1. The document discusses various theories and research designs used in nursing research. It describes quantitative and qualitative research designs and their purposes.
2. Specific quantitative designs discussed include experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. Qualitative designs explored include ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory.
3. Theories commonly applied in nursing research are also summarized, including Nightingale's Environmental Theory, Henderson's Definition of Nursing, and Pender's Health Promotion Model. These theories guide different types of nursing research.
gud evening guys
this is descrive you that this ppt is making very simple way and i hope this will help you to understand lightky about nursing theories
gud evening guys
this is descrive you that this ppt is making very simple way and i hope this will help you to understand lightky about nursing theories
The state of having addressed basic needs for ease, relief, and transcendence met in 4 contexts of experience (physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, and environmental)
Comfort involves identifying the comprehensive needs of patients, families, and nurses and addressing those needs.
Ergonomics- comfort at the workplace, promotes optimum function or productivity (Kolcaba &Kolcaba, 1991)
NANDA- comfort in terms of pain management
Confortare Latin- to strengthen gently
The history of the Nursing Theory of Interpersonal Relations by Hildegard Peplau was first introduced in 1952. She used theory from multiple psychology basics most notably Sullivanian threory. She used and studied Process Recordings of nurse interactions with patients. This theory was the first to be introduced since Nightingale 100 years before.
Peplau's theory explains the phases of interpersonal process, roles in nursing situations and methods for studying nursing as an interpersonal process. Nursing is therapeutic in that it is a healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of health care.
Today’s presentation focuses on Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring. During this presentation we will analyze the theoretical framework, review the critical components of the Theory of Caring, and discuss how the theory is utilized in nursing practice. This presentation will also detail application of Watson’s Theory of Caring into the peri-operative environment by instituting a “sacred space” and explain the process of implementing the sacred space. Enjoy!
The state of having addressed basic needs for ease, relief, and transcendence met in 4 contexts of experience (physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, and environmental)
Comfort involves identifying the comprehensive needs of patients, families, and nurses and addressing those needs.
Ergonomics- comfort at the workplace, promotes optimum function or productivity (Kolcaba &Kolcaba, 1991)
NANDA- comfort in terms of pain management
Confortare Latin- to strengthen gently
The history of the Nursing Theory of Interpersonal Relations by Hildegard Peplau was first introduced in 1952. She used theory from multiple psychology basics most notably Sullivanian threory. She used and studied Process Recordings of nurse interactions with patients. This theory was the first to be introduced since Nightingale 100 years before.
Peplau's theory explains the phases of interpersonal process, roles in nursing situations and methods for studying nursing as an interpersonal process. Nursing is therapeutic in that it is a healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of health care.
Today’s presentation focuses on Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring. During this presentation we will analyze the theoretical framework, review the critical components of the Theory of Caring, and discuss how the theory is utilized in nursing practice. This presentation will also detail application of Watson’s Theory of Caring into the peri-operative environment by instituting a “sacred space” and explain the process of implementing the sacred space. Enjoy!
Qualitative research is a systematic, interactive, subjective, approach used to describe life experience and give them meaning where as quantitative research is a formal, objective systematic process to describe, test relationships and examine cause and effect interaction among variables.
Overview of Evidence-basedPractice and the Research Pro.docxLacieKlineeb
Overview of Evidence-based
Practice and the Research Process
What is EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE?
A systematic review of critical appraisal and synthesis of the most relevant research.
Clinical Expertise
Patient Preferences and Values
Initiatives to Advance EBP
To Err is Human: Institute of Medicine (IOM): Building a Safer Health System
Initiatives driving the movement
IOM’s goal: By 2020, 90% health care will be evidence-based
US Preventive Services Task Force (sponsored by AHRQ): analyzing evidence and publishing guidelines (Guide to Preventive Clinical Services)
Magnet Recognition Program (ANA): mandate nursing research and use of EBP
Goal of EBP
OPTIMUM PATIENT OUTCOMES
Once you begin to look for
evidence-based projects,
you’ll start to see them everywhere!
SOURCES OF EVIDENCE
Research Findings
Agency quality monitoring data
Data from national databases
Expert opinions
Scientific principles
Research prOCESS
Conducting Research:
Steps of the Research Process
1. Identify issue or question
2. Formulate research question
3. Review the literature
If further research is needed:
4. Determine theoretical framework
5. Design the study
6. Select the sample
7. Collect data
8. Analyze data
9. Interpret results
If indicated, change practice!
Step ONE: Identify issue
Step Two: formulate Research Question
Conducting Research: Formulating the research question
Research Questions (quantitative):
Identify the target population
State an intervention or treatment (independent variable)
List the variables to be measured/outcomes (dependent variables)
Sample Research Question
Do pediatric patients who are given a
reward when they cooperate during
nursing procedures tend to be more
cooperative during those procedures
than unrewarded peers?
12
Sample Research Question
What are the relationships among spiritual well-being, sleep quality, and health status in HIV-infected men and women?
13
Conducting Research: Formulating the research question
Research Question:
What are the effects of weekly quizzes on the grades of nursing students?
What is the target audience?
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
Conducting Research: Formulating the research question
Research Question:
Do nursing students who participate in study groups earn higher grades on final exams?
What is the target audience?
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
Conducting Research: Formulating the research question
Research Question:
Is there a difference in patient satisfaction scores between patients who have had nursing students care for them and patients who have not had nursing students assigned to them?
What is the target audience?
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
Avoid “Yes” or “No” Question Formats
.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
2. APPLICATION OF THEORIES IN
NURSING RESEARCH
Introduction:
In any discipline science is result of relationship
between the process of enquiry (research) and the
product of knowledge (theory)
Frame work for research
Theory guides Research process
Research questions
Research design
Analysis & interpretation of data
3. DESIGNS FOR NURSING RESEARCH
A. Quantitative Research Design.
B. Qualitative Research Design
Quantitative Research Design
The study of phenomenon that tend themselves to
precise measurement and quantification often
involving a rigorous and controlled design. The
information collected in numerical form. Statistical
procedures used to assess the magnitude and
reliability or relationship among phenomenon.
In this design theories are tested
4. Qualitative Research Design
The investigation of phenomenon typically in an
in-depth and holistic fashion through the
collection of rich narrative materials using a
flexible research design. Here the data is
collected in narrative (non numerical) form
through an unstructured interview . The
organization & interpretation of data is used to
discover the underlined dimensions & patterns
of relationship.
This design usually generates a theory.
5. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Purposes & Dimension – Prediction
Experimental Quasi Experimental Non Experimental
1.Before& after
design.
2.After only design.
3.Factorial design.
4.Repeated measure
design.
5.Clinical trials
1.Non equivalent control
group before – after
design.
2.Non equivalent control
group after only design.
3.Time series design
1. Ex post facto
research design. -
Retrospective
studies
- Prospective studies.
(Case controlled
studies)
2. Descriptive design
– longitudinal,
cross sectional, co
relational and
comparative
6. SPECIFIC TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Surveys – Prevalence ,
distribution, interrelationship,
description.
2. Evaluation – Process analysis
Outcome analysis
Impact analysis
3. Outcome Research
8. Ethnography – It is branch human enquiry
associated with the field of anthropology. The
design focuses on culture of a group of people.
E.g. The health practices & health seeking
behavior pattern of tribal women of
reproductive age group in a selected
geographical area.
Phenomenology – This design focuses of lived
experiences of human being
Example
The lived experiences of panic disorder in
mother during postpartum period.
9. Grounded theory –This design
focuses on symbolic interpretation or
interactions to address verbal or non
verbal expression
Example
The reproductive & mothering
experience of HIV positive women.
10. Triangulation Method:
The use of multiple methods to collect or interpret
data about a phenomenon.
It could be
• Data triangulation (Time, space, person).
• Methodological triangulation (qualitative,
quantitative).
• Investigator triangulation (Doctors, Nurses,
Investigator).
• Theoretical triangulation (Application of more
than one theory in research)
11. Historical research – It is the study of
interrelationship with people activity behaviour
etc. in the past.
Example: Nursing – A transition from occupation
to profession
Action research – A research method characterized
by the systematic study of the implementation of
planned change to a system.
Example : An outcome study on implementation of
RCA type of latrines in a rural community
Case study method- “Case” is a person with a
condition under study
12. RESEARCH PURPOSES & RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
Type of
theory
&Research
Quantitative research Qualitative Research
Descriptive
Theory
Descriptive
Research
How prevalent is the
phenomenon?
How often does it occur
What the characteristics of
the phenomenon?
What are the dimensions of
the phenomenon?
What variations exists?
What is important about the
phenomenon?
Descriptive
Theory
Exploratory
Research
What factors are related to the
phenomenon?
What are the antecedents of
the phenomenon?
What is the full nature of the
phenomenon?
What is really going on here?
What is the process by which
the phenomenon is
experienced?
13. Explanatory
Theory
Correlation
research
What are the measurable
associations between
phenomenon?
What factor cause the
phenomenon?
Does the theory explain the
phenomenon
How does the
phenomenon work?
Why does the
phenomenon exists?
What is the meaning
of the phenomenon?
How did the
phenomenon occur?
Predictive
Theory
Experimental
research
What will happen if we alter a
phenomenon or introduce an
intervention?
How can we make the
phenomenon happen or alter its
nature or prevalence?
Can the occurrence of the
phenomenon be controlled?
14. In descriptive research data are gathered by
participants/non participant observation, open
ended are structured interview schedule or
questionnaire.
• Data may quantitative or qualitative or both.
• Descriptive theories are used in
• Concept analysis.
• Psychomotor analysis.
• Case studies.
• Survey, evaluation outcome
• Phenomenology.
• Ethnography.
• Grounded theory.
• Historical enquiry
15. In correlation research data is collected through observation
questionnaire & interview schedule.
• It is used both in qualitative & quantitative research.
• Data is analyzed by inferential statistics – correlation &
association.
• Explanatory theories are used in comparative and
correlation research
In experimental research the data is generated or tested
It gives cause & effect between variable .
• It involves manipulation of some phenomenon to determine
the effect on another phenomenon.
• It require quantifiable data
• Inferential statistics is used to measure the difference.
• Predictive theories are used in theory testing (quantitative)
and theory generating (qualitative)
16. EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH:
A study to describe the problem of skin break down in
extremely low birth weight infant (Quantitative)
• A study to describe the psycho social and behavioral
aspects of clients living with urinary incontinence in
a nursing home (Qual)
EXAMPLES OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH:
A study to explore the role that village health nurses
play in implementation of RCH programme to
reduce maternal & infant morbidity & mortality
(Quant.).
• A study to explore women’s midlife experience &
perception of their changing body during
menopausal period (Qual.)
17. EXAMPLES FOR EXPLANATORY STUDIES
A study to explain use of hormones during
menopause based on quantitative indicators of
women’s habits believes and norms and
demographic characteristics (Quant.)
A study to explain the experience of
transitioning technology- dependent from
hospital to home/ community – based care
(Qual.)
EXAMPLE FOR PREDICTION &
CONTROLLED STUDY
To identify risk factor that could predict post
operative pulmonary complications after total
abdominal hysterectomy (Quant.).
Intervention Studies (Quant.)
18. CATEGORIZATION OF THEORIES USED IN
RESEARCH
1. A. Descriptive theories based on human needs
• Florence Nightingale - environmental theory.
• Faye G Abdellah – patients centered approach in
nursing.
• Virginia Henderson – the principles & practices in
nursing.
• Dorothea E Orem – The self care deficit nursing
theory.
• Lydia E. Hall– core care & cure model
B. Descriptive theories based on interactive process.
• Jean Watson – theory of human caring.
• Sister Callista Roy – adaptation model .
• Myra Estrin Levine – the conservation model
• Martha E Rogers – unitary human being
19. 2. Explanatory theories in co relational research.
Hildegard E Peplau – psycho dynamic nursing .
Ida Jean Orlando – nursing process theory
Joyce Travelbeee – human to human relationship
model.
RT mercer – maternal role attainment theory.
E. Barnard – parent child interaction model.
Madeleine Leininger Culture care – Diversity &
universality theory.
Ernestine Wiedenbach - helping art of clinical
nursing theory.
Nola J Pender – the health promotion model.
Joyce J Fitzpatrick – life perspective model
20. 3. Predictive theory & experimental
research.
Dorothy E Johnson - behavioral system
model.
Betty Neuman systems model.
Imogene King - interacting systems
framework & theory of goal attainment.
Bertalanify - general system model
21. THEORIES APPLIED IN DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH (Quant. & Qual.)
1. Nightingale’s Environmental Theory:
A. Person: Person is referred to patient who is being
acted upon by a nurse & affected by the
environment.
B. Environment: All the external conditions & forces
that affects one’s life and development.
C. Health: is described as maintaining well being and
controlling environmental factors to prevent
diseases.
D. Nursing: Facilitates persons reparative process by
ensuring the best possible environment.
22. Example:
The factors influencing the recovery of patients
admitted in post operative surgical unit
External
conditions
& Forces
Client
factors
Nurse &
Nursing
care
Recovery
of clients
23. 2. Virginia Henderson's Definition of Nursing
Major Concepts:
A. Nursing :
• The nurse has a unique function to help sick or well
individual. She maintains good nurse physician
relationship.
The 14 components of nursing care encompass all
possible functions of nursing.
A. Person (Patient):
• The person must maintain physiological and
emotional balance and requires help towards
independence.
A. Health:
Health is basic to human functioning which requires
independence & interdependence.
24. D. Environment:
• Healthy individuals may be able to control their environment but
illness may interfere with that ability.
D. Needs: 14 basic needs identified by Henderson
1. Breath normally.
2. Eat & drink adequately.
3. Eliminate body wastes.
4. Move & maintain desirable positions
5. Sleep & rest.
6. Select suitable clothing.
7. Maintain body temperature.
8. Maintain body cleanliness & grooming.
9. Avoid dangers in the environment.
10. Communicate with others to express emotion, needs, fears, and
opinions.
11. Worship according to one’s faith.
12. Work in a way that provides a sense of accomplishment.
13. Participate in various form of recreation.
14. Learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal
development & health
25. Nurses role diminishes as rehabilitation progresses among amputated patients
Before operation First day First week
Four month Fourth month
One year
Nurse
Surg.
Phys.
SW
Family
Anaesth
Nurse
Phys
Surg.
Fam
Patient
Nurse
Phys
Surg
Physioth
Occuthe
Fam
Patient
Nurse
Social
worker
Physician
Surgeon
Family
members
Patients N
u
r
s
e
N
u
r
s
e
Family members
Patient
Phy
Surg
Family
Patient
26. 3. Hall’s Core, Care and Cure Model
Hall’s model and the four concepts of nursing meta
paradigm
A. Person (patient)
Composed of three parts
- Person (core circle)
- Body (care circle)
- Pathology (cure circle)
B. Environment must be conducive to self development.
Any nursing action taken in relation to the environment should
assist the patient in attaining a personal goal.
C. Health- Illness as a behavior directed by persons feeling of self
awareness
D. Nursing- the goal of nursing care is to help the patient to develop self
awareness
27. CORE, CARE AND CURE MODEL
THE CORE CIRCLE
THE CURE CIRCLETHE CARE CIRCLE
• The person
• Social sciences
• Therapeutic use of self
• The body
• Natural and biological sciences
• Intimate body care
• The disease pathological and
therapeutic sciences
• Seeing the patient and
family through medical care
Example: A descriptive study to assess the nursing functions in reduction of
hospital stay and health care cost among patients admitted in selected hospitals.
28. 4. Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model:
Pender’s Health Promotion Model seeks to increase on individuals level of well
being. The model focuses of individuals cognitive and perceptual factors, modifying
factors and participation in health promoting behavior.
Example: A descriptive study to assess the knowledge and prevalence of bronchial
asthma among floor workers working in oil refineries.
Cognitive Perceptual
Factors
Modifying
Factors
Participation in Health
– Promoting Behaviors
Knowledge on s/s of
BA
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Education
Past History
Provision of safety
measurement
Industrial policies
Emerging measures
On conclusion of
factors
Health Promoting
Behavior
+ve
Use of safety
measurement
Medical checkup
-ve
Absentism
sickness
Episode of BA Episode of BA
29. 5. Laffery & Kulbok’s Community Health Promotion Model
This model focuses on two complimentary paradigms
1. Health paradigm
2. Service paradigm
This the component of the above paradigm is composed of two major dimension
1. The focus of care that include primary, secondary and tertiary care focusing
on promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health services.
2. The client system includes individual family and community at large.
3. The health personal form the base of service paradigm their services
influences the health care their by decides the outcome of health paradigm
specially the community.
Example: A descriptive study to assess the knowledge attitude, and skill among
village health nurses on immunization coverage of under five children of a
selected primary health centers.
31. 6. Leininger’s Culture care diversity & Universality theory (sunrise
model)
A. Person
1. Is refereed to by Leninger as “human being”
2. Is caring and capable of being concerned about others and care of human
being is universal in all cultures.
B. Environment
1. It is closely related to the concept of culture
C. Health
1. reflects the ability of the individual to perform their daily roles
2. it is universal across all cultures define differently by each culture to
reflect its specific values and beliefs.
D. Nursing
1. Uses three modes of action (culture care preservation, culture care
accommodation, culture care repatterning) suited to client’s culture.
Example: A study to assess the knowledge attitude and practices of child bearing
and child rearing among tribal mothers residing in selected hilly areas.
33. THEORIES APPLIED TO RESEARCHES WITH THE PURPOSE OF
EXPLANATION AND EXPLORATION
7. Paplau’s Interpersonal Relations Model
A. Person
As an individual that strives to reduce anxiety cost by needs.
B. Environment
It implied that nurse must consider culture and values when caring the
patient at the hospital environment.
C. Health
Health consists of interacting physiological and interpersonal conditions
promoted through the INTERPERSONAL PROCESS (it is derived from
behavioral sciences and this model evolves psychodynamic nursing.
D. Nursing
Is a significant therapeutic interpersonal process.
Example: Interpersonal influence in relationships between psychiatric
patients and nursing staff on changing behavior in selected hospital.
34. The nurse and the patient are the strangers to each other and many have
entirely separate goals and interests
The roles of each in the problematic situation may differ, partly because of
Their individual preconceptions about the meaning of the medical problem
Together, the nurse and the patient can work toward a partially mutual and
Partially individual understanding of the nature of the medical problem
Common, shared health goals can result from a mutual understanding of
The nature of the problem and of the roles and requirements of the nurse
And the patient in solving the problem.
Their collaborative efforts can direct the nurse and the patient toward
solving he problem together, productively.
CHANGING ASPECTS OF THE NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
35. 8. Ernestine Wiedenbach: The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory
A. Person (client)
A human being who strives towards self direction and independence
desires to make the best use of personal abilities to fulfill responsibilities.
B. Environment
Environment are factors in realities constitute a dynamic sense of ideas
events experiences and objectives in contact with a patient.
C. Health
Is addressed as nurse patient relationship and need for help.
D. Nursing
Nursing is a clinical practice discipline
Helps a patient overcome difficulties and meet the need for help.
Example: A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program for
Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) on identification of risk factors of
pregnant women at selected Health Unit District, Tamilnadu.
36. NURSING ACTION
• Pressessment of knowledge of
TBAs on early identification of
high risk factors.
• Inadequate knowledge
• Need for improving
STEP1: IDENTIFYING THE NEED
FOR HELP
STEP2: MINISTERING THE
NEEDED HELP
1.Realities 2.Prescription
Agent
Nurse Health
Educator
Health Teaching
On early
Identification of
high risk factors
in
•Antenatal
•Intranatal
•Postnatal
•Newborn
Recipient
TBAs with
different
variables
SHORT TERM GOAL
TBAs gain knowledge
TBAs identify high risk
mothers
LONG TERM GOAL
Improved safe motherhood
practice
Prevention of complication
during pregnancy and
child birth
STEP3: VALIDATING THAT
THE NEEDED HELP WAS MET
• Post assessment of knowledge of
TBAs on early identification of
high risk factors after planned
health teaching.
• Analysis of findings
CENTRAL PURPOSE
Wiedenbach: The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory
37. 9. Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Theory
A. Person
Person is a recipient of care is a BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL being who constantly interact
with the changing environment.
– is an adaptive system who uses innate and acquired coping mechanism to deal
with STREESS
- Can be individual, group, family or society.
B. Environment
All conditions, circumstances and influences affect the development and behavior
of individual and group it is constantly changing and interacting.
Consist of external and internal environment which provide input in the form of
stimuli.
C. Health
It is defined as a process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person.
The goal of the persons behavior and persons ability to be an adaptive organism.
D. Nursing
Includes assessment , diagnosis, goal setting, intervention and evaluation.
Example:
A comparison of level of depression between elderly residing at old age home and
with families of selected community.
38. THE PERSON AS ADAPTIVE SYSTEM
PERSON
Physiological
Self - concept
Interde-
pendence
Role
function
ADAPTATION
COPING
MECHANISMS
STIMULI
BEHAVIOR
BEHAVIOR
39. CALLISTA ROY’S ADAPTATION MODEL
INPUT OUTPUTTHROUGHPUT
Person has an Adaptive System
Elderly person
living in the
elderly home
Age, sex, education,
occupation, income, religion,
type of family, marital status,
no. of children, recreational
activities, religious activities,
type of illness
Elderly person
living in the
families
Age, sex, education,
occupation, income, religion,
type of family, marital status,
no. of children, recreational
activities, religious activities,
type of illness
STIMULI
Psychological
Problem
Anxiety, depression,
loneliness, emotional
problems related to poor
physical health,
worthlessness,
hopelessness,
suspiciousness
Physiological
Problem
•Diseases
•Disabilities
Social
Problem
Poverty, dependency, elder
abuse, social isolation, loss
of role and status, wanderly
tendency, drug abuse
Level of physiological
well-being
•Neural regulation
•Chemical & endocrine
regulation
Level of
Esteem
•Body image
and sensation.
•Self
consistency and
self ideal
•Self
observation and
self evaluation
Level of interpersonal
relatedness with
others
•Relationship with
others
•Help seeking, attention
and affection.
•Taking initiatives
satisfaction in life
Role Personnel
•Position in society
•Interaction
•Role performance
Adaptive
Response
Maladaptive
Response
Health
Education
Health
Education
•Referral
•Counseling
•Mild level of depression
•Moderate level of depression
•Severe level of depression
Enhancement
Reinforcement
Improvedquality
oflife
Euthymic
40. 10. Dorothea E.Oren: Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing
A. Person
Patient to functions biologically, symbolically and socially and who has the potential for
learning and development.
Is an individual subject to the forces of nature, with a capacity for self-knowledge, who can
engage in deliberate action, interpret experiences, and perform beneficial actions.
Is an individual who can learn to meet self-care requisites; if, for some reason, the person
cannot learn self-care measures, other must provide the care.
B. Environment
Can positively or negatively affect the person ability to provide self care.
C. Health
Consist of physical, psychological interpersonal, social aspect of care and they are inseparable
It includes promotion and maintenance of health treatment of illness and prevention of
complication
D. Nursing
Is caring the sick and well
promotes patient as a self-care agent which include self-care agency, self-care requisites and
therapeutic self-care demands.
It consists of three steps determination of needs for care designing a nursing system delivering
care.
Example: A comparative study to assess the activity of daily living between the residential and non
residential mentally challenged children in selected institutions.
42. MentalHealthNurse
High family
support and
formal training
by health
professionals
Enhanced
competency
in activities
of daily
living
Supportive
Educative
Supportive
Guidance
•Counseling
•Rehabilitative
•Education
•Training of parents
Sustained self
care activities
Compromised
self care ability
Partially
compensated system
Health care
professionals/
Mentally challenged
children
Activities of daily
living
Wholly compensated
system
Health care
professionals
Activities of daily
living
Lack of family
support and
training by
health
professionals
Insufficient
competency
in activities
of daily
living
Partially
sustained self
care ability
Negativeoutcome
Positive
outcomeAssessment
DV ADL
DV ADL
HealthIntervention
Dorothea E.Oren: Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing
43. 11. Joyce J. Fitzpatrick Life perspective model
A. Person
Person is open system a unified whole characterized by a basic human rhythm
B. Environment
Man and environment are open system continually changing matter and energy
with each other.
C. Nursing
The meaning of nursing is attached to life the basic understanding of human
existence is a central concern of nursing as a science and profession.
D. Health
Is viewed as a continuously developing characteristic of humans with the
full life potential that may characterized the process of living and dying.
Example
A study to access the impact of child birth process on psychological well
being of mothers during post natal periods at selected hospitals.
44. RELATIONSHIP WITHIN THE LIFE PERSPECTIVE MODEL
Normal
delivery
Caesarean
delivery
Postnatal
Mother
(Person)
Impact of childbirth
(health) process
Assesses and compared
psychological well-being of
postnatal mothers
(Nursing action)
Temporal patterns
Motion Pattern
Conscious pattern
Perceptual pattern
Subjective
well being
Mood
Status
Sleep
Pattern
Interaction
Pattern
Maternal
Infant
Relation
Psychological well-being of mothers Joyce J. Fitzpatrick Life
perspective model
45. THEORIES APPLIED TO RESEARCHES WITH THE PURPOSE OF
PREDICTION
12. Dorothy E. Johnson behavioral systems model
A. Person
Is an open interrelated system identified by actions and behaviors that
are regulated and controlled by biological, psychological and sociological
factors.
B. Environment
Constantly interact with the individual.
C. Health
It is a balance and stability of a persons behavioral system to
demonstrated by orderly purposeful predictable behavior that
effectively manages the relationship to the environment
D. Nursing
is an eternal regulatory force that acts to preserve optimal organization
and integration of a patents behavior.
46. Subsystem
Achievement
Tension
Health or illness
Investigate/eliminative
Aggressive
Dependency
Stress tolerance
Flexibility
Behavioral system (patient)
Attachment / affiliation
Structure
Drive Set, Choice
Behavior Dynamic
Equilibrium (Goal)
Active dynamic behavioral system
(person, group, family)
Internal stressors
(+) or (-)
Learning, Experience, Maturation, Other
changing factors (biological,
psychological, sociological)
External stressors
(+) or (-)
Nursing action
Nurture
Protect
Stimulate
Dynamic Environment
CUE
Sexual
47. 13. Betty Neuman's System model
A. Person
is viewed as a whole, multidimensional, dynamic system
Is composed of basic core structures as well as physiologic, psychological, sociocultural,
developmental and spiritual variables; these core structures and variables constantly interact with
the environment.
Can be an individual, family, group, or community.
Forces on the persons relationship and response to stress.
B. Environment
In described as those internal and external forces surrounding the person at any given time. It
includes interpersonal, intrapersonal and extra personal stress that can interfere with the persons
normal line of defense and can affect the systems stability’s.
C. Health
is defined as a state of wellness or system stability and is reflected by the level of wellness.
D. Nursing
Is a unique profession that deals with all the variables affecting the persons, uses primary,
secondary and tertiary interventions to reduce a client stress. Neuman’s nursing process consist of
three steps Nursing diagnosis, Nursing goals and nursing outcomes.
Example:
A study to assess the effectiveness of educational intervention regarding self care
management of gestational diabetes among primigravida mothers attending outpatient
department
48. Client factor
•Age
•Religion
•Education
•Work pattern
•Family income
•Community
•Type of family
•Family history
of patient
STRESSOR
•Pregnancy
•Need for life-style
modification in GDM
condition
CLIENT
Primi gravida
mothers with
GDM
PRETEST
Assessment of
knowledge on SCM of
GDM, 1st
day
interaction with the
investigator
NURSING INTERVENTION
Structured teaching on
SCM of GDM
POST TEST
Assessment of
knowledge on SCM of
GDM after one week
Secondary
Prevention
TERTIARY
PREVENTION
Early detection and
Prompt treatment
helps in preventing
the complication of
GDM
Rehabilitative
Negative outcome Positive outcome
Inadequate
knowledge on SCM
of GDM
Adequate knowledge
on SCM of GDM
D
E
G
R
E
E
O
F
R
E
A
C
T
I
O
N
Betty Neuman's System model
Secondary prevention
49. 14. Imogene King Theory of Goal attainment
A. Person
Is a social rational, perceiving controlling, purposeful, action oriented, time-
oriented being.
has a right to self-knowledge, participation in decisions that affect life and health
B. Environment
Internal and external environment
C. Health
Health is a dynamic state of life cycle and illness is view as an interference in the
continuum of the life cycle.
D. Nursing
Refers to observable nurse client interaction the focuses of which is to help the
individuals to maintain health.
It is viewed as an interpersonal process of action, reaction, interaction and
transaction.
Nurse perceives those the client and influence the interaction.
Example:
Effectiveness of structured teaching on knowledge on prevention of anemia
among primigravida mothers attending outpatient department of selected
hospitals.
50. Schematic Diagram of Goal Attainment Theory
Perception
Nurse
Communication
Perception
Client
Communication
Agree in
means
Explore
means
Transaction
Mutual goal
setting
Action
Reaction
Disturbance
51. Nurse educator
in Antenatal O.P.D
PerceptionPerception:: Lack of Knowledge on prevention
of anemia for mothers may cause maternal
and foetal hazards
Judgment:Judgment: Mobilize the resources for
creating awareness among mothers on
preventive measures of anemia
Action:Action: Implements health education
programme in order to create awareness
and improve their knowledge on
prevention of anemia
Antenatal
mothers
in O.P.D
Action:Action: Readiness to gain Knowledge
Judgment:Judgment: Identifying the sources to
gain knowledge on prevention of
anemia
Reaction
Nurse
educator
prepares
flash
cards and
self
instructio
nal
booklet
on
preventio
n of
anemia
for
educating
antenatal
mothers
Mutual
goal setting
Antenatal
mothers
To gain
knowledge
Interaction
•Present
knowledge
of antenatal
mothers on
prevention
of anemia.
•Flash
cards for
giving
structured
teaching.
•Post test
knowledge
of antenatal
mothers on
prevention
of anemia
Transaction
•Level of
knowledge of
the antenatal
mothers after
the structured
teaching
programming
Gains knowledge on prevention
of anemia during pregnancy
and adapt preventive measures
Perception:Perception: Need to gain knowledge on prevention
of anemia
Teaching and training
programme in prevention
of anemia
Lack of knowledge on
prevention of anemia
during pregnancy
Imogene King Theory of Goal attainment
52. Bertalaniffy General System Theory
This model consist of four components, Structure input, process
throughput , Outcome output.
Structure refers to the arrangement of parts and expressed as input.
Process refers to design strategies role, functions, activities or task that
maintain the equilibrium of the system. Is also expressed as throughput.
Outcome is the end result of the interaction of the structure and process
and is depend on the ability of the system to regulate the tool. When
there is a harmonious balance of the structure and process relationship ,
then the desired outcome emerges.
Feedback is the response of the structured process and outcome leading
to a recycling decision and context to modify the system.
Example:
Effectiveness of maternity nursing services rendered by village
health nurses working in subcentres of selected Health Unit Districts.
53. STRUCTURE PROCESS OUTCOME
ANC INTRANATAL CARE PNC NEWBORN CARE
Home Visits, Clinic, Health
Education, Demonstration,
Counseling
Assessment, Diagnosis,
Planning Intervention,
Evaluation,
Health awareness of the community,
Degree of positive safe motherhood
1. Registration
2. Immunization
3. Anemia prophylaxis
4. Deworming
5. Detection of high risk
pregnancy
6. Referral
7. Morbidity pattern
8. Mortality pattern
9. Infant birth weight
10. Infant immunization
11. Breast feeding
12. Birth spacing
1. Health centre building
2. Population
3. Manpower quality and
quantity
4. Super vision
5. CNE
6. Equipment and
supplies
7. Nutrition and
supplements
8. Drugs
9. Standing orders
10. Policies
11. Health education
martial
12. Transport
13. Referral system
General System Theory
54. Areas of future research nursing
Critical health needs of communities and vulnerable population
1. Family health and transition
2. Health promotion and risk reduction
3. Bio-behavioral manifestations of health and illness
4. Women’s health
5. Geriatric care
6. Environments for optimizing
7. Event outcome
8. Genetic research
9. End – of - life research
55. Conclusion
The relationship between research and theory is
undeniable and it is important to recognize the impact of their
relationship on the development of Nursing knowledge. The
source of theory for research study is unique to nursing or
borrowed from another discipline but the theoretical
framework should be explicit and appropriate.
Let us work together
Share our experiences in using theories and models
Let it reflect in publications, Seminar, and Conferences
So as to strengthen nursing as a profession
Hope Indian nurses may generate more theories
And avoid borrowing theories from foreign theorists and from
other discipline
56. References:
1. M.Ewen. & Wills.E.M, Theoretical Base for
Nursing, Philadelphia; Lippincott Williams 2002
2. Polit F.Denise & Hungler.B.P, Essentials of Nursing
Research, Philadelphia; Lippincott Williams, 2004.
3. Streubert & Carpenter . Qualitative Research
Nursing, Philadelphia; Lippincott Williams, 2007.
4. Tommey A.M & Alligood M.R, Nursing Theorists
and their work, Philadelphia; Mosby Publication,
2002.
5. Wesley.L.R, Nursing Theories and models,
Pennsylvania., Springhouse Corporation, 1995.