This document discusses the information processing model of memory. It describes the three main stages as encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is how information enters memory, either automatically through everyday experiences or through effortful processes like rehearsal. Information is stored over different periods, from short-term working memory to permanent long-term memory. Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information, either through recall by producing information or recognition by identifying previously learned items.

1. Chapter 7

2. Information Processing
Model
 Encoding- the processing of information
into the memory system
 Storage- the retention of encoded
information over time
 Retrieval- the process of getting
information out of memory storage

3. Encoding: Getting Information
In
 Automatically processing- unconscious
encoding of everyday information such
as space, time, frequency and well-
learned word meanings
 What did you have for dinner last night?

4. Encoding: Getting Information
In
 Effortful processing- encoding that
requires attention and conscious effort
 Rehearsal- repetition of information
 Spacing effect- spread rehearsal over time
 Serial position effect- the tendency to recall
best the last and first word on a list

5. Encoding Effectively
 Encoding Meaning- making connections
between new information and what we
already know
 Visual Encoding- we may struggle to
remember formulas, dates, and
definitions, yet we easily remember
visual images

6. Storage
 Unless our working memory rehearses
or meaningfully encode sensory info, it
quickly disappears
 Typically, we can store about 7 bits of
information in our short term memory

7. Long Term Memory
 Memories that are permanently stored
 Flashbulb memories- a clear memory of
an emotionally significant moment or
event
 Implicit memories- retaining learned
skills or conditioning
 Explicit memories- memories or facts
and personal events that you can
consciously retrieve

8. Retrieval
 Recall- memory demonstrated by
retrieving information learned earlier
 Fill in the blank
 Recognition- memory demonstrated by
identifying items previously learned
 Multiple choice

9. Retrieval
 Retrieval clues- any stimulus linked to a
specific memory (place, event, feeling)
○ Read page 190
 Déjà vu- eerie sense that “I’ve
experienced this before”. Cues from the
current situation may unconsciously
trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
○ Read page 191