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APChem- Chapter 7 Lecture- Periodic Trends

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Mary Beth Smith

Chapter seven lecture for AP Chemistry on periodic trends

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Development of Periodic Table ,[object Object],[object Object]
Development of Periodic Table ,[object Object]
Development of Periodic Table ,[object Object]
 
 
[object Object]
Periodic Trends ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Effective Nuclear Charge ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Effective Nuclear Charge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],In an germanium atom, which electron will experience the greatest effective nuclear charge? An electron in a…
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],In an germanium atom, which electron will experience the greatest effective nuclear charge? An electron in a…
The effective nuclear charge experienced by 3 p electrons in phosphorus is ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Correct Answer: The effective nuclear charge is given by the equation: Z eff = Z  S where Z represents number of protons in the nucleus and S represents the average number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question. Here: Z eff = 15  10 = +5
Sizes of Atoms ,[object Object]
Sizes of Atoms ,[object Object]
Sizes of Atoms ,[object Object]
Sizes of Atoms ,[object Object]
Sizes of Atoms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object]
Order the following according to increasing atomic radius. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ge Si Se Cl
Order the following according to increasing atomic radius. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ge Si Se Cl
Based on atomic radii, which of the following bonds would be expected to be the shortest? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Correct Answer: The shortest bonding atomic radius belongs to the H atom, so an H 2 molecule will have the shortest H  X (where X is any atom) bond distance. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sizes of Ions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sizes of Ions ,[object Object],[object Object]
Sizes of Ions ,[object Object],[object Object]
Sizes of Ions ,[object Object],[object Object]
Sizes of Ions ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
Order the following according to increasing atomic/ionic radius. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],N 3 - Li + C O 2 -
Order the following according to increasing atomic/ionic radius. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],N 3 - Li + C O 2 -
Which is larger: Na + or Na? ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Correct Answer: Both have the same number of protons, but Na with one more electron will be larger.
Which is larger: Cl  or Cl? ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Correct Answer: Both have the same number of protons, but Cl − with one more electron will be larger.
Lecture 7b- Sections 7.4 - 7.5
Ionization Energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object]
Ionization Energy ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
[object Object]
Trends in First Ionization Energies ,[object Object],[object Object]
Trends in First Ionization Energies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trends in First Ionization Energies ,[object Object]
Trends in First Ionization Energies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trends in First Ionization Energies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Which will have the highest ionization energy? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Which will have the highest ionization energy? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Which will be the largest? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],I = ionization energy
Which will be the largest? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],I = ionization energy
 
[object Object]
Electron Affinity ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
[object Object]
Trends in Electron Affinity ,[object Object]
Trends in Electron Affinity ,[object Object]
Trends in Electron Affinity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trends in Electron Affinity ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
Based on periodic trends, which of the following elements is expected to have the largest (i.e., most negative) electron affinity? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Correct Answer: S has most negative electron affinity in this list. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lecture 7c- Sections 7.6 - 7.8
Properties of Metal, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Metals versus Nonmetals ,[object Object],[object Object]
Metals versus Nonmetals ,[object Object],[object Object]
Metals ,[object Object]
Metals ,[object Object],[object Object]
Metal oxide + water  metal hydroxide MgO (s) + H 2 O (l)  Mg(OH) 2 (aq) but only if it dissolves a bit in water Metal oxide (a.k.a. base anhydride) reactions Metal oxide + acid  water + salt MgO (s) + HCl (aq)  MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 O (l)
Nonmetals ,[object Object],[object Object]
Nonmetals ,[object Object],[object Object]
nonmetal oxide + water  acid SO 3 (g) + H 2 O (l)  H 2 SO 4 (aq) nonmetal oxide (acid anhydride) reactions nonmetal oxide + base  water + salt CO 2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq)  Na 2 CO 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l)
Metalloids ,[object Object],[object Object]
Group Trends
Alkali Metals ,[object Object],[object Object]
Alkali Metals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Alkali Metals ,[object Object],[object Object]
Alkali Metals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Alkaline Earth Metals ,[object Object],[object Object]
Alkaline Earth Metals ,[object Object],[object Object],Mg (s) + 2H 2 O (g)  Mg(OH) 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)
Hydrogen ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Group 6A ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Oxygen ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sulfur ,[object Object],[object Object]
Group VIIA: Halogens ,[object Object],[object Object]
Group VIIA: Halogens ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Group VIIIA: Noble Gases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Group VIIIA: Noble Gases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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APChem- Chapter 7 Lecture- Periodic Trends

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  • 41. Lecture 7b- Sections 7.4 - 7.5
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  • 72. Lecture 7c- Sections 7.6 - 7.8
  • 73. Properties of Metal, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
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  • 78. Metal oxide + water  metal hydroxide MgO (s) + H 2 O (l)  Mg(OH) 2 (aq) but only if it dissolves a bit in water Metal oxide (a.k.a. base anhydride) reactions Metal oxide + acid  water + salt MgO (s) + HCl (aq)  MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 O (l)
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  • 81. nonmetal oxide + water  acid SO 3 (g) + H 2 O (l)  H 2 SO 4 (aq) nonmetal oxide (acid anhydride) reactions nonmetal oxide + base  water + salt CO 2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq)  Na 2 CO 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l)
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