Apoptosis
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The document summarizes apoptosis or programmed cell death. It describes apoptosis as a normal and important process where cells actively commit suicide through a gene-directed process. During apoptosis, cells shrink, break up into apoptotic bodies and are eliminated in a way that does not cause damage or inflammation. Apoptosis is mediated by caspase enzymes and involves degradation of DNA and proteins. It plays a key role in development, tissue homeostasis, and killing of damaged cells.
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Programmed cell death_in_development_and_defence
Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in plants for development and defense. PCD is needed for natural development, removing unwanted cells, and shaping organs. It also helps defend against pathogens by restricting infection. PCD can be autolytic, involving clearance of cytoplasm, or non-autolytic. Key morphological changes include blebbing, shrinkage, and DNA fragmentation. PCD plays roles in seed development, germination, root growth, and the hypersensitive response against pathogens.
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Apoptosis is a genetically controlled and energy-dependent process where single cells undergo programmed cell death. During apoptosis, a cell shrinks, detaches from neighboring cells, and its nuclear material is condensed and fragmented into apoptotic bodies which are then phagocytosed by surrounding cells. Apoptosis occurs through two main pathways: the extrinsic death receptor pathway and the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. In both pathways, initiator caspases activate executioner caspases that degrade cellular proteins and lead to cell death. Dysregulation of apoptosis can contribute to diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions.
Apoptosis extrinsic mechanism
The extrinsic apoptosis pathway begins outside the cell when death ligands bind to death receptors on the cell surface. This causes the receptors to cluster and form a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) which activates initiator caspases. The initiator caspases then activate effector caspases that execute the cell's apoptosis by degrading cellular proteins and organelles. Key events in this pathway include DISC formation, caspase activation, and the eventual phagocytosis of the cell fragments.
Apoptosis
1. Apoptosis is a tightly regulated process of programmed cell death that involves the activation of caspases and degradation of nuclear and cellular components.
2. It can be triggered through intrinsic mitochondrial pathways or extrinsic death receptor pathways and plays an important physiological role in development, immune system maturation, and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
3. Dysregulation of apoptosis can contribute to cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders by allowing cells to survive inappropriately or undergo excessive cell death.
Apoptosis
1) Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that is important for normal development and physiology, as it helps remove excess, damaged, or dangerous cells.
2) It occurs through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that involve caspase proteases and results in characteristic cell changes like blebbing and nuclear fragmentation.
3) Between 50-70 billion cells die per day in humans due to apoptosis, which is critical for processes like immune system maturation and tissue remodeling.
Apopotosis why and how ?
Apoptosis is a pathway of cell death in which cells activate enzymes that degrade the cells and its organelles
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Programmed cell death_in_development_and_defence
Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in plants for development and defense. PCD is needed for natural development, removing unwanted cells, and shaping organs. It also helps defend against pathogens by restricting infection. PCD can be autolytic, involving clearance of cytoplasm, or non-autolytic. Key morphological changes include blebbing, shrinkage, and DNA fragmentation. PCD plays roles in seed development, germination, root growth, and the hypersensitive response against pathogens.
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Plant defense strategies which act against the plant pathogen attack are explained in short. The major plant defense strategies are 1) Oxidative burst 2) Phenolics 3) Hypersensitive response (HR) 4) Phytoalexins.
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Apoptosis is a genetically controlled and energy-dependent process where single cells undergo programmed cell death. During apoptosis, a cell shrinks, detaches from neighboring cells, and its nuclear material is condensed and fragmented into apoptotic bodies which are then phagocytosed by surrounding cells. Apoptosis occurs through two main pathways: the extrinsic death receptor pathway and the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. In both pathways, initiator caspases activate executioner caspases that degrade cellular proteins and lead to cell death. Dysregulation of apoptosis can contribute to diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions.
Apoptosis extrinsic mechanism
The extrinsic apoptosis pathway begins outside the cell when death ligands bind to death receptors on the cell surface. This causes the receptors to cluster and form a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) which activates initiator caspases. The initiator caspases then activate effector caspases that execute the cell's apoptosis by degrading cellular proteins and organelles. Key events in this pathway include DISC formation, caspase activation, and the eventual phagocytosis of the cell fragments.
Apoptosis
1. Apoptosis is a tightly regulated process of programmed cell death that involves the activation of caspases and degradation of nuclear and cellular components.
2. It can be triggered through intrinsic mitochondrial pathways or extrinsic death receptor pathways and plays an important physiological role in development, immune system maturation, and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
3. Dysregulation of apoptosis can contribute to cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders by allowing cells to survive inappropriately or undergo excessive cell death.
Apoptosis
1) Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that is important for normal development and physiology, as it helps remove excess, damaged, or dangerous cells.
2) It occurs through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that involve caspase proteases and results in characteristic cell changes like blebbing and nuclear fragmentation.
3) Between 50-70 billion cells die per day in humans due to apoptosis, which is critical for processes like immune system maturation and tissue remodeling.
Apopotosis why and how ?
Apoptosis is a pathway of cell death in which cells activate enzymes that degrade the cells and its organelles
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Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The intrinsic pathway involves mitochondria releasing cytochrome c which activates caspase proteases, leading to DNA fragmentation and cell death. The extrinsic pathway involves death receptors activating caspase-8 through adaptor proteins. Caspases are cysteine proteases that cleave other proteins and dismantle the cell in apoptosis. The Bcl-2 family and inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins also regulate apoptosis. Dysregulation of apoptosis contributes to diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration.
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This document provides an introduction to somatic hybridization, which is the fusion of somatic protoplasts from two different plant species or varieties to create hybrid plants. It discusses the history and development of the technique, including early work isolating protoplasts. The key steps in somatic hybridization are described: isolating protoplasts using either mechanical or enzymatic methods, fusing the protoplasts spontaneously or through induction methods, identifying and selecting hybrid cells, culturing the hybrid cells, and regenerating hybrid plants. Advantages include creating novel hybrids and transferring desirable traits between species, while limitations include low regeneration rates and viability of fused products.
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Cells can die through injury or programmed cell death (apoptosis). During apoptosis, cells shrink, bleb, condense their DNA, and break into fragments that are phagocytosed. Apoptosis is triggered by the withdrawal of survival signals or receipt of death signals and involves three pathways - intrinsic/mitochondrial, extrinsic/death receptor, or apoptosis-inducing factor release. All pathways activate caspases that dismantle the cell in an orderly manner.
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The protoplast is, therefore, a naked cell surrounded by the plasma membrane and is potentially capable of cell wall regeneration, growth and division.
The protoplast is quite fragile but it too can be cultured and regenerated into a whole plant. The first demonstration of totipotency of protoplasts was by Takebe et al. who obtained tobacco plants from mesophyll protoplasts. The technology of plant protoplast has opened up new vistas and has awakened the interest of plant physiologists, plant pathologists, molecular biologists, and cytogeneticists.
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2) Fusing the protoplasts using techniques like electrofusion, PEG fusion or high pH/Ca2+ solutions.
3) Identifying and selecting hybrid cells using markers like pigmentation, chloroplast presence or nuclear staining.
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Cells can die through injury or programmed cell death (apoptosis). During apoptosis, cells shrink, bleb, condense their DNA, and break into fragments that are phagocytosed. Apoptosis is triggered by the withdrawal of survival signals or receipt of death signals and involves three pathways - intrinsic/mitochondrial, extrinsic/death receptor, or apoptosis-inducing factor release. All pathways activate caspases that dismantle the cell in an orderly manner.
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The term protoplast has been defined as that part of the plant cell which lies within the cell wall. It can be plasmolysed and isolated by removing the cell wall either mechanically or using enzymatic digestion technique.
The protoplast is, therefore, a naked cell surrounded by the plasma membrane and is potentially capable of cell wall regeneration, growth and division.
The protoplast is quite fragile but it too can be cultured and regenerated into a whole plant. The first demonstration of totipotency of protoplasts was by Takebe et al. who obtained tobacco plants from mesophyll protoplasts. The technology of plant protoplast has opened up new vistas and has awakened the interest of plant physiologists, plant pathologists, molecular biologists, and cytogeneticists.
In protoplast technology, protoplasts are isolated either from any two genotypically different plants or from the somatic cells (diploid) and are experimentally fused to obtain parasexual hybrid protoplasts.
Somatic ybridization and its application
This document discusses somatic hybridization, which involves fusing plant protoplasts from two different species or varieties to create a hybrid plant. It describes the process of somatic hybridization, including isolating protoplasts, fusing them using spontaneous or induced methods, selecting hybrid cells, and regenerating plants from hybrid callus tissue. The advantages are producing novel hybrids and transferring genes between incompatible species. The limitations include low regeneration rates and viability of fused cells. Somatic hybridization has applications in crop improvement by introducing traits like disease resistance from wild relatives.
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This document provides an overview of meiosis and meiosis-driven genome variation in plants. It discusses key topics such as:
- The molecular and cellular events that occur during meiosis including DNA replication, synapsis, recombination, and chromosome segregation.
- How genes and proteins involved in meiotic processes like SPO11, cohesin REC8, and SMC proteins have been characterized in model organisms.
- How meiotic processes like crossing over, gene conversion, and unequal crossing over can generate genetic diversity within species and drive genome evolution through mechanisms like deletions and duplications.
- Examples of how intragenic recombination of disease resistance genes in plants has led to new alleles
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This document discusses somatic hybridization, which is the fusion of isolated plant protoplasts in vitro to form a hybrid cell that can develop into a hybrid plant. It involves fusing protoplasts using various methods like PEG treatment or electric fusion. Hybrid cells are then selected using techniques like drug resistance, flow cytometry or visual inspection. The document provides details on the steps of protoplast fusion, mechanisms of fusion, and selection of hybrid cells.
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This document discusses protoplast fusion techniques in plant tissue culture. It begins by defining a protoplast as a naked plant cell without a cell wall. The key steps discussed are:
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2) Fusing the protoplasts using techniques like electrofusion, PEG fusion or high pH/Ca2+ solutions.
3) Identifying and selecting hybrid cells using markers like pigmentation, chloroplast presence or nuclear staining.
4) Culturing the hybrid cells and regenerating hybrid plants
Cybrids
Cybrids are produced through the fusion of protoplasts from two different plant species, combining the cytoplasm of both but the nucleus of only one species. This technique allows for the transfer of cytoplasmic traits like male sterility between incompatible species. Protoplast isolation, fusion, selection, and regeneration of hybrid cells into whole plants are required to produce cybrids. Cybrids can be used to study cytoplasmic genes and transfer desirable agricultural traits, overcoming sexual incompatibility barriers in plant breeding.
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This document provides a summary of a seminar on intellectual property rights, applications of plant tissue culture, production of secondary metabolites, and transgenic crops. It discusses intellectual property rights in the context of biotechnology inventions and genetic engineering. It describes different types of intellectual property rights and provides examples of plant tissue culture techniques like artificial seed production, somatic hybridization, somaclonal variation, and production of secondary metabolites through cell culture. The document outlines procedures and applications of these techniques for crop improvement.
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Bacteria can undergo a form of programmed cell death similar to apoptosis in eukaryotic cells. When induced by stressors like antibiotics, bacteria exhibit markers of apoptosis like DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation. Research has identified some genes and proteins involved in the bacterial apoptosis pathway, such as RecA and ClpXP. The purpose of bacterial apoptosis may be to provide nutrients to other cells or germinating spores during development. Further research is needed to fully understand the genetic pathways and clinical implications of apoptosis in prokaryotes.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an important process by which cells self-destruct in a regulated manner. During development, apoptosis sculpted structures like fingers and toes by killing cells between them. Apoptosis also causes tissues like the tail to disappear at metamorphosis. The process is mediated by caspase proteases and regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, with Bax and Bak activating caspases. Cells undergo apoptosis to maintain tissue homeostasis, avoid harming neighbors, and be removed by macrophages.
Programmed cell death in plants by shivanand b. koppad
This document discusses programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. It provides definitions of PCD and necrosis, and describes the differences between the two processes. PCD, also called apoptosis, is an actively controlled and genetically regulated process while necrosis is unregulated cell death in response to external stressors. The document outlines the history of studying PCD/apoptosis and discusses PCD pathways, regulators like caspases, and importance in plant development and response to the environment. It also provides a case study on PCD in tomato fruit in response to heat stress.
Ageing and senescence
This document summarizes physiological and molecular mechanisms of aging and senescence in plants. It discusses that senescence is a natural process where organ function declines with age. This involves degradation of cellular components like DNA, proteins, lipids and organelles. Specific genes called senescence-associated genes (SAGs) are involved in breakdown of macromolecules while other genes are downregulated. Senescence can occur at whole plant, organ or cellular levels through programmed cell death. The document also discusses various triggers of senescence and usage of stay-green varieties with delayed senescence.
Seed ageing
Seed ageing leads to deterioration in seed quality over time through various physiological and biochemical changes. As seeds age, their germination potential, vigor and viability decline. This is caused by the oxidation of macromolecules like lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, degradation of cellular structures like membranes and mitochondria, and inactivation of enzymes. The major symptoms of aged seeds include morphological changes, damage to ultrastructures, loss of membrane integrity, reduced enzyme activity and respiration. Various studies have shown increases in lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage during seed ageing. Maintaining proper moisture and storage conditions can help retard the ageing process.
Pathology
There are two main types of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis is accidental cell death due to external factors like trauma or toxins. It is characterized by cellular contents leaking out and causing inflammation. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs as part of normal development and tissue homeostasis. It is triggered through internal signals or external death ligands binding to receptors. This activates a caspase cascade that breaks down the cell in a controlled, non-inflammatory way. Dysregulation of apoptosis can lead to cancer, autoimmune disease, or neurodegeneration.
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Apoptosis (Intrinsic And Extrinsic Pathway with assays)
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Programmed cell death in plants by shivanand b. koppad
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More from Biswajit Sahoo
Signal transduction
Biswajit Sahoo presented on signal transduction. Signal transduction is the process by which signals from outside the cell are converted into a form that the cell can use, through a series of molecular interactions along a signal pathway. There are three main stages: reception of the signal by a receptor on or inside the cell membrane, transduction or conversion of the signal within the cell, and response by the cell. Two important signal pathways discussed are the Ras/Raf/MAP kinase pathway involved in cell growth and differentiation, and the Jak/Stat pathway activated by cytokines to control inflammatory responses. Understanding signal transduction can help develop crop varieties with improved resistance to pathogens or tolerance to stresses.
Direct gene transfer
This document discusses various vectorless and direct gene transfer methods for recombinant DNA technology. It describes 10 different methods: chemical methods, electroporation, particle bombardment, lipofection, microinjection, macroinjection, pollen transformation, delivery via growing pollen tubes, laser induced transformation, and fibre mediated transformation. Each method directly introduces DNA into host cells without the use of biological vectors. The document provides details on the mechanisms and procedures for several of these direct gene transfer techniques.
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
This document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes. It begins by defining gene expression and how genes control phenotypic traits through the proteins they encode. It then describes the basic components of genes and how they can be classified based on their expression. The main part of the document focuses on different mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes, including different types of operons (inducible, repressible), their components (promoter, regulator, operator genes), and mechanisms of regulation like attenuation and anti-termination. The key methods of gene regulation discussed are at the level of transcription initiation through repressors and activators binding to operator sites on DNA.
Virus induced gene silencing
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a technique that uses a viral vector carrying a fragment of a plant gene of interest to induce gene silencing. When the virus infects the plant, double-stranded RNA is produced from the viral genome and plant gene fragment, which is cleaved by the plant's dicer enzyme into siRNAs. These siRNAs are incorporated into the RISC complex and guide mRNA degradation of the targeted endogenous gene. Examples discussed were using tobacco rattle virus for VIGS in Nicotiana benthamiana and silencing tomato genes involved in the GABA pathway to study their roles in salt tolerance.
Marker free transgenic strategy
This presentation discusses strategies for developing transgenic plants without selectable marker genes. Marker genes are commonly used to identify transformed cells but can be problematic for public acceptance and future transformations. Methods described for producing marker-free transgenics include the MAT system which uses oncogenes for selection instead of antibiotics, site-specific recombination systems which flank the marker gene for later excision, and transposon-based systems which separate the gene of interest from the marker gene. While several viable methods exist, more work is still needed before marker-free crops can be commercialized. Removing marker genes supports multiple-gene stacking and improves public acceptance of transgenic technologies.
The use of biotechnology for conservation and utilization of plant genetic re...
1. The document discusses various methods for conserving plant genetic resources or germplasm, including in-situ and ex-situ preservation as well as techniques like DNA libraries, cell-free DNA cloning using PCR, and tissue culture methods like micropropagation and embryo culture.
2. It explains that germplasm conservation provides a genetic source for plant breeders and is important to preserve biodiversity and make species available when needed.
3. Modern biotechnological tools like DNA libraries, PCR, and tissue culture can help in conserving germplasm and producing identical clones for commercial use or recovering valuable clones.
Methods of crop improvement and its application in crosspollinated crops
This document provides an overview of population improvement methods for different crop types. It discusses breeding methods for self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, and vegetatively propagated crops. For cross-pollinated crops, which are the focus of population improvement, mass selection and progeny/family selection are described as the main intra-population and inter-population improvement strategies. Mass selection involves selecting superior plants within a population, while progeny selection evaluates the performance of individual plants' offspring. The document also gives examples of varieties developed using these methods.
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The use of biotechnology for conservation and utilization of plant genetic re...
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ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
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Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
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Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Apoptosis
- 1. Presented by Biswajit Sahoo Ph.D. 1st year
- 2. Cells committing suicide by the activation of an intracellular death program. Apoptosis (APP-oh-TOE-sis, John Kerr et al. 1972) means Falling Off, like the leaves of a tree in autumn. A neat, silent death of cells. No damage to neighboring cells, as in Necrosis - Cell death by swelling and exploding due to injury or damage. Different from autophagy – intracellular digestion by acid hydrolases of Lysosomes.
- 3. Mainly mediated by a group of proteolytic enzymes called Caspases. Present in all cells in an inactive form called Pro- Caspases. Activated to kill cells by death signals. The Poison Pills of Cells.
- 4. Reception of death or apoptotic signals (Internal / external). Activation of Inactive Procaspases to active Caspases (Cascade Reaction). Degradation of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins. Fragmentation of DNA/Nucleus. Shrinkage and blebbing of cells. Formation of smaller membrane bound structures called apoptotic bodies. Digestion of apoptotic bodies by macrophages – Phagocytosis. Recycling of the macro-molecules.
- 6. A normal cell An apoptotic cell A normal cell
- 13. Normal process during development. Responsible for formation of body parts during development of animals. Development of animal palm. Metamorphosis of tadpole into Frog, insect larva into pupa. Eliminating unwanted / improperly formed / functionless / dangerous cells. Virus infected cells, cancer cells, improperly developed thymocytes, activated lymphocytes. Killing cancer cells by activating PCD. Certain auto-immune diseases are due to failure of apoptosis in cells which should die. Apoptosis in cells which should not die leads to abnormal development / disorders (Neuro– degenerative problems).
- 18. Degradation of Nucleus. Disappearance of cytoplasm. Packaging inside small vacuoles. Apoptosis is an integral part of plant ontogenesis; it is controlled by cellular oxidative status, phytohormones, and DNA methylation. In wheat plants apoptosis appears at early stages of development in coleoptile and initial leaf of 5-6 days old seedlings.
- 19. Peroxides, abscisic acid, ethylene releaser ethrel, and DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine induce and stimulate apoptosis. Modulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in seedling by antioxidants and peroxides results in tissue-specific changes in the target date for the appearance and the intensity of apoptosis. Antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) reduces the amount of ROS and prevents apoptosis in etiolated seedlings, prolongs coleoptile life span, and prevents the appearance of all apoptotic features mentioned. In roots of etiolated wheat seedlings, BHT induces differentiation of plastids with the formation of chloro(chromo)plasts. Therefore, ROS controlled by BHT seems to regulate mitosis, trigger apoptosis, and control plastid differentiation and the organization of various cellular structures formed by endocytoplasmic reticulum.
- 20. During pollination, plants enforce self-incompatibility (SI) as an important means to prevent self-fertilization. Research on the corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas) has revealed that proteins in the pistil on which the pollen lands, interact with pollen and trigger PCD in incompatible (i.e., self) pollen. The researchers, Steven G. Thomas and Veronica E. Franklin- Tong, also found that the response involves rapid inhibition of pollen-tube growth, followed by PCD.
- 21. Nucleus and cytoplasm degraded by apoptosis
- 22. Apoptotic vacuoles with cellular debris
- 23. Cells get injured, cells get punctured where cells lyse extruding various Injurious components, which cause severe damage to other neighboring cells, causing a widespread destruction; this is like carnage.