cold War between the U.S. and Soviet Union.
This document summarizes key events in the post-Cold War era involving Israel/Palestine, Iraq, India/Pakistan, Yugoslavia, and Africa. It discusses the 1967 Six-Day War between Israel and its neighbors, the 1979 Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt, and continued peace talks and violence between Israel and Palestine. It also outlines Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and subsequent Gulf War, tensions over Kashmir between India and Pakistan, the civil war and ethnic violence in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, and instability in African countries after colonial rule.
Unit 6 section 1 lesson 1 kennedy and the cold warMrsSmithGHS
Kennedy faced challenges from the Cold War and communism abroad. He launched new policies like flexible response and the Alliance for Progress, and created the Peace Corps. The failed Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis were major confrontations. Kennedy took responsibility for Bay of Pigs but negotiated a resolution to the missile crisis. At home, Kennedy promoted his New Frontier agenda but achieved mixed success passing legislation. He was assassinated in 1963.
1) The Cuban Missile Crisis arose in 1962 when the US discovered that the Soviet Union had secretly placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, just 90 miles from US shores.
2) President Kennedy was faced with difficult choices about how to respond, including doing nothing, air strikes on Cuba, invasion of Cuba, or imposing a naval blockade on Cuba.
3) Kennedy chose to impose a blockade, hoping to resolve the crisis diplomatically without escalating to war. The document walks through the outcomes of different response options before concluding the blockade was the right choice.
This document provides a summary of major wars and conflicts from 1947 to 2016. It discusses the Vietnam War, Suez Canal crisis, Berlin Blockade, Chinese Civil War, Afghan War, Korean War, Hungarian Revolution of 1956, 9/11 attacks, sectarianism, and Cuban Missile Crisis. For each event it provides brief details about dates, locations, involved parties, and outcomes. The document aims to concisely outline some of the most important wars and political conflicts of the post-World War 2 era.
Nixon pursued a foreign policy of détente by relaxing tensions with communist adversaries like China and the Soviet Union. He made historic visits to both countries in 1972, establishing diplomatic relations and signing arms control agreements. Nixon also worked to resolve the Vietnam War and stabilize the volatile Middle East region during the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel and its Arab neighbors.
Richard Nixon was born in 1913 in California. He had a long political career, serving as vice president from 1953-1961 and president from 1969-1974. As president, Nixon pursued a foreign policy of détente to relax tensions with communist nations like China and the Soviet Union. In 1972, Nixon became the first American president to visit China, opening up diplomatic and trade relations. However, Nixon's presidency came to an end due to the Watergate scandal, in which several of Nixon's aides were involved in an attempted cover-up after breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters.
Richard Nixon was elected president in 1968 and 1972, promising to end the Vietnam War and restore order. While he pursued détente with China and the USSR, the Watergate scandal erupted in 1973 over a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and the subsequent cover-up, implicating Nixon. Facing impeachment and certain conviction, Nixon resigned in 1974, the first US president to do so. The scandal undermined trust in the presidency and government.
Tengowski - Unit iv 2 nixon triangular diplomacyNathan Tengowski
This document summarizes Nixon's foreign policy beliefs and key events during his presidency. It notes that Nixon believed in détente with communist nations to protect US interests and end the Vietnam War. Major events discussed include the 1969 moon landing, Nixon's 1972 visit to China to open trade and relations, his visit to the USSR to sign the SALT Treaty limiting nuclear weapons, and US involvement in the Middle East conflicts including supporting Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
The Vietnam War began as a conflict between North Vietnam and South Vietnam following France's withdrawal from Indochina in 1954. The US initially provided support to South Vietnam but gradually increased its involvement, sending combat troops and heavily bombing North Vietnam. However, the Tet Offensive in 1968 showed the war was not going well for the US. Growing anti-war sentiment led Johnson to withdraw from reelection. Nixon continued the war but also began withdrawing troops. A ceasefire was signed in 1973, and South Vietnam fell to the communists in 1975, ending the war. The human and financial costs for the US and Vietnam were immense.
Nixon pursued a strategy of triangular diplomacy by improving relations with both the USSR and China to gain strategic advantages for the US. In 1972, Nixon visited the USSR and signed the SALT Treaty, limiting nuclear weapons and restricting defensive missile systems between the two countries. Nixon also sought to resolve conflicts in the Middle East to ensure US access to oil and contain Soviet influence, but the 1973 Arab-Israeli War disrupted oil supplies and hurt the US economy. Additionally, Nixon backed a coup in Chile to overthrow the socialist leader Salvador Allende and install the authoritarian Augusto Pinochet.
Richard Nixon pursued a policy of détente during his presidency, seeking to relax tensions with major communist powers through diplomacy. His National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger played a key role in negotiating new relations. Nixon embarked on an unprecedented visit to China in 1972, establishing diplomatic contacts and acknowledging China's government, while also reaching arms control agreements with the Soviet Union, including the SALT I treaty limiting nuclear weapons.
Richard Nixon pursued a policy of détente to relax tensions with major communist powers. His national security advisor Henry Kissinger played a key role in negotiating diplomatic openings with China and the Soviet Union. In 1972, Nixon became the first US president to visit China, establishing diplomatic relations and acknowledging China's government. That same year, Nixon also visited the Soviet Union and negotiated the SALT I treaty, which placed the first limits on US and Soviet nuclear arsenals.
Nixon pursued a policy of détente in the 1970s, making historic visits to China and the Soviet Union in 1972. He visited China to open trade relations and contain the spread of communism, and visited the Soviet Union to sign the SALT Treaty limiting nuclear weapons and increase economic cooperation. Nixon also sought to bring stability to the Middle East through supporting Israel while containing Soviet influence in the region.
Nixon avoided relying directly on his cabinet and instead relied heavily on a close staff led by H.R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman. Nixon struggled with high inflation and unemployment during his first term despite implementing wage and price freezes. The 1973 oil embargo caused by OPEC quadrupling oil prices in response to U.S. support for Israel seriously worsened inflation and led to a recession. Nixon also implemented a "Southern Strategy" of appealing to white southern voters by slowing desegregation and cutting funding for fair housing laws. In foreign policy, Nixon and his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger pursued détente, relaxing tensions with major communist powers China and the Soviet Union through realpolitik negotiations and
JFK, LBJ, and Vietnam, c. 1960-1973.pdfDave Phillips
JFK initially sent advisors to South Vietnam and increased troops to 16,000 to contain communism under the domino theory. LBJ significantly escalated US involvement through bombing campaigns and sending 500,000 ground troops, seeking to avoid another China. However, the Tet Offensive in 1968 turned US public opinion against the war, and massive protests erupted. Nixon continued bombing but started withdrawing troops and Vietnamizing the war. The US withdrew in 1973 after failed peace negotiations, and South Vietnam fell to communism in 1975. The war cost 58,000 US lives and over 3 million Vietnamese deaths but failed to achieve US objectives.
Nixon pursued a policy of détente by relaxing tensions with major communist powers. His national security advisor Henry Kissinger played a key role in secret diplomatic outreach to China and the Soviet Union. This led to Nixon's historic 1972 visit to China, establishing diplomatic relations and further cooperation. Nixon also reached agreements with the Soviet Union, including the SALT I treaty that imposed the first limits on nuclear weapons.
The 60s american politics turbulent decadeMarcus9000
A look at the political history of the USA spanning the decade of the 1960s.
This covers events such as the Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Civil Rights Movement and the Space Race as well as the Cold War.
This document provides context on the Late Cold War era from 1968-1991 under American presidents Nixon, Ford, Carter, and Reagan. It summarizes their major foreign and domestic policies. Nixon pursued détente with China and the USSR while facing the Watergate scandal. Ford pardoned Nixon and faced economic stagflation. Carter brokered the Camp David Accords but faced the Iran hostage crisis. Reagan advocated a hardline against the Soviet Union and "Reaganomics" tax cuts but was embroiled in the Iran-Contra affair. The Cold War ended under George H.W. Bush with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The document provides biographical information and accomplishments of U.S. presidents Harry Truman through Richard Nixon. It notes that Truman took over after FDR's death and dealt with the transition to peacetime economy after WWII. His accomplishments included the Marshall Plan and recognizing Israel. John F. Kennedy served as president from 1961-1963 until his assassination, focusing on space exploration and civil rights. Lyndon Johnson passed major civil rights legislation and launched the Great Society program. Richard Nixon ended U.S. involvement in Vietnam and established the EPA while also resigning due to the Watergate scandal.
Nixon pursued a foreign policy of détente to reduce Cold War tensions. He established closer relations with China and the Soviet Union, negotiating arms limitations with the latter. Nixon also worked to resolve crises in the Middle East through shuttle diplomacy following the 1973 Yom Kippur War and Arab oil embargo against the U.S. and other countries supporting Israel. Domestically, Nixon advocated new federalism and a Southern strategy while also pursuing some liberal policies like creating the EPA and advancing affirmative action.
Nixon's foreign policy in the 1970s focused on détente with both China and the Soviet Union. He pursued a policy of realpolitik, basing decisions on practical national interests rather than ideology. This included establishing relations with China in 1971-1972 through diplomatic visits. Nixon also signed arms control agreements with the Soviet Union, such as SALT I, helping reduce Cold War tensions. However, Nixon's presidency was plagued by the Watergate scandal starting in 1972, which involved illegal activities and efforts to cover them up. This led to Nixon's resignation in 1974.
Nixon faced economic challenges including stagflation, with rising inflation and unemployment. He imposed a 90-day wage and price freeze and responded to the 1973 energy crisis. Nixon established the EPA and signed environmental legislation. However, his presidency was marred by the Watergate scandal, involving break-ins and wiretapping of the Democratic headquarters and Nixon's subsequent attempts to cover it up, leading to his resignation in 1974.
The US involvement in the Vietnam War can be divided into 3 stages:
1. 1945-1964: Initial assistance to France and South Vietnam against communist forces.
2. 1964-1968: Escalation under President Johnson, with troop levels rising from 15,000 to 500,000. Intensified bombing and fighting failed to defeat North Vietnam.
3. 1969-1973: Nixon's Vietnamization policy attempted to transition fighting to South Vietnamese forces and reduce US troops, culminating in the 1973 Paris Peace Accords. However, South Vietnam ultimately fell to communist forces in 1975.
This document discusses several key economic and social issues facing the US in the post-World War II period, as well as legislative actions taken to address them. It notes problems with high unemployment as millions of soldiers returned from war and women left the workforce, as well as efforts like the GI Bill to help veterans and spur the economy. New laws banned racial discrimination in the military and promoted full employment, though unions faced new restrictions and not all of Truman's economic plans succeeded due to Republican opposition.
Obama won re-election in 2012 against Mitt Romney, gaining 51.1% of the popular vote to Romney's 47.2%. During Obama's second term, he had to deal with several domestic and national security issues, including the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the Sandy Hook school shooting that killed 26, and the Boston Marathon bombing that killed 3 and wounded hundreds. Edward Snowden also leaked classified NSA documents during this time.
Obama pursued an aggressive domestic policy in response to the Great Recession, passing a large economic stimulus package and sweeping Wall Street reform. His signature achievement was the Affordable Care Act to provide health insurance to millions of uninsured Americans. However, this substantial spending contributed to increased budget deficits and national debt. Obama also advanced civil rights issues like repealing Don't Ask Don't Tell and supporting same-sex marriage. His domestic agenda faced partisan opposition in Congress, leading to a government shutdown, but the economy and job market gradually improved during his presidency.
Barack Obama was the first African American president of the United States. He was born in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1961 to a Kenyan father and American mother. Obama received his law degree from Harvard University and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago. He served in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004 and as a U.S. Senator from 2005 to 2008 before being elected President. As President, Obama made history as the first African American and Hawaiian-born president and received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009.
The 2000s saw the rise of popular movie franchises like Harry Potter, Lord of the Rings, Pirates of the Caribbean and Star Wars in theaters. On television, reality shows like Survivor and American Idol became hugely popular, as well as crime dramas like CSI. Musically, artists like Eminem, 50 Cent, Usher and U2 dominated the charts and won numerous Grammys. Several athletes like Lance Armstrong, Barry Bonds and Michael Phelps achieved unprecedented success in their sports during this decade as well.
The document discusses major tax cuts totaling $1.65 trillion and the growing US budget deficit and national debt. It also notes rising oil prices over $100 per barrel, households using 130% of their income, and a $7 trillion decline in stock market value, contributing to economic challenges including a credit crisis and leading to a $700 billion stimulus/bailout package.
The document discusses the US withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocols which aimed to lower greenhouse gas emissions globally. It notes that while 170 countries signed the agreement, the US and Afghanistan did not under President Bush due to concerns about commitments from China and India. It also mentions Bush's proposal to reform Social Security by allowing individuals to privately invest up to $1,000 per year of their FICA taxes.
George W. Bush served as President from 2001-2009. Some key events included passing large tax cuts totaling over $1.3 trillion, launching the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq in response to 9/11, and enacting education and Medicare reforms. However, Bush's presidency was also challenged by hurricanes like Katrina, a rising national debt, and the 2008 financial crisis and recession. By 2009, the U.S. budget deficit had reached $1.4 trillion and the national debt totaled over $10 trillion.
The document summarizes major policies and events during George W. Bush's presidency, including three major tax cuts totaling over $1.7 trillion, a 28% increase in federal spending with the 2007 deficit at $400 billion and national debt over $19 trillion. It also discusses the Patriot Act expanding surveillance, the creation of the DHS, No Child Left Behind Act, Medicare Part D prescription drug benefits, immigration reforms like fences along the border, and the appointment of John Roberts as Chief Justice shifting the Supreme Court conservatively.
This document outlines foreign policy issues and agreements between the US and several countries from 2002-2007. It discusses nuclear programs and agreements in Iran, North Korea, Libya, and arms treaties between the US and Russia. It also mentions Bush's goal of a Palestinian state by 2005 and relations between Israel, the Palestinians, and their leaders at that time.
The document outlines key events and policies relating to the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. It discusses the Bush Doctrine of preemptive self-defense, the initial success of the invasions in removing the Taliban and Saddam Hussein, and later challenges such as an insurgency in Iraq. Reasons given for invading Iraq included alleged WMD programs and ties to al-Qaeda, though no evidence was found to support these claims.
Four commercial airliners were hijacked on September 11, 2001, with two planes crashing into the World Trade Center towers in New York City, one plane hitting the Pentagon just outside Washington D.C., and another plane crashing in a field in Pennsylvania. The attacks resulted in nearly 3,000 deaths and caused extensive damage, leading to several days of halted air traffic and a surge in approval ratings for the U.S. president in response to the terrorist attacks.
George W. Bush was born in 1946 in New Haven, Connecticut and moved to Texas in 1948. He attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts and Yale University, where he earned a history degree in 1964. Bush then attended Harvard Business School and earned his MBA. He joined the Texas Air National Guard and was arrested for a DUI in 1970. Bush's political career began when he unsuccessfully ran for the Texas House in 1978. He later served as Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and was elected President in 2000 and 2004, serving as the 43rd U.S. President.
The document summarizes the events surrounding the Clinton impeachment scandal. It details that the scandal began with the Whitewater case and Paula Jones lawsuit against Clinton and later involved Monica Lewinsky, a 22 year old White House intern who had conversations with Linda Tripp about her relationship with Clinton. Tripp recorded these conversations and gave them to Ken Starr. Clinton initially denied the relationship under oath but later admitted to it and apologized for misleading the public. The House then voted to impeach Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justice but he was acquitted in the Senate trial and his approval ratings increased.
The document describes the economic growth and job creation during Bill Clinton's presidency from 1992 to 2000. It notes an almost 8-year period of economic growth at 4% per year, reducing the deficit to a surplus. Unemployment fell to 3.9%, its lowest in 3 decades, while inflation, poverty, and home ownership all increased. The stock market grew significantly over this period as well. It also discusses several policy initiatives and debates during Clinton's terms, such as healthcare reform and campaign finance reform, as well as government shutdowns over balancing the budget.
The document lists several tragic events involving bombings and mass shootings between 1993 and 1999, including the 1993 World Trade Center bombing that killed 6 and injured 1000, the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing of the federal building that killed 168, and the 1999 Columbine High School shooting that killed 13 and was carried out by Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold who fired over 900 rounds.
This document summarizes several US military actions taken under President Clinton in the 1990s, including missile strikes against Iraq in response to plots against Bush and attacks on Kurdish cities, operations in Somalia including Operation Gothic Serpent where 19 US soldiers were killed, Clinton's decision to withdraw troops from Somalia after casualties, the Rwandan genocide where 900,000 were killed with no US intervention, strikes against targets in Sudan and Afghanistan in retaliation for US embassy bombings, and NATO airstrikes in Kosovo under Operation Allied Force to stop ethnic cleansing by Milosevic.
Bush had to deal with large budget deficits from Reagan and faced pressure from Democrats to raise taxes and Republicans to cut spending. While cutting defense spending after the Cold War, unemployment and poverty increased. Bush ultimately raised taxes by $133 billion in 1992 despite promising "no new taxes," angering his party. He also signed the Americans with Disabilities Act and appointed the conservative Justices David Souter and Clarence Thomas, who faced sexual harassment accusations from Anita Hill.
George H.W. Bush presided over the Persian Gulf War in 1991 in which a US-led coalition liberated Kuwait from Iraqi occupation. The 37-day air campaign and 100-day ground war resulted in heavy losses for Iraq but few US casualties. Bush's popularity soared after the victory, which coincided with the collapse of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War.
ग्रेटर मुंबई के नगर आयुक्त को एक खुले पत्र में याचिका दायर कर 540 से अधिक मुंबईकरों ने सभी अवैध और अस्थिर होर्डिंग्स, साइनबोर्ड और इलेक्ट्रिक साइनेज को तत्काल हटाने और 13 मई, 2024 की शाम को घाटकोपर में अवैध होर्डिंग के गिरने की विनाशकारी घटना के बाद अपराधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की मांग की है, जिसमें 17 लोगों की जान चली गई और कई निर्दोष लोग गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गए।
Christian persecution in Islamic countries has intensified, with alarming incidents of violence, discrimination, and intolerance. This article highlights recent attacks in Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, exposing the multifaceted challenges faced by Christian communities. Despite the severity of these atrocities, the Western world's response remains muted due to political, economic, and social considerations. The urgent need for international intervention is underscored, emphasizing that without substantial support, the future of Christianity in these regions is at grave risk.
https://ecspe.org/the-rise-of-christian-persecution-in-islamic-countries/
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
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Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
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Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
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2. Richard Milhous Nixon Bio
Born in Yorba Linda, CA
(1913)
Whittier College (1934)
Duke Law (1937)
Turned down scholarship
to Harvard
Lt. in US Navy
Aviation Ground Officer
Great Poker Player, won
enough money to finance
his 1st campaign
3. Machiavellian Approach
Believed in the “Ends
Justifies the Means”
Approach
1947-Took on Jerry Voorhis
for the US House
Called him a communist
1951-Took on Helen Douglas
for US Senate
Called her “Pink Down to
her Underwear”
1953-1961: VP
Lost to JFK in 1960
Lost Governor of California
in 1962 to Pat Brown
4. Nixon in 1962
For 16 years, ever since the
Hiss case, you've had a lot of
—a lot of fun—that you've
had an opportunity to attack
me and I think I've given as
good as I've taken.....But as I
leave you I want you to know
—just think how much
you're going to be missing.
You won't have Nixon to kick
around anymore, because,
gentlemen, this is my last
press conference.
5. Personal Stories
Did not trust anyone!
Extremely paranoid!
Asked a teacher (Pat) to
marry him on their first
date
Non-confrontational,
did not like to shake
hands and dealing
w/people
“This would be an easy
job if you didn’t have to
deal with people.”
6. Checkers SpeechNixon was accused of
accepting $18,000 of illegal
donations. (He did!)
Only gift that he did receive
was a little cocker spaniel
dog from Texas
“And you know, the kids,
like all kids, love that dog,
and I just want to say that
regardless of what they say
about it, we’re going to keep
it.
Asks people to call the RNC
w/ their decision
Takes the decision out of Ike’s
hands!
7. Nixon Foreign Policy-Beliefs
“Bring us Together Again”
End War in Vietnam like
Ike did in Korea
“Peace w/ Honor”
Détente-Relaxation of
international tensions w/
communist countries to
protect American
interests
Nixon could pull this off
because of his Anti-
communist background
Sec. of State-Henry Kissinger
8. Vietnam
Vietnamization
Madman Theory
Operation Menu
War Powers Resolution
9. Moon Landing- July 16, 1969
Apollo 11 Spacecraft
Neil Armstrong, Buzz
Aldrin, Michael Collins
“That’s one small step for
man, one giant leap for
mankind.”-Armstrong
Placed a 3x5’ flag on the
moon and a stainless steel
plaque
Nixon met the returning
astronauts in South
Pacific
Nixon Popularity
10. Nixon’s Visit to China-
Feb. 21, 1972
China gets da bomb in 64!
US afraid that USSR might take
over China
Détente- an easing of tensions
w/ communist nations
Nixon relaxes trade restrictions
and pulls 7th fleet
Reopens trade talks w/ China
Nixon lifted restrictions on
travel to China
April 1971-US sends Ping Pong
team
UN expels Taiwan & accepts
Red China
11. Why did Nixon go?
1. Markets-Needed to trade with China to help the
economy
2. Nukes-We wanted China to sign a non-
proliferation treaty
3. Vietnam-We wanted help in ending the war.
4. Political Move-1972 was an election year!
5. Play the Soviets and the Chinese off one another. –
Triangular Diplomacy
13. Nixon’s Visit to USSR-
May 22, 1972
New Russian Leader
Leonid Brezhnev
Admitted that USSR
economy was struggling, too
big of a focus on nukes!
US/USSR spending $50
million a day on Nukes!
Brezhnev Doctrine-USSR
troops could intervene and
put down revolutions where
communism already existed
14. Why did Nixon go?
1. Markets-Needed to trade with USSR to help the
economy
2. Nukes-USSR were catching up in the number of
nuclear weapons. (Containment)
3. Vietnam-We wanted help in ending the war.
4. Political Move-1972 was an election year!
5. Play the Soviets and the Chinese off one another. –
Triangular Diplomacy
15. SALT Treaty (Strategic Arms
Limitation Treaty)- May 26, 1972
I. Nukes
Puts limits on Nukes
US-1607, USSR-858
Subs: US-740, USSR-656
II. Defensive missile systems
No construction of these systems-
might make MAD theory irrelevant
III. USSR renounced Brezhnev
Doctrine
IV. US would increase economic
trade for good behavior
Grain sales-25% of US wheat to
USSR
16. The Middle East
Nixon believed that the
Middle East had become a
“powder keg!”
Goals since WWII
Ensure US oil supply
Contain USSR
Protect Israel from harm
17. 6 Day War-
June 1967
Israel attacked Egypt and Syria
when Egypt removed UN force
from Sinai
1956 Suez Crisis
Results:
Captured West Bank from
Jordan,
Golan Heights from Syria
Gaza Strip & Sinai Peninsula
from Egypt
In response, US sent 50 F4
fighters to Israel
US used the hotline for the
first time as well
18. Yom Kippur War-October 6, 1973
Holiest day in the Jewish
calendar
Egypt and Syria attack Israel
and retake the land lost in
the 6 day war within 48
hours
After 2 weeks, Israelis pushed
the Arab countries out and
reclaimed their lands
Nixon rushed $2 billion to
Israel in aid & F4 planes
19. Results of Nixon & The Middle East
1. PLO formed
Led by Yassir Arafat
Goals of the PLO
Eliminate Israel
Establish a Palestinian
homeland
1970-PLO began hijacking
airlines and kidnapping
Jews and Americans
1972-PLO attacks Israeli
olympic team @ Munich
Games
20. Results
continued
2. OPEC places an
embargo on US oil!
1972- $3/barrel
1973- $12/barrel
US is importing
33% of oil from
the Mid East.
How does this
affect the US
economy?
21. Chile
Salvador Allende wins
the Presidency
Problem: He’s a
socialist!
US supports an
overthrow of the
government
General Augusto
Pinochet takes over the
leadership of Chile
Suspended freedoms
Jailed political
dissenters
22. Nixon Domestic Policy
“Bring us Together Again”
“Law & Order” on our
streets
New Federalism-take
power from Washington
D. C. & give it to state &
local
Not very concerned about
Domestic Policy
23. Reasons for Economic Concern
Stagflation: An economic
concern because inflation
and unemployment go up
First major inflation since
Post WWII era
Inflation went up to 8%
Unemployment up to 7.5%
Why does this happen?
LBJ’s Great Society
spending
Vietnam Spending
Tax Cut (4%)
24. Nixon’s Reaction to the Economy
August 16, 1971-
Nixon puts a 90 day
freeze on wages and
prices
25. Energy Crisis
Yom Kippur War causes
embargo on oil to the
US
Oil imports fall to
almost 19,000 barrels a
day
Costs of gas Climb!
How does this affect
America?
26. Nixon’s Response to the Energy Crisis
Emergency Highway
Conservation Act
Natl. Speed Limit to 55 mph
Savings of 200,000 barrels a
day
Trans-Alaskan Pipeline
Found oil in Prudhoe Bay in
1968
Cost $8 Billion and brought 1
million barrels into the US
Billions into researching and
developing nuclear power
27. Nixon’s Role w/ the Environment
EPA passed
Federal agency that began
to enforce environmental
laws
Clean Air Act of 1970
Focused on car emissions
restrictions
Rachel Carson
Wrote Silent Spring, a
book that looked at the
effects of DDT on the
environment
28. Other Domestic Achievements
26th Amendment-Voting
age is now 18, down
from 21
Roe v. Wade (1973)-
woman and her doctor,
not the state govt, have
the right to control what
happens to her body
(Privacy)
29. Watergate
Plumbers-former
CIA/FBI agents created
to stop leaks and carry
out illegal actions for
national security
Sept. 3, 1971-broke into
Daniel Ellsberg’s
psychiatrists office
(Pentagon Papers)
30. Watergate cont.
CREEP-Committee to RE-
Elect the President
Got $$ to carry out activities
June 17, 1972-5 men arrested
at 2:30am trying to break into
the Democratic Natl. HQ
Put tape over the door in
order to keep it open
Plant listening devices in
order to spy on the
Democrats
Why?? Figure out how to
beat George McGovern in
1972
31. Watergate cont.
June 23, 1972
Nixon orders CIA to
block FBI investigation
Tie it to the Cubans
August 1, 1972
A $25,000 cashier’s
check ends up in the
bank account of a Nixon
burglar. It is from a
campaign donor
(CREEP)
32. Watergate cont.
Case is given to two
young Washington Post
Reporters
Bob Woodward
Carl Bernstein
Find a source within the
White House-W. Mark
Felt (Deepthroat)
April 30, 1973
H. R. Haldeman & John
Erlichman resign &
attorney general is fired
33. Watergate cont. July 13, 1973
Alexander Butterfield
reveals that Nixon
recorded all conversations
in the White House-
Tapes???
Nixon says that he has
“Executive Privilege”
Never found in the
Constitution
October 10, 1973
VP Spiro Agnew resigns,
income tax evasion
Gerald Ford is new VP
34. Watergate cont.
Saturday Night
Massacre
Nixon orders Archibald
Cox, the Special
Prosecutor, to be fired
the AG and the Deputy
AG resign
November 17, 1973
Nixon declared that “I
am not a crook”
Nixon v. US -must turn
over tapes
18 ½ minutes deleted!!
35. The End
August 9, 1974
Nixon resigns the
Presidency
Charged w/ Defying
Congressional Subpoenas
Misuse of Pres. Power
Obstruction of Justice
Gerald Ford takes over
Why does he do it?
Pension
Secret Service for Life
Insurance/Health Benefits
Use of Air Force One, Camp
David, etc.
36. Gerald Ford Bio
Born Leslie Lynch King
Moved to Grand Rapids,
MI at age 2
5 sport athlete in HS
1933 Natl. Champ @
Michigan
Yale Law Degree
WWII Hero
House 1949-1973
VP 1973
37. Ford Personal Stories
Had an issue w/falling
Down Steps of Air Force
One
Up Steps of Air Force One
Vail, Colorado-Skiing
Hit head on helicopter @
White House
LBJ said- “He’s a nice
fellow but he spent too
much time playing football
without a helmet.”
38. Ford Domestic Policy
Pardoned Nixon-full,
free, and absolute
pardon for all offenses
against the US
Help the Nation Heal
Popularity 72% to 49%
Pardon Vietnam Draft
Dodgers
Say Pledge of Allegiance
2 Years of Community
Service
39. Economic Policies
Whip Inflation Now
Cut Federal Spending by
15%
Encourage personal
savings
Spending on American
Goods
Did not work, Inflation
went to 11%
Gas Prices continued to
climb
40. Domestic Policy
Tax Reduction Act of 1975
Gave everyone a tax
credit of $30 ($120 today)
Education for all
Handicapped Act
Guaranteed that any
school that receives
federal funding would
have to grant equal access
to children with physical
or mental disabilities
41. Foreign Policy
Make the world respect
the US again-Especially
in the Pacific
Ford Doctrine-US will
defend any country that
is threatened by Cuban
influence anywhere in
the Western
Hemisphere
April 30, 1975
Saigon falls to NV
42. FoPo continued
USS Mayaquez
Captured by Cambodians
May 13, 1975
41 US Marines killed, 50
wounded trying to save 39
sailors
Marines went to wrong
island while sailors were
being released
43. USSR
SALT II did not pass the
Senate
Soviets have not solved
Jewish emigration
problem - $25,000
Helsinki Agreements
signed in 1975
Finally settled WWII
borders
USSR had to improve
human rights
44. End of FoPo
Kissinger negotiated the
end of the Yom Kippur
War- Sept. 1, 1975
Israel withdraws from
Sinai
Egypt recognizes
Israel’s right to exist
Cuba invades Angola
Ford asks for $25
million
Congress-No More
45. Jimmy Carter Bio
Born- Plains, Georgia in
1924
Went to Naval Academy
Spent 11 Years in Navy
working on nuclear subs
Peanut Farmer
1963-67 GA State Senator
1971-75 Governor of GA
1976-Won the Presidency
1980-Lost in the worst
election for an incumbent
since Hoover
46. Carter Presidency
Promised to give the
Presidency back to the
people
Promised never to lie to the
American people
Had call in talk shows to
address the nation’s
problems
Sold Presidential
extravagances like the Yacht
Did not have a parade up
Pennsylvania Avenue
48. Domestic Policy
Pardoned 10,000 Draft
Dodgers on his first day
Bill Clinton
Carter greatly increased
the payroll tax on social
security
Tried to wipe out “pork
barrel” spending projects
in order to save the
economy
49. Economic Policies
Economy slowly emerging
from Ford Recession when
he took office
Inflation
1976-4.8%, 1980-13.3%
Unemployment
8% & rising in industrial
states
Deficit
$59 Billion in 1980
July 1980-Presidential
Approval rating of 21%
50. Energy Crisis
US imports now 9 million
barrels of oil/day
1977-50% is imported
Revolution in Iran caused
prices to jump
Created Dept. of Energy
To Look at and assess what
can be done to save energy
Looked more into nuclear
power
3 Mile Island scared the US
51. Education
Created Department of
Education
Gave more control to
local school districts by
cutting unnecessary
federal regulations
Increased college grants
by 25% & tripled the
amount of loans
available to students
52. Foreign Policy
Focus on the
Defense/Expansion of
Human Rights
No more Chiles/Vietnams
Preventative Foreign Policy
Assist Sandanistas in
Nicaragua & not back
Somoza
Expand Human Rights
Bring Home US Troops
Reduce Defense Spending
Mediate in 3rd World
Peace in the Middle East
53. Panama Canal Treaties
US owned the Canal since 1903
Panama would fully control the
canal after 2000
US could defend the neutrality
of the canal
Why give it up?
Guerilla warfare
Value diminished-aircraft
carriers couldn’t fit
Less that 10% of US trade used
it
This helped relations w/ 3rd
world
Reagan called this gunboat
diplomacy, “Appeasement”
54. China
Formal Recognition-Jan. 1,
1979
Containment-wanted to
use China to contain USSR
Trade-replaced USSR as
largest trading partner
Taiwan-severed defense
pact & withdrew all forces
Other allies feared a
retreat from Israel, Japan,
and the Philipines
55. Camp David Accords
March 26, 1979
Israel-Menachem Begin
Egypt-Anwar Sadat
Carter offered huge amounts
of aid if they worked together
1. Phased withdrawal of
Israeli troops from Sinai
2. US forces stationed along
the border
3. Full Economic &
Diplomatic Relations
4. Openings of negotiations
on Palestinian rights in West
Bank & Gaza
Ended over 30 years of War!
56. SALT II
Attempt to get the USSR
to cut their ICBMs
Limited Delivery
Vehicles to 2400
USSR cut by 250-350
US built 250 more!
Brezhnev allowed more
than 50,000 Jews to
leave
Afghanistan killed SALT
II
57. Afghanistan
December 25, 1979
80,000 USSR troops
invade
Carter said this was the
“greatest threat to peace”
1st
time since 1948 that USSR
moved beyond their borders
Afghanistan did not want to
become like E. Europe
US supported Islamic Rebels
(Mujhadeen)
$40 billion to train Rebels
Osama Bin Laden & Taliban
58. Carter’s Reaction
1. Hotline-Carter used it to warn Brezhnev not to attack
Persian Gulf
2. Withdrew from SALT II from Senate
3. Stopped tech & grain shipments
4. Pulled Olympic Team from 1980 Moscow Games
5. Rapid Deployment Force-ordered the draft to begin
again
6. More aid to Afghanistan ($30 Billion)
7. Carter Doctrine-an attempt by any outside force to
gain control of the Persian Gulf will be regarded as an
assault on the vital interests of the US-We will repel by
any means necessary.
59. Iranian Hostage Crisis
Shah Reza Pahlavi-
installed by the US since
1954
Removed Mossadeq from
power (Operation Ajax)
1977-Shah was dying from
cancer
1978-Riots began in Iran
1979-Shah forced to leave
the country, no one would
give him asylum
Allowed into US to treat
malignant lymphona
60. Iranian Hostage Crisis cont
November 4-violence
outside the US embassy
“Death to the Shah, Carter,
America”
Ayatollah Khomeini
branded the embassy “a
nest of spies”
66 Americans captured
and would be returned for
the Shah
14 released because they
were black or women
52 would be held for 444
days
61. Carter’s Reaction to Iran
Carter froze $8 Billion in
Iranian assets
April 24, 1980-Operation
Eagle Claw
The Plan-8 helicopters & 6
C-130 transports meet in the
desert
A helicopter crashed into a
transport and killed 8
Carter aborted the mission
He asked for JFK’s Bay of Pigs
speech
Sec. of State-Cyrus Vance
resigned
62. Conclusions
1. Empire Shock-For the first time, the US doubted our
strength
Many Americans believed that our world influence fell!
No longer the world’s sheriff, banker, policeman
Pax Americana that shaped the world after WWII was over
Decline was probably inevitable in an international world.
2. Carter’s Personality
He didn’t have it, whatever it was…
FDR’s charm, JFK’s TV Presence, LBJ’s ability to handle Congress,
and Nixon’s ability to handle the spectacular
3. Americans are going to want a strong leader
Politicians learned their lessons and will not act that way again.
See Reagan and Bush!!!