1) The document summarizes several important artworks and architectural structures from the early 20th century that were influential in modern art movements. 2) Key works discussed include Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright, the Bauhaus Building by Walter Gropius, the German Pavilion by Mies van der Rohe, and the Villa Savoye by Le Corbusier, which helped establish the International Style of architecture. 3) Important paintings summarized are Picasso's Guernica, which depicted the horrors of war, and Hartley's Portrait of a German Officer, shown at the influential Armory Show in New York.

1. AP Art History Test 5 Term 3

2. Fallingwater 1937, Frank Lloyd Wright Horizontal massing (prairie school) Cantilever Cast concrete Ribbon fenestration Site specific Organicism Hearth Influences: Japanese, Arts and Crafts, modern technology Commissioned by Edgar Kaufmann, a department store owner, to replace a summer cottage Declares war on the modern industrial city

3. Bauhaus Building 1925-26, Walter Gropius, Dessau, Germany “ workhouse” = modern engineering, curtain walls (no load bearing features) Functionality, craftsmanship Counterpart to the total and rational planning envisioned by the de Stijl group He admired the spirit of medieval building guilds Sought to revive and commit that spirit to the reconciliation of modern art and industry Frankly acknowledges the reinforced concrete, steel, and glass of which it is built Used asymmetrical balancing to convey dynamic quality of life

4. German Pavilion 1929, Mies Van der Rohe International Exposition, Spain He was director of the Bauhaus “ Less is more.” Great passion = subtle perfection of structure, proportion, and detail Relied on domino construction system developed by Le Corbusier Very simple No references to the past

5. Villa Savoye 1930, Le Corbusier, France Big in purism, emphasizing purity of geometric form Hated the crowded, noisy, chaotic cities Envisioned a city of uniform style, laid out on a grid Building strictly functional Nature wouldn’t be neglected Icon of international style Culminated the domino construction system Curtain walls on the exterior to provide freedom of design Ribbon windows Designed as a weekend retreat “ machine for living” Brutalism: raw process by which it was made is shown

6. Schroeder House 1925, Gerrit Rietveld, Utrecht, The Netherlands Two kinds of beauty: a sensual or subjective one and a higher rational, objective kind Example of International style Applied Mondrian’s principle of a dynamic equilibrium Radically asymmetrical exterior composed of interlocking gray an white planes Commissioned by wealthy widow House = ascetic experience Walls slide

7. Man, Controller of the Universe 1934, Diego Rivera Commissioned by Rockefeller Family In the lobby of the RCA Building He was a communist and included Lenin’s face The Rockefellers canceled his commission and had the mural destroyed Recreated in Mexico city Man controls the universe through manipulation of technology Lenin on the right, capitalists on the left Capitalist world cursed by militarism and labor unrest

8. Guernica 1937, Picasso, Paris Universal Exposition = synthetic cubism Surrealism: horror Victims of war throughout time Timeless look at war Made during the Spanish Civil War Painted in Paris = a stark, hallucinatory nightmare that became a powerful symbol of the brutality of war Focused on the victims Screaming horse = Spanish Republic Bull = Franco or Spain

9. Vanna Venturi House 1961-64, Robert Venturi, Chestnut Hill, PA Designed for his mother Plays with complexity and confusion Refers to past: Wright and classical Beginnings in Mannerism Ambiguity, paradox Rejected the abstract purity of International Style Incorporated elements drawn fro vernacular sources “ Less is a bore.” Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture Building = simple and complex Circles, triangles, rectangles

10. Guggenheim Museum 1993-97, Frank Gehry, Bilbao, Spain Used vernacular forms and cheap materials Developed a organic, sculptural style Resembles a living organism Pays homage to Wright’s famous one in New York and attempts to outdo it in size and effect

11. Portrait of a German Officer 1914, Marsden Hartley Exhibited at the Armory Show Pioneer of American modernism Merged cubism from Paris with expressionism of Kandinsky in Berlin Tightly arranged composition of boldly colored shapes and patterns, interspersed with numbers, letters, military imagery Speaks symbolically of Karl von Freyburg Black creates a funeral undertone

12. Migrant Mother, Nipomo, CA 1936, Dorothea Lange She was a leading RA/FSA photographer Pictures Florence Thompson Captures fears of an entire population of disenfranchised people Image of a generation Using photography as a moral, reform sense to raise awareness

13. Aspects of Negro Life 1934, Aaron Douglas Developed an abstracted style influenced by African art as well as Art Deco Used schematic figures, silhouetted in profile with eyes rendered frontally like Egyptian art Limited palette Concentric bands suggesting musical rhythms or spiritual emanations Painted for the 135th Street branch of the New York Public library under the sponsorship of the Public Works of Art Project Intended to awaken in African Americans, a sense of their place in history At the right, blacks celebrate the Emancipation Proclamation

14. Migration of the Negro 1940-41, Jacob Lawrence Influenced by Locke and Douglass Devoted early work to depiction of black history Recounted through narrative painting in dozens of small panels, each with a text Made of 60 panels Chronicled the great 20th century exodus of blacks from the rural south the urban North Boldly abstracted style suggests influence of both cubism and black folk art