This presentation talks more about introduction to human psychology

1. Phycology for mass communication
introduction
1)phycology is amulty disciplinary field that covers many areas for example human
development ,social behavior , Mentalbor coognitive processes sports ,clinical
phycology education etc
2)pychology is the study of the mind and behaviour in relation to aparticular field of
kolnowledge or activity
3)phycology is the scientific study of the human minds and its functions esspecially
those affecting behavior in aspecific
Categories of phycology
1)clinical phycology
2)coognitive phycology
3)developmental phycology
4)evolutionary phycology
5) forensic phycology
6)health phycology
7)occupational phycology
Schools of phycological thoughts
1)structuralism. This is widely regarded as the first school of thought of phycology this
school of thought focuses on breaking down mental procecess in to the most common
processes
2)Functionalism . This school of thought explores what makes something a thought
desire pain or any other type of mental state depending on its function and the role it
plays in the mental system of a human being
3)Gestalt phycology.it emphasises that the whole of anything is greater than its half .
this means that the human mind is looked as a whole rather than parts according to
Gastals phycology we should not simply focus on one component of the human mind
and behavior but rather look at it as a whole

2. COMMUNITY PHYCOLOGY
1)trying to understand the mental health of acommunity
2)community is a science of trying to understand the mental strength abehaviour of
people of asociety
3)studies the individuals contexts wethin the community and wider society especiallyin
undertanding the relationships individuals form in the community
Roles of community phycology
1)community phycology seeks to understand the quality of life of individuals of
asocuety the aim is to unhance quality of life through research and action
2)community phycology focuses on interprating social cultural economic political
status of the society
3) Community phycology utilises verious perspectives of phycology to adrwss issues in
the community especially issues affecting peoples attitudes and behaviours
4)communitu phycology evaluates the way of life and mental well being of a
community and facilitates ways through wich people arw empowered in order to be
innovative and productive members of the community
5) community phycology seeks to understand the relationship between envuronmental
condistions and development of health /weel being of members of the community
objectives of community phycology
*Develop an understanding of values goals and interventions that promote the wee
being of the community
* Achieve an understanding of effects of sociatal cultural anf environmental influences
of phycologies from the communities well being
*it exermines multiple levels of the context wethin which pple grow and devrlop at a
ceryain time
*community phycology seeks to respond to the needs of people with diverce socio
cultural educational ethnic backgrounds depending on their abilities goals and
experience
* cmunity phycology applies theoritical contexts and research stategies to problems

3. affecting the community
*develop skills un collaborating with mambers of the society and other experts through
research
*promote knowledge of the community phycology proffesion in order to develop experts
who will help the society
Functions of a community phycologist
*work as an educator advisor and reseacher in order to promote mebtal health and
community wee being
*promote wellness of the society through verious programes and activities
*enguage in action ariented research inorder to develop programes that promote the
well being and growth of the community
*build coolaborative relationships with community members to solve social problems
*work with the members of a community to build capacity and empower them at n
*to analyse govt policies in order to understand how best to impliment them yo
promote the welfare of the community
*fight oppresion and reduce social inequalities and work with marginalised people in
the society in order to improve their welfare .
SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS APPROACHES AND PURPECTIVES OF PHYCOLOGY
approaches an approach is a purspective that involves certain assumptions and beliefs
of human behaviour that means aproaches try to understand how people function
behave amd estublish beliefs in their day to day life
Purspectives ;a purspective is a vantage point for analysing behaviour and its
biological phycological couses
Purspectives serve as lenses through which the world of behaviour is viewed and
reflects or shape human nature
Parspectives also determine which aspects of human behaviour we consider
impotlrtant to study
1)behaviourist approach;this approach or purspective was founded by John watson
who stated that behaviourism charactarises ones behaviour primarily as a result of
learning he argues that biological genetic and evolutionary factors simply provide

4. (raw materials) Which are shaked by learning experiences that we see in an individuals
actions
behavioral phycologists seeks to understand human behavior by looking at an
individuals history especially the paterns of reward and punishment he person has
experienced
This purspective state that all behavuour is learned as well as behaviour is influenced
based on our interation with the environment
this aproach emphasizes that learning in influenced by experiences in life as well as
environmental stimuly at any given time therefore new behaviour is learnt through the
process of rewarding punishments and reinforcements
Behaviour is develiped through diffrent consiquences i.E positive and negative
consiquences there are two main processes through wich people are from the
environment
Classical condistioning; this involves learning by association
2operant condistioning .This imvolves leaning from the consiquences of a behaviour
this condistioning states that it is a process through which an organism learns to
respond to the environment in a manner that produces possitive consiquences while
avoiding negative words
Behaviourism rejects the idea that people have free will but believes that the
environment determines all behaviours this condistioning states that an organism or
individual learns aresponse by oparating on the environment this means that
consiquences of a behaviour influences tha actions you take for example positive
outcomes encourages one to continue with the behaviour while negative outcomes
discourages one from enguaging in the same behaviour
2 )PHYCODYNAMIC PURSPECTIVE
this purspective is also called coognitive phycodynamic approach and was developed
by sigmans sigman freud who belieed that most of our impulses are driven by sex also
he stated that our unconceous drives and experiences from early childhood arebthe
root of our behaviours this approach also stayes that early experiences in life influence
strongly our behaviour later in life
Sigman freud believed that achilds development occurs through phyco sexual stages
where by each stage focuses on aparticular part of the body the basis of this approach is
that our behaviour is determined by our unconseous mind this approach focuses on
explaining internal behaviour in order to understand our memories sensory perception
to see if they are related to physiological processes in the brain it also creats the

5. assumption that behaviour can be explained by understanding how the mind works
this approach focuses on how we take in process and store information
This approach atates that humans process information based on motives emotion and
behaviour phycologists believe that ones behaviour is determined by emotions and
expectations therefore once we understand how someones mind works then we are able
to understand a
Freud says that the human mind is devided into conseous and unconceous
The unconceous mind . It is futher devided into three parts
1)Id. This isbthe part of the mind that contains sexual and aggresive drive as well ad
hidden memory th Id contaond all our urges and impulses the id is not logical it is
irrational sturbon and oparates on pressure seeking principle i e the id seeks anytging
thatbis pleasurable and doesnt care about consequences therefore when tge id achieves
its demands we experience pleasure but when it is denied pleasure we experience
anxiety tebsion hunger etc
In most cases the id and the super ego are constantly in conflict with each other
becouse tge super ego always wants you to the right or mi the id oparates on the
pleasure principle and doesnt care about consequences of enguaging in activities that
give us pleasure this is becouse the id seeks instant gratification of needs demands and
urges
2The ego.this is the part of the unconceous mind that develops during ones interaction
in life with the environment the ego potrays what a person is aware of when they think
about themselves and usually this is projected towards others the ego is described as an
erational part of someones personality and demands immidiate sertisfuction the ego
oparates on the reality principle as it oparates on basic instincts the ego seeks pleasure
avoids pain but seeks to give a realistic picture of what is happening in ones
environment
The ego has no convept of right or wrong and it couses one to behave in amanner that
brings sertisfaction regardless of the conviquences however thebego is also used to keep
of unpleasant feelings for example anxiety fear unger etc and make someone feel good
about themselves in some cases depending on the situation the ego is realistic and
works towards solving aproblem deoending on the situation one finds himself or
herself
The ego enables people to controll their impulses and demonstrate self control tge ego
oparates on a reality principle which influences one to weigh the coast or benefits
before taking a certain action the ego also tries to resolve a competition between the it
(which seeks pleasure)and the super ego (which seeks perfectionism)

6. Super ego super ego oparates on the principle of morality and perfectionism
The super ego acts as a mediator between the its and the ego especially when making
desicions about an issue this is becouse the super ego creates punishment for wrong
actions that are done by the it for example guilt,anxiety,embarassment , shame
,remourse etc
Tge seper ego influences us to seek perfection in verious aspects of aur life as much as
possible
The suoer ego incooparates values and morals of society which are learnt by an
individual from parents siblings and other members of tge community tge super ego
demands perfection on moral principles and is influenced by role models
The super ego enables us to behave in a morally acceptable manner according to tge
norms of tge societY
The super ego rewards us when we behave'properly' eg by making ys feel happy proud
sertisfied etc
humanistic aproach
This is the study ofvthe whole person also known as holismaccording to humanistic
phycologist tgey believe that people are essentiaaly good and are motivated to realise
their full potential
Humalistic phycologyst look at human behaviour not only through the eyes of the
obsever but also through the person enguaging in a behaviour
Humanistic phycologist believe that onece behaviour is connected to ones inner
feelings and self image ie how you see yourself /self esteem influences how you behave
towards others this approach says that behaviourband mental processes can be fully
understood by understanding the oerseption and feelings of an individual
Humanistic approach states that each person is unique and has the free will to change
at anytime of their lives
This purspective sugests that we are each responsible for our own happiness
This purspective or approach state s that everyone has an inborn capacity fo self
actualisation which is the desire to achieve our highest potential
This approach streses tge importence of our motives freedom and choices we make this
is becouse in every human being there is an active force towards growth and self
actualisation
According to this approach people have the freedom to make dessicions and that our

7. behaviour is not driven by biological processes the environment or instincts rather
people have a free will to make choices
biological phycology approach
This approach states that our behaviour is influenced by our nervous system ie the
brain ,hormones and other chemicals in our genetic system
This approach assumes that behaviour and mental processes are shaped by biological
processes
It believes that most of our behaviour is inherited and adapted to the environment
Biological phycologyst look at our nervous system hormones and genetic makeup
which affect how we behave
Evolutionary approach
This approach states that our behavioir and mental processes are based on adaptation
from the environment for survival
This approach is based on arguments based on origin of the species by charles darwin
this approach states that the deffrent forms of life we see today including human
beings is as a result of evolution that has occured accross many geberations
This approach states that evolution occurs through natural selection which promotes
survival of the fitest
According to charles darwin diffrent species evolve over time in response to the
environmental changes through a process called natural selection this means that
charestiristics that are inherited increases the likelywood of survival and reproduction
of verious species
This approach explains behaviour in that people tend to behave according to their
environment as well as xtics they have inherited that influences how they fit in an
environment
Deffence mechanism
defence mechanisms are phycological strategies that are unconceously used to protect
aperson from anxiety arising from thoughts /feelings that are unwanted
Defence machanisms are reflexes used by the ego to prevent threatening thoughts urges
or feelings from entering the conceous level of the mind
The following are some defence machanisms that people use to help them cope with
situations experiences or events that couse anxiety fear sadness joy exitement etc

8. 1)Denial . This is where by one tries to cope with unwanted emotions or thoughts by
outrightly dennying their existance at a given time Denial also involves blocking
external events or situations from awareness especially if the situation is too much to
handle
2) Interlectualisation . This is whereby threatening thoughts or emotions are controlled
by thinking about them in alogicall manner this is becouse you do not want to accept
the reality that the said emotions or thoughts exist
3) Projection. This is whereby one unconceously attribute your acceptable thoughts or
emotions to another person
4) Rationalisation. This is whereby ones attempt to make action or mistake seem
reasonable this can be done by creating justifications explanations and excuses to
explain athreatening thought or emotion insteslad of facing the reality
5) Reaction fomation . This is whereby one conceously changes unacceptable feelings
into the opposite
6) Repression . This is whereby anxiety provoking thoughts emotions and memmories
are prevented from entering our conceous mind by repressing them
7) Sublimation . This is whereby threatening thoughts and emotions are directed into
more socially acceptable activities
8) Undoing . This is whereby your actions try to undo a threatening emotion or thought
9) Compensation . This is whereby you try to make up for unconceous peers through
verious activities
10)Introjection . This is also called identification this involves taking into your own
personality xtics of someone else by doing so you are able to cope with a threatening
emotion or thought