Anxiety disorders
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This document summarizes several types of anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, which involves continual feelings of tension and worry; panic disorders, characterized by unpredictable panic attacks; phobias, which are irrational fears that cause avoidance; obsessive compulsive disorder, defined by unwanted repetitive thoughts and behaviors; and post-traumatic stress disorder, diagnosed if symptoms of haunting memories, nightmares, withdrawal, and sleep problems persist for four or more weeks after a traumatic event. The document provides examples and details of symptoms for each disorder.
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Chapter 9 section 1
The Industrial Revolution spread beyond Britain in the 19th century, with Belgium becoming the first nation outside Britain to industrialize. Germany, France, and the United States also industrialized by borrowing British technology and utilizing their own natural resources like coal and iron. By 1900, American industry had become the world leader in production. New technologies like steel, chemicals like dynamite, electricity, the automobile, and airplanes transformed transportation and communication. Some nations could not industrialize as quickly due to lacking resources or the right social conditions. This period also saw the rise of big businesses and monopolies, leading reformers to call for laws regulating large corporations.
Economic systems
Capitalism is an economic system where private individuals and businesses own production and operate for profit with little government involvement. Socialism is a system where the people collectively own property and businesses through government control and ownership, and pay higher taxes for more public benefits. A mixed economy combines elements of capitalism and socialism with both private and state-run enterprises like the US postal service. Communism is a form of socialism with complete government control and no class system, though it has never truly existed.
Chapter 7 section 3power point
The Industrial Revolution led to overcrowded cities with poor sanitation and waste-filled streets. Factory work was grueling, with long hours, dangerous machinery, low pay especially for women, and child labor. A new working class emerged in cities, though living conditions were terrible. Some religious groups and labor unions sought to address these problems.
Chapter 6 section 3 notes
The National Convention abolished the French monarchy, declaring France a republic. They seized lands from nobles and abolished titles of nobility, granting suffrage to all male citizens. King Louis XVI was tried for treason, sentenced to death, and beheaded in 1793. Marie Antoinette was also beheaded. The Committee of Public Safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre, was created to deal with threats to the revolution and oversaw the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794, where thousands were executed by guillotine through hasty trials and false accusations. Dissatisfaction with the terror led to a new constitution in 1795 establishing the Directory.
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France on the eve of the revolution was divided into three estates. The First Estate was the clergy who owned 10% of the land and paid no taxes. The Second Estate was the nobles who held government positions but also paid no taxes. The Third Estate was everyone else, around 98% of the population who were peasants, workers, and the middle class and paid all the taxes. The Third Estate resented the privileges of the upper estates and the burden of taxes especially as food prices rose. King Louis XVI called the Estates General to address France's economic troubles but each estate got one vote, favoring the First and Second Estates. The Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath to create
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Schizophrenia is a severe disorder characterized by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions like hallucinations, and inappropriate emotions or actions. Symptoms include delusions, disorganized speech, lack of expression, and inappropriate behaviors like laughing at the wrong times. It typically develops in early adulthood and affects about 1 in 100 people, striking men more often than women. The causes are likely biological and related to abnormal brain development, though environmental factors during pregnancy like infection or malnutrition may also play a role.
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This document summarizes several dissociative, personality, and mood disorders. It describes dissociative identity disorder (formerly called multiple personality disorder) as exhibiting two or more distinct personalities in response to stress. Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible behavior patterns that impair functioning, such as antisocial personality disorder. Mood disorders involve emotional extremes like major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, which alternates between depression and mania.
Dissociative,personality, mood disorders
This document summarizes several dissociative, personality, and mood disorders. It describes dissociative identity disorder (formerly called multiple personality disorder) as exhibiting two or more distinct personalities. Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible behavior patterns that impair functioning, such as antisocial personality disorder. Mood disorders involve emotional extremes like major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder which alternates between depression and mania.
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The document discusses substance use disorders and different types of psychoactive drugs. It describes withdrawal and dependence that can occur when stopping drug use. Psychoactive drugs are divided into depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Depressants slow the body down and include alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates. Stimulants excite the body and include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines. Hallucinogens distort perceptions. The document also discusses reasons for smoking and effects of specific drugs like alcohol, cocaine, and ecstasy.
Psychological disorders
This document discusses the history and treatment of psychological disorders. It notes that 450 million people worldwide suffer from such disorders, including depression and schizophrenia. Ancient treatments included trephination, exorcism, caging, beating, burning, castration and animal blood transfusions. Philippe Pinel argued in the 18th century that madness was a mental illness rather than demonic possession. Later physicians linked some mental disorders to physical causes like syphilis. Modern approaches view psychological disorders as resulting from interactions between biological, social, cultural and psychological factors. Labeling and treating criminally insane individuals raises ethical questions.
Chapter 3 section 5 notes
The document discusses the Columbian Exchange that started when Columbus brought European goods to America and American goods back to Europe, including plants, animals, technology, and diseases. This led to a commercial revolution in Europe with the growth of capitalism, new business methods like bookkeeping and banks, and joint stock companies. Nations practiced mercantilism where colonies existed to benefit the parent country through controlled trade. While some groups like merchants and middle class families prospered, inflation hurt wages and created poverty, and the wealth of nobles declined if tied to land.
Social cognitive perspective
The social-cognitive perspective views personality as emerging from the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences. Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory proposes that behavior results from reciprocal determinism, where a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. Social-cognitive psychologists study behavior in realistic and simulated situations as the best way to understand and predict how people will act in similar contexts.
Social cognitive perspective
The social-cognitive perspective views personality as emerging from the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences. Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory proposes that behavior results from reciprocal determinism, where a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. Social-cognitive psychologists study behavior in realistic and simulated situations as the best way to understand and predict how people will act in similar contexts.
Freud notes
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and proposed that unconscious motives and internal conflicts between the id, ego, and superego determine our behavior. The id represents basic drives, the ego tries to satisfy the id reasonably, and the superego acts as our conscience. Conflicts between these lead to anxiety, which we deal with using defense mechanisms like denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, and reaction formation. Freud believed the sex drive is a primary motivating force and proposed psychosexual stages of development from birth through adulthood. Fixation in certain stages could result in personality traits or behaviors.
Chapter 3 section 1 power point
Conquistadors followed Columbus to the Americas, seizing gold and converting natives to Christianity while spreading disease. Cortes allied with conquered natives against the Aztecs in Mexico, capturing their leader Moctezuma. Pizarro similarly captured the Incan leader Atahulpa in Peru after he paid a ransom. The Spanish were able to defeat the Aztec and Incan empires through superior technology, help from discontented Indians, and disease that killed many natives.
Forgetting
The document discusses the seven sins of memory, which are categorized into three types: the three sins of forgetting due to encoding failure (absent-mindedness, transience, and blocking), the three sins of distortion during storage decay (misattribution, suggestibility, and bias), and one sin of intrusion during retrieval failure (persistence). It also provides tips for improving memory, such as studying repeatedly, spacing out study times, making material personally meaningful, and testing your own knowledge.
Memory notes
This document discusses the information processing model of memory. It describes the three main stages as encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is how information enters memory, either automatically through everyday experiences or through effortful processes like rehearsal. Information is stored over different periods, from short-term working memory to permanent long-term memory. Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information, either through recall by producing information or recognition by identifying previously learned items.
Classical conditioning notes
Pavlov conducted an experiment where he rang a bell before giving dogs food. After repeating this process, the dogs began to salivate when they heard the bell, even if they were not given food. This demonstrated classical conditioning, where a previously neutral stimulus (the bell) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (the food) and elicits the same response (salivation). The document then defines key terms in classical conditioning like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response, and provides examples of applications such as taste aversion, extinction, and generalization.
The brain
The brainstem is the oldest and innermost region of the brain and controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It connects to the body's opposite side so the right brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa. The thalamus receives sensory information except smell and the cerebellum helps with movement coordination, time perception, and controlling emotions. The limbic system includes the amygdala for processing emotions like fear and aggression and the hypothalamus influences behaviors like hunger and sexual behavior. The cerebral cortex is the ultimate control center and enables thinking, speaking, and perception. It has four main lobes - the frontal for movement and cognition, parietal for touch/body awareness, occipital for vision
Sleeping and dreaming
Sleep protects us by making us safer at night, helps our bodies recover and repair brain tissue, and helps us build and restore memories. It also plays a role in growth processes by releasing growth hormones. Sleep loss can suppress the immune system and alter metabolism, hormones, and lead to obesity, high blood pressure, and memory issues. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, and sleepwalking, which often occur in specific sleep stages. Freud believed dreams represent unconscious wishes and desires through symbols.
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Anxiety disorders
- 2. Anxiety disorder- psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or mal-adaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety ◦ Generalized anxiety disorder ◦ Panic disorders ◦ Phobias ◦ Obsessive compulsive disorder ◦ Post-traumatic stress disorder
- 3. Generalized Anxiety Disorder- a person is continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal ◦ 2/3 are women- worry continually, often jittery and sleep deprived ◦ Usually go hand-in-hand with depression ◦ Could lead to physical symptoms such as ulcers and high blood pressure
- 4. Panic disorders- marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror, chest pain, choking, etc.. ◦ Smokers has at least a double risk of this because nicotine is a stimulant
- 5. Phobias- persistent, irrational fear causes a person to avoid some object, activity or situation ◦ Social phobia- intense fear of being judged by others ◦ Agoraphobia- fear or avoidance of situations in which panic may strike, avoid being outside or in a crowd
- 7. OCD- an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/or actions (compulsion) Interferes with everyday living and causes distress
- 8. A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention.
- 9. Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): ◦ Haunting memories ◦ Nightmares ◦ Social withdrawal ◦ Sleep problems