Approaches and research methods
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The document discusses various aspects of designing and conducting psychological experiments, including strengths and weaknesses of different types of experiments, how to operationalize hypotheses, ethical considerations in procedures, and sampling methods. It provides guidance on writing studies for a psychology exam by comparing experimental, observational, and correlational designs as well as outlining key elements like independent and dependent variables, controls, sampling techniques, and ensuring ethical treatment of participants.
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Observational Studies
This document introduces observational studies and provides examples. It defines observation as watching, inspecting, and taking note of behaviors and environments. There are two main types of observational studies: qualitative or unstructured observations which do not require hypotheses and rely on observer skills, and quantitative or structured observations which require hypotheses and trained observers to count predetermined behaviors. Examples of observational situations discussed include observing people in supermarkets and at fairs. Tips for unobtrusive observation are also provided.
Observational Research (version 1)
Observational research involves directly observing and recording behaviors and perspectives of participants in their natural environment. It is commonly used alongside other qualitative methods like interviews and focus groups. Pros of observational research include its flexibility, ability to directly measure behaviors, and provide an insider perspective, while cons include it being time-consuming, difficult to record everything, and potentially invasive or intrusive. Key aspects of observational research include developing relationships with participants, refining the study design based on initial observations, selecting additional participants, following up with participants, and considering ethical issues around disclosure and consent.
Research approaches and designs
The document discusses research design. It defines research design as a plan for collecting and analyzing data to answer research questions or test hypotheses. A good research design specifies the methods and procedures for collection and analysis of needed information. Key components of research design include the population, sample, data collection tools and methods, timing of data collection, and approach (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods). The selection of a research design depends on factors like the research problem, available resources, and ethics. Research designs can be experimental, quasi-experimental, or non-experimental. Experimental designs best establish causal relationships but have limited applicability, while non-experimental designs are more practical and feasible for nursing research.
Observational research
1. Observational research involves directly observing phenomena in their natural setting without manipulation, as opposed to experimental research which controls variables in a quasi-artificial environment.
2. There are two main types of observation: naturalistic observation which has no researcher intervention, and participant observation where the researcher intervenes by joining the group.
3. Observational research provides insights into real behaviors but has limitations such as potential for researcher bias and issues interpreting motives from observable actions alone.
Observation Method of Research by Niranjan Mohapatra, MLIS, IGNOU- 142389253
This document discusses the observation method for collecting primary research data. It defines observation as watching phenomena systematically for research purposes. The objectives are to understand how to plan, conduct, record, and analyze observations. Observation involves using the senses to gather accurate data in natural settings without manipulation. It can be used to study user behavior and needs in libraries to help improve services. While time-consuming, observation provides realistic insights when combined with other data collection methods.
Observation methods of data collection in behavioral science
This document outlines the observation method of research. It defines observation as the systematic description of events, behaviors, and artifacts using the 5 senses. The goals of observation are described as descriptive, analytic, predictive, or creative. Different types of observation like participant, structured, and unstructured are discussed. Key steps in observation include obtaining ethics approval, recording field notes, analyzing data, and writing conclusions. Challenges like bias are addressed, as are guidelines and limitations of the observation method.
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This is a presentation that I have created which goes through the different sections of AS Psychology Unit 1 research methodology.
RESEARCH APPROACH & DESIGN
The document discusses various research designs and their key elements. It defines research design and lists its main components as the research approach, study population and sampling, data collection and analysis methods. The types of research designs covered include quantitative designs like experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs as well as qualitative designs such as phenomenological, ethnographic, grounded theory, case studies and historical research. Specific designs discussed in more detail include descriptive, correlational, developmental, epidemiological and survey designs. Factors influencing research design selection and ensuring validity are also outlined.
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Observational Studies
This document introduces observational studies and provides examples. It defines observation as watching, inspecting, and taking note of behaviors and environments. There are two main types of observational studies: qualitative or unstructured observations which do not require hypotheses and rely on observer skills, and quantitative or structured observations which require hypotheses and trained observers to count predetermined behaviors. Examples of observational situations discussed include observing people in supermarkets and at fairs. Tips for unobtrusive observation are also provided.
Observational Research (version 1)
Observational research involves directly observing and recording behaviors and perspectives of participants in their natural environment. It is commonly used alongside other qualitative methods like interviews and focus groups. Pros of observational research include its flexibility, ability to directly measure behaviors, and provide an insider perspective, while cons include it being time-consuming, difficult to record everything, and potentially invasive or intrusive. Key aspects of observational research include developing relationships with participants, refining the study design based on initial observations, selecting additional participants, following up with participants, and considering ethical issues around disclosure and consent.
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The document discusses research design. It defines research design as a plan for collecting and analyzing data to answer research questions or test hypotheses. A good research design specifies the methods and procedures for collection and analysis of needed information. Key components of research design include the population, sample, data collection tools and methods, timing of data collection, and approach (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods). The selection of a research design depends on factors like the research problem, available resources, and ethics. Research designs can be experimental, quasi-experimental, or non-experimental. Experimental designs best establish causal relationships but have limited applicability, while non-experimental designs are more practical and feasible for nursing research.
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1. Observational research involves directly observing phenomena in their natural setting without manipulation, as opposed to experimental research which controls variables in a quasi-artificial environment.
2. There are two main types of observation: naturalistic observation which has no researcher intervention, and participant observation where the researcher intervenes by joining the group.
3. Observational research provides insights into real behaviors but has limitations such as potential for researcher bias and issues interpreting motives from observable actions alone.
Observation Method of Research by Niranjan Mohapatra, MLIS, IGNOU- 142389253
This document discusses the observation method for collecting primary research data. It defines observation as watching phenomena systematically for research purposes. The objectives are to understand how to plan, conduct, record, and analyze observations. Observation involves using the senses to gather accurate data in natural settings without manipulation. It can be used to study user behavior and needs in libraries to help improve services. While time-consuming, observation provides realistic insights when combined with other data collection methods.
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The document discusses various research designs and their key elements. It defines research design and lists its main components as the research approach, study population and sampling, data collection and analysis methods. The types of research designs covered include quantitative designs like experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs as well as qualitative designs such as phenomenological, ethnographic, grounded theory, case studies and historical research. Specific designs discussed in more detail include descriptive, correlational, developmental, epidemiological and survey designs. Factors influencing research design selection and ensuring validity are also outlined.
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aiou code 837
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Principles of research design
This document discusses principles of research design. It emphasizes the importance of explicitly stating the research question and designing a study to directly answer that question. Good research design incorporates characteristics like unbiased treatment effects, accurate measurements, wide applicability, and simplicity. The document then discusses different options for designing treatments, such as unstructured, factorial, nested, and gradient designs. It also covers principles for designing the layout of a study, including randomization, replication, and stratification to reduce bias and improve estimation of effects. The goal is to apply these principles to collect meaningful data that can be appropriately analyzed to answer the stated research question.
Materials and methods
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Module 6 introduction_to_research_design_df_final2
This document describes various research designs and methods. It discusses descriptive research which aims to describe characteristics of a population without explaining relationships between variables. Descriptive methods include surveys, case studies, and observational studies. Experimental research aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables and using control groups. True experiments use random assignment while quasi-experiments do not. The document also discusses cohort and case-control studies as well as qualitative research methods like interviews. It provides examples of different research designs and their strengths and limitations.
sources of research problem
Research is defined as a systematic inquiry into a problem using scientific methods. A research problem is a clear statement about an area needing investigation or improvement. Research problems come from various sources, including social issues, previous studies, and personal interests. When formulating a research problem, researchers specify objectives, review the context, explore the nature of the problem, define variable relationships, and consider alternative courses of action. Characteristics of a good research problem include being clear, specific, limited in scope, researchable, and free of ethical constraints.
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Research methodology
Research methodology is the systematic process of investigating a subject or problem to discover relevant information. It involves establishing a conceptual understanding or assessing facets of a problem through objective and systematic investigation. There are two main types of research: fundamental research which seeks to expand knowledge, and applied research which uses existing knowledge to solve problems. Research requires defining objectives, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. It provides information to make evidence-based decisions.
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Observational method
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Research methodology
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and key terms. It outlines the topics that will be covered, including research problem selection, design, sampling, data collection and analysis, and report writing. The background section discusses how research combines experience, reasoning and empirical investigation. The benefits of understanding research methodology are also summarized.
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The document provides an overview of different types of research designs including experimental, quasi-experimental, ex-post facto, correlational, and their key features. Experimental designs aim to test hypotheses and establish causation through random assignment and manipulation of independent variables. Quasi-experimental designs are similar but do not use random assignment. Ex-post facto designs examine causes of effects that have already occurred. Correlational designs measure relationships between non-manipulated variables. Different designs have advantages for different research questions depending on feasibility and need for control.
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The document defines observation as the systematic recording of behaviors, objects, and events to learn about a phenomenon. It classifies observation as structured vs unstructured, disguised vs undisguised, and natural vs contrived. Various observation methods are described such as personal observation, mechanical observation, audits, content analysis, and trace analysis. Each method is evaluated based on factors like degree of structure, ability to observe naturally, and analysis bias. Advantages of observation include measuring actual behavior while disadvantages include inability to obtain reasons for behavior and potential biases.
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Approaches of social research
This document discusses different approaches to social research, including qualitative approaches like participant observation, unstructured interviewing, and case studies. It also discusses quantitative approaches that emphasize quantification and testing theories. Additionally, it covers idiographic approaches that seek to understand single instances and nomothetic approaches that examine comparability among individuals. The document contrasts deductive reasoning, which moves from general to specific, and inductive reasoning, which moves from specific to general.
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This document outlines different types of research design including correlational, experimental, qualitative, and meta-analysis. It discusses how to choose a research design based on adequately testing hypotheses, controlling extraneous variables, generalizability, and using resources efficiently. Issues in research design addressed include the research context, nature and size of samples, and data sources such as self-report measures and alternatives.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in experimental research methods in psychology. It discusses how to construct a research hypothesis and identify independent and dependent variables. It also covers identifying extraneous and confounding variables, different experimental designs, sampling procedures, data collection techniques, statistical analysis including measures of central tendency and interpreting p-values. Finally, it discusses important ethical principles in conducting research such as protecting participant rights, informed consent, and the role of ethics committees in research oversight.
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This document defines observation and discusses its purposes and types in research. Observation involves perceiving data through the senses and can be used to gather empirical data, supplement information, and describe variables that cannot be described without direct observation. There are two types of observation: participant observation where the observer is involved and nonparticipant where they are an outside observer. Observation can also be structured to focus on particular aspects or unstructured with no predefined items. It has advantages like providing first-hand data and allowing subjects to be studied in natural settings, but disadvantages include lack of control over external factors and difficulty quantifying unstructured data. Characteristics of good observational research include being specific, systematic, quantitative, immediately recorded, and done by an expert whose results
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This document outlines the steps of the scientific method, which include making observations, formulating a question, developing a hypothesis, experimentation, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. It discusses key aspects of each step, such as developing testable hypotheses, controlling variables in experiments, collecting and organizing quantitative and qualitative data, and communicating findings. The overall purpose is to explain the scientific method and its importance as the only accepted way to validate theories through research.
Principles of research design
This document discusses principles of research design. It emphasizes the importance of explicitly stating the research question and designing a study to directly answer that question. Good research design incorporates characteristics like unbiased treatment effects, accurate measurements, wide applicability, and simplicity. The document then discusses different options for designing treatments, such as unstructured, factorial, nested, and gradient designs. It also covers principles for designing the layout of a study, including randomization, replication, and stratification to reduce bias and improve estimation of effects. The goal is to apply these principles to collect meaningful data that can be appropriately analyzed to answer the stated research question.
Materials and methods
This document describes various research designs and methods. It discusses descriptive research which aims to describe characteristics of a population without explaining relationships between variables. Descriptive methods include surveys, case studies, and observational studies. Experimental research aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables and using control groups. True experiments use random assignment while quasi-experiments do not. The document also discusses cohort and case-control studies as well as qualitative research methods like interviews. It provides examples of different research designs and their strengths and limitations.
Module 6 introduction_to_research_design_df_final2
This document describes various research designs and methods. It discusses descriptive research which aims to describe characteristics of a population without explaining relationships between variables. Descriptive methods include surveys, case studies, and observational studies. Experimental research aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables and using control groups. True experiments use random assignment while quasi-experiments do not. The document also discusses cohort and case-control studies as well as qualitative research methods like interviews. It provides examples of different research designs and their strengths and limitations.
sources of research problem
Research is defined as a systematic inquiry into a problem using scientific methods. A research problem is a clear statement about an area needing investigation or improvement. Research problems come from various sources, including social issues, previous studies, and personal interests. When formulating a research problem, researchers specify objectives, review the context, explore the nature of the problem, define variable relationships, and consider alternative courses of action. Characteristics of a good research problem include being clear, specific, limited in scope, researchable, and free of ethical constraints.
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Observational study
Observational techniques involve systematically observing and recording behaviors, events, or other phenomena without directly interacting with the subjects. This document discusses different types of observational techniques used in research studies, including naturalistic observation, controlled observation, standardized testing, clinical observation, surveys, interviews, microanalysis, and rating scales. It notes that observational techniques are useful in studying children because they can gather data without disturbing the subjects, but they also have limitations such as being time-consuming and not providing insight into attitudes.
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The document discusses different research approaches including postpositivism, constructivism, transformative, and pragmatism worldviews. It provides an overview of the key components, principles, and comparisons of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches. Quantitative approaches are tested through experiments and seek to generalize findings while qualitative approaches aim to understand meanings in context through discovery and exploration. Mixed methods combine deductive and inductive logic to get a multifaceted understanding of research problems. The criteria for selecting an approach depends on the problem, purpose, resources, and intended audience of the study.
Research methodology
Research methodology is the systematic process of investigating a subject or problem to discover relevant information. It involves establishing a conceptual understanding or assessing facets of a problem through objective and systematic investigation. There are two main types of research: fundamental research which seeks to expand knowledge, and applied research which uses existing knowledge to solve problems. Research requires defining objectives, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. It provides information to make evidence-based decisions.
Quantitative And Qualitative Research
Quantitative and qualitative research methods differ in important ways. Quantitative research uses statistical analysis of numeric data from standardized instruments, while qualitative research relies on descriptive analysis of text or image data collected from a small number of individuals. The two approaches also differ in how the research problem is identified, how literature is reviewed, how data is collected and analyzed, and how findings are reported. Common quantitative designs include experimental, correlational, and survey designs, while qualitative designs include grounded theory, ethnographic, narrative, and action research designs. The best approach depends on matching the research questions and goals.
Research Methods: Basic Concepts and Methods
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Research Paradigms:Ontology's, Epistemologies & Methods
Research Paradigms:Ontology's, Epistemologies & MethodseLearn Center (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya)
This document discusses four main research paradigms: positivism, interpretivism/constructivism, critical, and pragmatic. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each paradigm, including their ontology (nature of reality), epistemology (nature of knowledge), typical research questions, and common methodologies. The document uses examples from educational technology research to illustrate different studies that fall within each paradigm. Overall, it analyzes the tradeoffs of different paradigms and argues that the choice depends on personal views, the research question, available resources, and supervisory support, with no single best approach.Qualitative and quantitative methods of research
The document compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research aims to understand social interactions through smaller, non-randomly selected samples, while quantitative research seeks to test hypotheses and make predictions using larger, randomly selected samples and specific variables. It also outlines the different types of data collected, forms of analysis, roles of researchers, and final reporting structures between the two methods.
Types of Research
The document discusses various types of research including applied research, basic research, correlational research, descriptive research, ethnographic research, experimental research, and exploratory research. Applied research seeks practical solutions to problems, while basic research expands knowledge without a direct application. Correlational research examines relationships between variables without determining cause and effect. Descriptive research provides accurate portrayals of characteristics, and ethnographic research involves in-depth study of cultures. Experimental research establishes cause-and-effect through controlled manipulation of variables.
Case study method of research
Yet another learning resource on research methodology from Jayadeva de Silva (Humantalents International)
Research methodology
The document provides information about a research methodology workshop including defining research, the different types of research, and the steps involved in designing and conducting research. It discusses selecting a research topic based on criteria like relevance, feasibility, and ethics. It also covers literature searching strategies, sources for medical information online, and tips for effective internet usage for research purposes.
Approaches to nursing research
Research is systematically searching for new facts and relationships. There are three main types of research: historical, survey, and experimental. Historical research compiles and interprets past data from sources like written records. Survey research collects present data from a sample to describe, explain, or explore phenomena. Experimental research tests causal relationships using experiments with control groups.
Introduction to quantitative and qualitative research
This presentation, delivered in an Open University CALRG Building Knowledge session, gives a preliminary introduction to both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. There has been widespread debate when considering the relative merits of quantitative and qualitative strategies for research. Positions taken by individual researchers vary considerably, from those who see the two strategies as entirely separate, polar opposites that are based upon alternative views of the world, to those who are happy to mix these strategies within their research projects. We consider the different strengths, weaknesses and suitability of different approaches and draw upon some examples to highlight their use within educational technology.
Research design
Research design is a plan or blueprint that outlines how research will be conducted to answer the research question. It specifies the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing needed information. A good research design is appropriate, efficient, economical, and flexible. It minimizes bias and experimental error while maximizing reliability and the information obtained. Research design can be exploratory, descriptive, or causal. Exploratory research aims to gain background information through methods like secondary data analysis or focus groups. Descriptive research describes situations through structured data collection and analysis. Causal research studies hypotheses about relationships between variables through experiments that reduce bias and rule out alternative explanations.
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
This document discusses key differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It provides definitions of common terms used in each approach and describes how qualitative studies are typically conducted. Qualitative research involves talking to or observing people with firsthand experience, analyzing data ongoing to guide further sampling and questions, and developing themes and theories from narrative findings. Qualitative reports often include verbatim excerpts from participants to support interpretations.
Research methods
The document discusses four key research methods in psychology: experimental, descriptive, correlational, and biological research. Experimental research manipulates variables to determine cause and effect through controlled experiments. Descriptive research observes and records behavior without explaining causes. Correlational research observes relationships between two or more variables without manipulation. Biological research scientifically studies the brain and nervous system.
Research Methodology
This document discusses research methodology and provides an overview of key concepts in business research. It begins by defining business research and describing commonly researched areas. It then discusses the types of business research as applied or basic. Managers are said to benefit from research knowledge by identifying and solving problems, making informed decisions, and hiring consultants effectively. The document outlines the scientific research process and hallmarks as purposive, rigorous, testable, replicable, precise, objective, and generalizable. Variables, scales of measurement, and developing a theoretical framework and hypotheses are also discussed.
Chapter research design
This document discusses different types of research designs used in marketing research. It describes exploratory research as research conducted when little is known about a problem to gain insights and hypotheses. Descriptive research aims to describe important variables like who, what, where, and how. The goal is to determine frequencies and relationships between variables. Longitudinal research involves repeated measurements of a panel over time, while cross-sectional research measures a sample only once to generate summary statistics. Exploratory and descriptive designs use methods like secondary data analysis, interviews, and focus groups to collect data.
Historical method in Research
Historical methods of research involve systematically examining accounts of past events through primary and secondary sources to develop an interpretation. There are several key steps, including identifying a topic, conducting background research, analyzing sources through external and internal criticism, and developing a narrative. While it cannot control variables like other methods, historical research helps understand contemporary issues, illuminate cultural interactions, and reevaluate existing theories about the past.
1.introduction to research methodology
Contains Research methodology might be useful to medical and paramedical UG and PG students pursuing Research
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
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Approaches and research methods
- 1. Approaches and Research Methods •How to write the perfect study for the 2nd paper A2 Psychology for OCR exam board (can also be used in conjunction with the AS spec.)
- 2. Strengths & Weaknesses of Experiment Types STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES more control of the Lacks ecological experiment validity – not in More ethical as it is natural setting easy to get consent High demand characteristics as they can see what is expected of them
- 3. Strengths & Weaknesses of Experiment Types STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Higher ecological Can be unethical: validity difficult to get Lower demand consent e.g. characteristics Piliavin Experimenter has Piliavin less control
- 4. Strengths & Weaknesses of Experiment Types STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Higher ecological Difficult to repeat validity as there is as the IV is no tempering with naturally occurring the IV
- 5. Design of the Experiment STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Less demand More difficult to characteristics as compare as there they will not learn could be several conditions reasons such as gender etc.
- 6. Design of the Experiment STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES More accurate and Demand easy to compare characteristics: the results participants may Costs less than become familiar getting twice as with what is many participants expected
- 7. Design of the Experiment STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Less demand Using different characteristics as participants in the study won’t be same condition not learnt over time as accurate as originally thought to be
- 8. Appropriate Hypothesis Alternate hypothesis ◦ Testable statement that proposes the expected outcome of the study ◦ Suggests significant difference between results of the two conditions Null hypothesis ◦ Findings not consequences of predicted effect but due to chance Two-tailed hypothesis ◦ Predict that the outcome could fall in one of two directions One-tailed hypothesis ◦ Predict that the outcome will fall in one direction
- 9. Operationalising a Hypothesis Hypothesis should contain a clear statement of the IV and the DV as well as the word ‘significant’ and an indication as to whether it is one- tailed, two-tailed or null. People in a village will post a significantly greater number of apparently mislaid letters than people in a city [example]
- 10. The Procedure IV – if looking for differences between 2 people, you need 2 groups of participants. This is the variable that CHANGES DV – this has an effect on the materials used to measure this variable. This is the variable that is MEASURED Controls – ensure extraneous variables are controlled as far as possible (particularly for simple things such as age, gender etc.) Ethical guidelines – ensure the study follows for participants: 1. Consent 2. No deception 3. Right to withdraw 4. No psychological harm 5. Confidentiality 6. Debreifing A step by step procedure of what participants will be doing is ideal
- 11. The Procedure continued... Ethical guidelines – ensure the study follows for participants: 1. Consent 2. No deception 3. Right to withdraw 4. No psychological harm 5. Confidentiality 6. Debriefing A step by step procedure of what participants will be doing is ideal
- 12. Decide on a Sample STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Varied selection of Can be participants ethnocentric (biased towards experimenters cultural influence) Available Participants
- 13. Decide on a Sample STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Completely fair No theory behind Mixture of how sample is participants chosen An equal chance of being chosen
- 14. Decide on a Sample STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Ethically sound Not always a ◦ Informed consent varied sample received ◦ Participants may have time ◦ Participants may be more motivated Volunteers