Nursing research and research process

1. Unit – I
Introduction Research and
Research Process
Dr. Naresh Kumar Soni
Assistant Professor
NFSU, G. Nagar

2. Introduction
• The word research is composed of two
words ‘Re’ and ‘Search’. Re means once
again, a new, a fresh. Search means to look
for something or examine closely, to look
for information.
• Therefore research means close and careful
examination of facts and their relationships
to discover new knowledge.

3. NEED & PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
• Develop, Refine & Extend the scientific base of
knowledge which is required for quality nursing
care, education and administration
• Enhance the body of professional knowledge in
Nursing.
• Provide foundation for Evidence based Nursing
practice
• Help in expansion of knowledge, which is
essential for continued growth of nursing
profession.

4. Cont…
• Refine and Eliminate old knowledge so that it
helps in elimination of nursing actions that
have no effect on achievement of desired
client outcomes.
• Develop & refine nursing theories and
principles
• Solve the problem or answer questions related
to Nursing Practice, Nursing Education and
NursingAdministration.

5. DEFINITION
• Research is defined as a systemic and
scientific process to answer to questions about
facts and relationship between facts. It is an
activity involved in seeking answer to
unanswered question.

6. Cont…
• Research is defined as a systemic method of
exploring, describing, explaining, relating or
establishing the existence of phenomenon the
factors that cause change in the phenomenon
influences other phenomenon.

7. Cont…
• Research is defined as a systemic inquiry that
uses disciplined methods to answer questions
or solve problems. The ultimate goal of
research is to develop, define, refine and
expand a body of knowledge for a discipline.

8. NURSING RESEARCH
DEFINITION
• It is a way to identify new knowledge,
Improve Professional education and
practices and use of resources
effectively.
International Council of
Nurses

9. Nursing Research
•As the “systematic, objective process
of analyzing phenomena of importance
to nursing.”
(Nieswiadomy, 2008)

10. •Nursing Research is “a systematic
collection and analysis of data to illuminate
and describe or explain new facts and
relationships.”
(Treece & Treece - 2008)
Nursing Research:

11. Cont…
•Nursing Research develops knowledge about
health and promotion of health over full life
span, care of person with health problems and
disabilities to respond effectively to actual or
potential health problems.
-(ANA, 1981)

12. PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS
• Problem Identification
• ProblemAnalysis
• Generating possible solution
• Analyzing the Solution
• Selecting Best Solution
• Implementing solutions
• Evaluation and Revision

13. Problem
Definition
Problem
Analysis
Evaluation
and Revision
Generating
possible
solution
Analyzing the
Solution
Selecting Best
Solution
Implementing
solutions

14. Cont
…
• Problem Identification:
There is a need to write down what
exactly the problem entails, which helps to
identify the real problem that is under study
and needs are immediate solution.
• ProblemAnalysis:
The next step is to analyse how the
prolem affects the researcher and his or her
current situation and the other people
involved in the situation.

15. Cont…
• Generating possible solutions:
At this stage focus must be on identifying
and generating all possible solutions for a
problem.
• Analysing the Solution:
In this section various factors about each of
the potential solutions are investigated, where in
all positive and negative aspects of each solution
are analysed.

16. Cont…
• Selecting Best Solution:
An attempt is made to compare the
available solutions and eventually the best
solution is selected based on careful judgement
which is supposed to solve the problem swiftly
and smootly.
• Implementing Solution:
This is the final step to practically solve the
problem by implementing the selected solutions.

17. Cont…
• Evaluation and Revision:
An evaluation is made to judge the
effectiveness of the solution in resolving the
problem. This stage helps to redefine the
problem and revise the problem solving process
in case the initial solution fails to manage the
problem effectively.

18. Scientific Methods

19. DEFINITION
• Scientific methods are defined as controlled,
systematic investigations that are rooted in
objective reality & that aim to develop
general knowledge about natural
phenomena.

20. PURPOSES
• The basic purposes of scientific methods are
description, exploration, explanation,
prediction, control, prescription, &
identification of relationship of the facts.

21. STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS
• Selecting the topic & identifying the
research problem
• Defining the objectives of the study.
• Reviewing the literature from theory &
other related studies.
• Defining concepts & variables to be
studied.
• Stating hypothesis about expected
observations or phenomenon to be
studied.

22. • Identifying assumptions & implications.
• Determining the ethical implication of the
proposed study.
• Describing the research design & methods
for data collection.
• Defining study population & sample.
• Planning the data analysis & discussion.
• Collecting data from subjects.
• Analyzing &interpreting data.
Communicating finding of the study.

23. LIMITATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC
METHODS
1. Moral or ethical problem
2. Human complexity
3. Measurement problems
4. External variable control problems

24. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH
• Orderly and Systemic process
• Based on current professional issues
• Begin with clearly defined purposes
• Emphasize to Develop, Refine And Expand
professional knowledge
• Directed towards development or testing
theories

25. Cont
…
• Finding solution of a problem
• Dedicated to develop empirical evidence
• Strive to collect first-hand information/ data
• An objective and logical process
• Use of appropriate methodology
• Conducted on representative sample
• Use of valid and reliable data collection
tool

26. Cont
…
• Carefully recorded and reported
• Adequately and appropriately analysed research
• Patiently carried out activity
• Adequately communicated
• Researcher’s expertise, interest, motivation &
Courage

27. Scope of Nursing Research
 Scope of Nursing Research Nursing research emanated from and continues to
develop because of a societal mandate and demand for professional nursing
services. As a branch of disciplinary knowledge, nursing is a professional
rather than an academic discipline and nursing research reflects the
profession’s focus on the health status and care of individuals and
populations.

28.  The nursing research perspective focuses on understanding the
biological & behavioural elements of human health rather than
elucidating diseases and their treatment or cure. The knowledge
generated from nursing research provides information on how humans
achieve health, respond to threats to their health and cope with disease,
as well as how to treat disease.
 In nursing research the conceptualization of human (either individual
or collective) is holistic, and a priority is the preservation of human
autonomy in the achievement of health

29. TYPES OF RESEARCH
 1. Basic Research
 2. Applied Research
 3. Exploratory Research
 4. Descriptive Research
 5. Diagnostic Research
 6. Evaluative Research
 7. Action Research
 8. Qualitative Research
 9. Quantitative Research
 10. Experimental Research
 11. Non-Experimental Research

30.  1. Basic Research: It is the formal and systematic process of deductive-
inductive analysis leading to the development of theories. It is usually
carried in laboratory situations, sometimes with animals as subjects. In
this, a scientific inquiry begins with an objective observation of the real
world phenomenon called facts.
 2. Applied Research: It “answers questions related to the applicability of
basic theories in practical situation; tests the practical limits of descriptive
theories that does not examine the efficacy of actions taken by
practitioners.”
 3. Exploratory Research: It aims at exploring the possibility of doing
research on a certain subject where due less enough of existing knowledge
framing & testing of hypothesis are difficult.

31.  4. Descriptive Research: It is non experimental research designed to
discover new meaning and to provide new knowledge where there is very
little known about the phenomena of interest. It is a fact-finding
investigation with adequate interpretation. It is simple and more specific
than an exploratory study.
 5. Diagnostic Research: It is similar to descriptive study with a different
focus. It is directed towards discovering what is happening, why it is
happening and what can be done. It aims at identifying the causes of a
problem and the possible solutions for it.
 6. Evaluative Research: It is the utilisation of scientific research methods
and procedure to evaluate a programme, treatment, practice or policy; it
uses analytic means to document the worth of an activity.

32.  7. Action Research: It refers to a concurrent evaluative study of an
action programme launched for solving problems for improving existing
situations. In the quest for development, advancement, excellence and
promotions of welfare of people, government, institutions and voluntary
agencies undertake action programme for achieving specific objectives.
 8. Quantitative Research: It is based on the measurement of quantity
or amount and it is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in
terms of quantity.
 9. Qualitative Research: It is concerned with phenomena relating to or
involving quality or kind.

33.  10. Experimental Research: It is one in which the researcher makes
changes in independent variables & studies their effects on dependent
variables under controlled conditions.
 11. Non-Experimental Research: It is one in which the researcher
simply measures the present level of the independent variable.

34. AREAS OF RESEARCH
 Nursing Education: Health care is changing very fast and so too is
higher education. The public as well as students are demanding greater
accountability from institutions of higher learning. The student
population is getting increasingly diverse and technology is altering
the way students and teachers interact.

35.  Nursing administration: Research concerned with establishing costs of
nursing care, examining the relationships between nursing services and
quality patient care, and viewing problems of nursing service delivery
within the broader context of policy analysis and delivery of health
services. Establishing costs of nursing care means providing the quality
care to the patients and it should be cost-effective.
 Viewing problems means finding out the problems of the patients and
solving them in accordance with the nursing process. Policy analysis
means making policies for providing quality care and analysing these
policies from time-to-time.

36.  Nursing practice: It is divided into 3 parts:
 Hospitals
 Community
 Specialized areas
 HOSPITALS OR EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE (EBP): EBP is a
problem solving approach towards delivery of health care that integrates
the best evidence from studies and patient care data with clinician’s
expertise and patient preferences and values. Evidence based decision
making is a continuous interactive process involving the explicit,
conscientious and judicious consideration of the best available evidence
to provide care.

37.  EBP aims to provide the highest quality and most cost-efficient nursing
care possible, to advance quality of care provided by nurses, to increase
satisfaction of patients and to focus on nursing practice away from habits
and tradition to evidence and research.
 Key components of EBP are mentors, partnerships between academic &
clinical settings, EBP champions, clearly written research, time &
resources and administrative support. EBP process consists of asking a
clinical question, searching the literature, critically appraising what has
been found, implementing a change in practice and evaluating this
change.

38.  COMMUNITY: Foundation for research in community health
(FRCH)
 It was established in 1975, FRCH is a non profit organisation which
conducts research and field studies to gain a better understanding of
the socio-economic and cultural factors which affect health care in
India. It is based in Mumbai and Pune. The foundation is recognised
by the Ministry of Science and Technology.
 This recognition is renewed every three years. Its perspectives and
beliefs are: Health is a state of life, Health is a function of the people,
health is function of Panchayati Raj, Community health care system
within panchayati raj and empowerment of Women by implementing
the community health care system.

39. SPECIALISED AREAS: the specialized areas are as follows ―
 Medical-Surgical Nursing
 Community Health Nursing
 Pediatric Nursing
 Obstetrics & gynecology
 Psychiatric Nursing

40.  Nursing Service: It is a part of the total health organisation which aims
at satisfying the nursing needs of the patients/ community. In nursing
services, the nurse works with the members of allied disciplines such as
dietetics, medical social services, pharmacy etc., in supplying a
comprehensive programme of patient care in the hospital. Nursing
research seeks to understand the nature of these allied services and
identifies interventions that the nurse can use to enhance responses.

41. Problems in Nursing Research
 Professional Judgement
 Defining care
 Electronic network and computer
 Problem based learning
 Marketing /Privatization
 Nursing standerds
 Nursing audit
 Multidisciplinary health team
members
 Independent area of practice
 Holistic care approach
 Specialized services like dialysis and
psychiatric
 Continue education
 Use of advance technology
 Consumer protection act and legal
action
 Human relation in nursing
 Mobile technology
 Inadequate knowledge
 Lack of qualified guide
 Difficulty in controlling external
variable
 Lack of time
 Lack of standardized tools
 Lack of validity and reliability of tool
 Ethical problem
 Lack of support from administrative
permission
 Financial crisis

42. Health and Social Research
Health and social research aims to find out new knowledge that could lead to
changes to health treatments, policies or care.
 Purpose of Health and Social Research
It can provide important information about disease trends and risk factors,
outcomes of treatment or public health interventions, functional abilities,
patterns of care, and health care costs and use. The different approaches to
research provide complementary insights.
Health research is to diagnose diseases earlier or more accurately. prevent
people from developing conditions. improve health and care for generations to
come. ensure everyone has a better quality of life.
The aim of social research, like research in natural sciences, is to discover new
facts or verify and test old social facts. It tries to understand human behavior
and its interaction with the environment and social institutions.

43. Ethics in nursing Research
 Ethics in nursing can be defined as the act of moral principles that the
researcher has to follow while conducting nursing research to ensure the
rights and welfare of individuals , groups or community under study.
IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH
 Protect the vulnerable group and other study participants from harmful
effects of the experimental interventions.
 Safeguard the participants from exploitation by researchers
 Establish the risk-benefit ratio for the study subjects.
 Ensure the full respect, dignity, privacy, disclosure of information and fair
treatment for study subjects.
 Build the capability of subjects to accept or reject participation in study
and to have access to informed or written consent for participation in
research study.

44. Thank You