The document discusses anxiety, including its symptoms, causes, role of neurotransmitters like GABA and receptors, and various anxiety disorders. It provides details on generalized anxiety disorder and its physical symptoms and treatment options involving medication like benzodiazepines, buspirone, and antidepressants, as well as therapy. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and achieve long-term success through therapeutic methods rather than just temporary medication use.
Neurobiology and functional brain circuits in mood disordersSuman Sajan
Mood disorders involve biological abnormalities in brain circuits and neurotransmitter systems. Key circuits include the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, striatum, and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. In depression, these circuits demonstrate reduced activity of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine which impacts mood, motivation, and emotional processing. Mania involves hyperactivity in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal regions due to elevated serotonin and dopamine levels, leading to symptoms like grandiosity, risk-taking, and pressured speech. Neuroimaging supports changes in these brain regions and circuits in mood disorders.
This document defines and describes organic mental disorders and organic mental syndromes. It discusses disorders, syndromes, and organic mental syndrome. Organic mental disorders result from changes in the brain due to various causes like toxicity, tumors, infections, or metabolic changes. The document outlines classifications of organic mental disorders in ICD-10 and DSM-IV and describes specific disorders like dementia, delirium, and amnestic syndromes. It discusses causes, risk factors, types, and features of organic mental disorders and provides detailed descriptions of delirium and dementia.
This document provides information on various anxiety disorders, including the symptoms, causes, and treatments. It discusses what constitutes normal and pathological anxiety, and defines different types of anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, PTSD, and OCD. For each disorder it outlines the key features including onset, prevalence between genders, associated symptoms, common comorbidities, and potential treatments like cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medications.
1. The document outlines guidelines for treating schizophrenia in three phases: acute, stabilization, and stable.
2. During the acute phase, treatment focuses on ensuring safety, comprehensive assessment, and prompt treatment of psychotic symptoms. Antipsychotics are the primary treatment.
3. The stabilization phase aims to achieve sustained symptom remission and transition patients successfully into the community with continued support.
4. During the stable phase, treatment focuses on managing side effects, monitoring adherence, and identifying relapse risk factors to prevent recurrence of psychosis. Continued medication is emphasized for long-term prevention of relapse.
Mr. AR, a 50-year-old Afghani farmer, was admitted to the hospital due to a 2-year history of delusional beliefs that centipedes were crawling in his brain. He had received prior treatment from multiple doctors and faith healers without improvement. Upon examination, he was found to have a delusional disorder with comorbid depression. He was started on risperidone, fluoxetine, and ECT, which led to an improvement in his symptoms. His long term prognosis was considered guarded due to potential noncompliance and the entrenched nature of his delusional beliefs.
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected and recurrent panic attacks. During attacks people experience symptoms like a pounding heart, rapid breathing, dizziness and fear of dying. Between attacks, those with panic disorder often develop phobias and avoid places or situations they associate with previous attacks. The disorder typically begins before age 25 and is twice as likely to affect women than men. Treatment focuses on cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medications to help people function normally and reduce symptoms.
This document discusses addictive behaviors and substance abuse disorders. It defines addiction as a pathological need for a substance or activity, which can involve abuse of drugs like nicotine, alcohol, or cocaine. Addictive disorders are prevalent in society and cause major health problems. Commonly abused substances that affect mental functioning include alcohol, nicotine, tranquilizers, and marijuana. Both substance abuse and dependence are explained, with dependence involving physiological symptoms like tolerance and withdrawal. The biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to addiction are explored. Treatment aims to address detoxification, behavior control, and helping individuals cope without the substance.
Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders. They include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety is caused by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors and involves abnormal activity in brain regions involved in fear and emotion regulation. Treatment involves psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like antidepressants and benzodiazepines to reduce symptoms and improve functioning. Untreated anxiety can negatively impact quality of life.
Neurobiology and functional brain circuits in mood disordersSuman Sajan
Mood disorders involve biological abnormalities in brain circuits and neurotransmitter systems. Key circuits include the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, striatum, and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. In depression, these circuits demonstrate reduced activity of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine which impacts mood, motivation, and emotional processing. Mania involves hyperactivity in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal regions due to elevated serotonin and dopamine levels, leading to symptoms like grandiosity, risk-taking, and pressured speech. Neuroimaging supports changes in these brain regions and circuits in mood disorders.
This document defines and describes organic mental disorders and organic mental syndromes. It discusses disorders, syndromes, and organic mental syndrome. Organic mental disorders result from changes in the brain due to various causes like toxicity, tumors, infections, or metabolic changes. The document outlines classifications of organic mental disorders in ICD-10 and DSM-IV and describes specific disorders like dementia, delirium, and amnestic syndromes. It discusses causes, risk factors, types, and features of organic mental disorders and provides detailed descriptions of delirium and dementia.
This document provides information on various anxiety disorders, including the symptoms, causes, and treatments. It discusses what constitutes normal and pathological anxiety, and defines different types of anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, PTSD, and OCD. For each disorder it outlines the key features including onset, prevalence between genders, associated symptoms, common comorbidities, and potential treatments like cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medications.
1. The document outlines guidelines for treating schizophrenia in three phases: acute, stabilization, and stable.
2. During the acute phase, treatment focuses on ensuring safety, comprehensive assessment, and prompt treatment of psychotic symptoms. Antipsychotics are the primary treatment.
3. The stabilization phase aims to achieve sustained symptom remission and transition patients successfully into the community with continued support.
4. During the stable phase, treatment focuses on managing side effects, monitoring adherence, and identifying relapse risk factors to prevent recurrence of psychosis. Continued medication is emphasized for long-term prevention of relapse.
Mr. AR, a 50-year-old Afghani farmer, was admitted to the hospital due to a 2-year history of delusional beliefs that centipedes were crawling in his brain. He had received prior treatment from multiple doctors and faith healers without improvement. Upon examination, he was found to have a delusional disorder with comorbid depression. He was started on risperidone, fluoxetine, and ECT, which led to an improvement in his symptoms. His long term prognosis was considered guarded due to potential noncompliance and the entrenched nature of his delusional beliefs.
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected and recurrent panic attacks. During attacks people experience symptoms like a pounding heart, rapid breathing, dizziness and fear of dying. Between attacks, those with panic disorder often develop phobias and avoid places or situations they associate with previous attacks. The disorder typically begins before age 25 and is twice as likely to affect women than men. Treatment focuses on cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medications to help people function normally and reduce symptoms.
This document discusses addictive behaviors and substance abuse disorders. It defines addiction as a pathological need for a substance or activity, which can involve abuse of drugs like nicotine, alcohol, or cocaine. Addictive disorders are prevalent in society and cause major health problems. Commonly abused substances that affect mental functioning include alcohol, nicotine, tranquilizers, and marijuana. Both substance abuse and dependence are explained, with dependence involving physiological symptoms like tolerance and withdrawal. The biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to addiction are explored. Treatment aims to address detoxification, behavior control, and helping individuals cope without the substance.
Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders. They include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety is caused by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors and involves abnormal activity in brain regions involved in fear and emotion regulation. Treatment involves psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like antidepressants and benzodiazepines to reduce symptoms and improve functioning. Untreated anxiety can negatively impact quality of life.
Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating mental illness which demands immediate attention by the family. There are certain types of schizophrenia based on its symptom presentation and its management mostly depends sxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Psychodynamic perspective of schizophreniaBidisha Haque
Freud believed that schizophrenia was caused by regression to an early mental state due to an inability to cope with unacceptable urges. Later psychodynamic theorists, like Sullivan, argued that schizophrenia results from a gradual withdrawal from relationships that begins with an anxious and hostile parent-child relationship in early childhood. This withdrawal continues in a cycle until early adulthood, when new social demands cause such extreme anxiety that the person disengages completely from relationships and reality.
This document provides an outline on agoraphobia, including its introduction, aetiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, prognosis, and management. It defines agoraphobia as a fear of open or crowded spaces where escape may be difficult. Most sufferers are women with onset in early adulthood, and they may experience depressive or obsessive symptoms. While agoraphobia is often chronic and fluctuating if untreated, cognitive behavioral therapy involving exposure treatment is as effective as medications in the short term and more effective long term.
Intermittent explosive disorder involves discrete episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in serious assault or property damage. Between episodes, individuals feel remorse and regret. Etiology may involve psychodynamic factors like attempts to manage difficult emotions, psychosocial factors like exposure to violence, or biological factors like abnormalities in brain regions involved in impulse control. Treatment involves psychotherapy and medication to manage impulsivity and aggression.
The document provides an overview of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders including their history, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, course, and related conditions. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is characterized by positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. It has a genetic basis and likely involves dopamine and other neurotransmitter abnormalities.
- Other psychotic disorders discussed include brief psychotic disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder. They share psychotic features with schizophrenia but differ in duration of symptoms and presence of mood symptoms.
- Diagnosis is based on DSM criteria and involves ruling out substance-induced or medical
Impulse control disorders are characterized by the inability to resist harmful or destructive acts. People with these disorders seek temporary pleasure through acts like hair pulling, gambling, or arson despite knowing the long term negative consequences. The causes are not fully known but may involve brain injuries, medical conditions, abnormal brain development or chemistry. Treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, and stress management. A study found pathological gamblers had decreased brain activity in impulse control regions when viewing gambling videos compared to non-gamblers.
This document discusses psycho neuroimmunology, which is the study of the interaction between psychological processes, the nervous system, and the immune system. It introduces key concepts like the mind-body connection, the role of stress and emotions in immune function, and the involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and neurotransmitters. Chronic stress can compromise immune function and increase depression and disease risk by impacting neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Psychological interventions may boost immune responses to help fight cancer and other illnesses.
This document discusses the neuroanatomical circuits and neurochemicals involved in anxiety disorders. It describes the amygdala and its connections to other brain regions like the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem nuclei that are implicated in fear processing and anxiety. Different neurotransmitter systems are also involved like GABA, serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate. The roles of these neurocircuits and chemicals help explain symptoms of anxiety disorders and how medications can treat them.
This document provides an overview of psychosis (psychotic disorder). It defines psychosis as an abnormal condition of the mind involving a loss of contact with reality. Some key signs and symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, emotional changes, and personality changes. Psychosis can be caused by factors such as genetics, trauma, other psychiatric disorders, medical conditions, drugs, and medications. The main types of psychotic disorders discussed are schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, and schizoaffective disorder. Diagnosis involves interviews and exams to evaluate symptoms, while treatment primarily uses antipsychotic medications along with psychotherapy.
This document discusses the neurobiology of addiction. It provides an overview of neurotransmission, including action potentials, the neurotransmitter lifecycle, and receptor types. Specific neurotransmitters are examined, such as dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and opioids. The roles of these neurotransmitters in addiction and how various drugs affect neurotransmitter systems are described. Genetic and environmental factors that can contribute to addiction are also reviewed.
Some behavioural addictions like problem gambling and internet pornography addiction carry risks of suicide due to increased shame, isolation, and depression when the behaviors are disclosed. Counselors should be aware of this risk and address suicidal ideation proactively with clients, especially males who may suppress emotions. Normalizing suicidal thoughts can help identify risk levels without increasing shame, and motivational interviewing can resolve ambivalence and build self-efficacy to reduce risks. However, counselors must consider individual factors and be careful not to suggest suicidal actions to vulnerable clients.
Mood disorders:major depressive and bipolar disorderNandu Krishna J
a basic description about mood disorders mainly MDD and bipolar disorder. Can be made useful in presentations and theory exams. Subject was imbibed from different presentations and DSM IV manual. Thanks for viewing.
Impulse-control disorder (ICD) is characterized by a failure to resist temptations or urges and is common in substance abuse and certain personality disorders. ICDs include sexual compulsions, internet addiction, compulsive shopping, pyromania, intermittent explosive disorder, and kleptomania. Signs and symptoms vary based on age, gender, environment, and the specific impulse being struggled with. Treatment options include psychosocial and pharmacological therapies depending on any co-occurring conditions.
The document discusses bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive disorder. It is characterized by periods of elevated mood and periods of depression. During manic episodes, symptoms may include distractibility, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas, increased activity or psychomotor agitation, risky behavior, and talkativeness. The causes of bipolar disorder are thought to include genetic, physiological, environmental, neurological, and neuroendocrine factors. Treatment involves hospitalization during severe episodes, as well as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants, ECT, psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and substance abuse treatment.
Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are characterized by the inability to resist harmful behaviors despite negative consequences. ICDs include kleptomania, pyromania, and trichotillomania. The incidence of ICDs depends on the specific disorder, with trichotillomania affecting 0.6-3% of women and 0.6-1.5% of men. Doctors diagnose ICDs based on repeated engagement in problematic behaviors despite harm, little control over behaviors, urges before behaviors, and unpleasant feelings during behaviors. While causes are unknown, biological and social risk factors as well as genetics likely play a role. Treatment includes antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and behavioral therapy, though there is
Psychotic disorders involve hallucinations and/or delusions where the person loses contact with reality. Schizophrenia is a type of psychosis characterized by disturbances in thought, emotion and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and usually develops in early adulthood. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial support. Prognosis depends on several factors but schizophrenia generally involves long-term impairment.
This document outlines guidelines for assessing disability in psychiatric patients in India. It discusses definitions of impairment, disability, and handicap. It describes how the Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale (IDEAS) is used to measure disability in mental disorders. Specific sections address assessing intellectual disability, specific learning disability, and general guidelines for the certification process. Disability is assessed based on functioning in areas like self-care, interpersonal activities, communication, and work performance.
Presentation delivered at Women in Transition: a weekly support group offered at Kaiser Permanente Adult Psychiatry. Cupertino, California. Presented by Lucia Merino, LCSW.
Pyschotherapist.
This document discusses the etiology of alcohol-related disorders from multiple perspectives including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and psychodynamic theories. It covers genetics factors, environmental influences, personality traits, stress, peer influences, and cultural attitudes that can impact alcohol use. The document also examines the chemistry and pharmacokinetics of alcohol, how it is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted by the body. Different sections describe the effects of alcohol on body systems, diagnostic tools, comorbid conditions, and various treatment approaches including detoxification, rehabilitation, and relapse prevention.
Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms, Diagnostic Criteria N Treatment Wuzna Haroon
This document provides an overview of anxiety disorders including their symptoms, types, prevalence, course, and theories. It discusses several specific anxiety disorders - panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and acute stress disorder. For each disorder, it describes the diagnostic criteria, prevalence in the population, typical age of onset, duration, and differential diagnosis. The document also reviews several theories that attempt to explain the causes of anxiety disorders from psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, neurobiological, humanistic, and socio-cultural perspectives. Finally, it lists some common psychological treatments for anxiety disorders such as systematic desensitization, exposure therapy
This document discusses various anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, and panic disorder. It provides information on the prevalence, clinical features, course, differential diagnosis, etiology and treatment options for each disorder. The treatment options discussed include pharmacological interventions like antidepressants and anxiolytics as well as psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy.
Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating mental illness which demands immediate attention by the family. There are certain types of schizophrenia based on its symptom presentation and its management mostly depends sxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Psychodynamic perspective of schizophreniaBidisha Haque
Freud believed that schizophrenia was caused by regression to an early mental state due to an inability to cope with unacceptable urges. Later psychodynamic theorists, like Sullivan, argued that schizophrenia results from a gradual withdrawal from relationships that begins with an anxious and hostile parent-child relationship in early childhood. This withdrawal continues in a cycle until early adulthood, when new social demands cause such extreme anxiety that the person disengages completely from relationships and reality.
This document provides an outline on agoraphobia, including its introduction, aetiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, prognosis, and management. It defines agoraphobia as a fear of open or crowded spaces where escape may be difficult. Most sufferers are women with onset in early adulthood, and they may experience depressive or obsessive symptoms. While agoraphobia is often chronic and fluctuating if untreated, cognitive behavioral therapy involving exposure treatment is as effective as medications in the short term and more effective long term.
Intermittent explosive disorder involves discrete episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in serious assault or property damage. Between episodes, individuals feel remorse and regret. Etiology may involve psychodynamic factors like attempts to manage difficult emotions, psychosocial factors like exposure to violence, or biological factors like abnormalities in brain regions involved in impulse control. Treatment involves psychotherapy and medication to manage impulsivity and aggression.
The document provides an overview of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders including their history, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, course, and related conditions. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is characterized by positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. It has a genetic basis and likely involves dopamine and other neurotransmitter abnormalities.
- Other psychotic disorders discussed include brief psychotic disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder. They share psychotic features with schizophrenia but differ in duration of symptoms and presence of mood symptoms.
- Diagnosis is based on DSM criteria and involves ruling out substance-induced or medical
Impulse control disorders are characterized by the inability to resist harmful or destructive acts. People with these disorders seek temporary pleasure through acts like hair pulling, gambling, or arson despite knowing the long term negative consequences. The causes are not fully known but may involve brain injuries, medical conditions, abnormal brain development or chemistry. Treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, and stress management. A study found pathological gamblers had decreased brain activity in impulse control regions when viewing gambling videos compared to non-gamblers.
This document discusses psycho neuroimmunology, which is the study of the interaction between psychological processes, the nervous system, and the immune system. It introduces key concepts like the mind-body connection, the role of stress and emotions in immune function, and the involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and neurotransmitters. Chronic stress can compromise immune function and increase depression and disease risk by impacting neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Psychological interventions may boost immune responses to help fight cancer and other illnesses.
This document discusses the neuroanatomical circuits and neurochemicals involved in anxiety disorders. It describes the amygdala and its connections to other brain regions like the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem nuclei that are implicated in fear processing and anxiety. Different neurotransmitter systems are also involved like GABA, serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate. The roles of these neurocircuits and chemicals help explain symptoms of anxiety disorders and how medications can treat them.
This document provides an overview of psychosis (psychotic disorder). It defines psychosis as an abnormal condition of the mind involving a loss of contact with reality. Some key signs and symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, emotional changes, and personality changes. Psychosis can be caused by factors such as genetics, trauma, other psychiatric disorders, medical conditions, drugs, and medications. The main types of psychotic disorders discussed are schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, and schizoaffective disorder. Diagnosis involves interviews and exams to evaluate symptoms, while treatment primarily uses antipsychotic medications along with psychotherapy.
This document discusses the neurobiology of addiction. It provides an overview of neurotransmission, including action potentials, the neurotransmitter lifecycle, and receptor types. Specific neurotransmitters are examined, such as dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and opioids. The roles of these neurotransmitters in addiction and how various drugs affect neurotransmitter systems are described. Genetic and environmental factors that can contribute to addiction are also reviewed.
Some behavioural addictions like problem gambling and internet pornography addiction carry risks of suicide due to increased shame, isolation, and depression when the behaviors are disclosed. Counselors should be aware of this risk and address suicidal ideation proactively with clients, especially males who may suppress emotions. Normalizing suicidal thoughts can help identify risk levels without increasing shame, and motivational interviewing can resolve ambivalence and build self-efficacy to reduce risks. However, counselors must consider individual factors and be careful not to suggest suicidal actions to vulnerable clients.
Mood disorders:major depressive and bipolar disorderNandu Krishna J
a basic description about mood disorders mainly MDD and bipolar disorder. Can be made useful in presentations and theory exams. Subject was imbibed from different presentations and DSM IV manual. Thanks for viewing.
Impulse-control disorder (ICD) is characterized by a failure to resist temptations or urges and is common in substance abuse and certain personality disorders. ICDs include sexual compulsions, internet addiction, compulsive shopping, pyromania, intermittent explosive disorder, and kleptomania. Signs and symptoms vary based on age, gender, environment, and the specific impulse being struggled with. Treatment options include psychosocial and pharmacological therapies depending on any co-occurring conditions.
The document discusses bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive disorder. It is characterized by periods of elevated mood and periods of depression. During manic episodes, symptoms may include distractibility, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas, increased activity or psychomotor agitation, risky behavior, and talkativeness. The causes of bipolar disorder are thought to include genetic, physiological, environmental, neurological, and neuroendocrine factors. Treatment involves hospitalization during severe episodes, as well as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants, ECT, psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and substance abuse treatment.
Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are characterized by the inability to resist harmful behaviors despite negative consequences. ICDs include kleptomania, pyromania, and trichotillomania. The incidence of ICDs depends on the specific disorder, with trichotillomania affecting 0.6-3% of women and 0.6-1.5% of men. Doctors diagnose ICDs based on repeated engagement in problematic behaviors despite harm, little control over behaviors, urges before behaviors, and unpleasant feelings during behaviors. While causes are unknown, biological and social risk factors as well as genetics likely play a role. Treatment includes antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and behavioral therapy, though there is
Psychotic disorders involve hallucinations and/or delusions where the person loses contact with reality. Schizophrenia is a type of psychosis characterized by disturbances in thought, emotion and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and usually develops in early adulthood. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial support. Prognosis depends on several factors but schizophrenia generally involves long-term impairment.
This document outlines guidelines for assessing disability in psychiatric patients in India. It discusses definitions of impairment, disability, and handicap. It describes how the Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale (IDEAS) is used to measure disability in mental disorders. Specific sections address assessing intellectual disability, specific learning disability, and general guidelines for the certification process. Disability is assessed based on functioning in areas like self-care, interpersonal activities, communication, and work performance.
Presentation delivered at Women in Transition: a weekly support group offered at Kaiser Permanente Adult Psychiatry. Cupertino, California. Presented by Lucia Merino, LCSW.
Pyschotherapist.
This document discusses the etiology of alcohol-related disorders from multiple perspectives including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and psychodynamic theories. It covers genetics factors, environmental influences, personality traits, stress, peer influences, and cultural attitudes that can impact alcohol use. The document also examines the chemistry and pharmacokinetics of alcohol, how it is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted by the body. Different sections describe the effects of alcohol on body systems, diagnostic tools, comorbid conditions, and various treatment approaches including detoxification, rehabilitation, and relapse prevention.
Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms, Diagnostic Criteria N Treatment Wuzna Haroon
This document provides an overview of anxiety disorders including their symptoms, types, prevalence, course, and theories. It discusses several specific anxiety disorders - panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and acute stress disorder. For each disorder, it describes the diagnostic criteria, prevalence in the population, typical age of onset, duration, and differential diagnosis. The document also reviews several theories that attempt to explain the causes of anxiety disorders from psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, neurobiological, humanistic, and socio-cultural perspectives. Finally, it lists some common psychological treatments for anxiety disorders such as systematic desensitization, exposure therapy
This document discusses various anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, and panic disorder. It provides information on the prevalence, clinical features, course, differential diagnosis, etiology and treatment options for each disorder. The treatment options discussed include pharmacological interventions like antidepressants and anxiolytics as well as psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy.
This document defines anxiety and anxiety disorders and discusses their classification, symptoms, and treatment. It covers the main anxiety disorders recognized in the DSM (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder), outlining their diagnostic criteria and exploring biological, behavioral, cognitive, and therapeutic explanations and interventions for treating them.
This document provides an overview of anxiety disorders, including their symptoms, causes, diagnostic criteria and treatment. It describes how anxiety is a normal emotion but also becomes a clinical disorder when excessive and interfering. The core symptoms of fear and worry are present across different anxiety disorders. Genetic and environmental factors can contribute to development of disorders. Common types include specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Effective treatment usually involves a combination of medication like SSRIs to increase serotonin levels along with psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy.
The document outlines the 9 anxiety disorders classified in the DSM-5: separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, and anxiety disorder due to another medical condition. Each disorder is defined based on DSM-5 criteria, including common causes, symptoms, and treatments. The document aims to guide mental health practitioners in properly diagnosing anxiety disorders using the standardized DSM-5 definitions and classifications.
This document discusses anxiety disorders, including their causes, types, symptoms, and treatments. It describes how anxiety is a normal human emotion but anxiety disorders are mental illnesses that cause excessive, overwhelming worry and fear. The types of anxiety disorders mentioned are generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, and panic disorder. Treatments discussed include medication, psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, and lifestyle changes.
The document discusses various anxiety disorders including their prevalence, symptoms, subtypes, and key features. Some of the main points include:
- Anxiety disorders are very common, affecting 15-30% of the population. They are characterized by fears, tension, apprehension and vigilance for danger.
- Common anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social anxiety disorder.
- Symptoms can be cognitive, emotional/behavioral, somatic, and cause impairment in social or occupational functioning.
- Women are at higher risk than men for most anxiety disorders. Conditions like PTSD, GAD, and panic disorder have a female to male ratio
This document discusses test anxiety and provides tips for overcoming it. It defines test anxiety as feelings of nervousness and distress experienced before or during an exam. Common symptoms include difficulties concentrating, mental blocks, and distractibility. The document then lists populations prone to test anxiety and types of anxiety. Finally, it offers strategies for preparing, coping during the exam, and maintaining a positive mindset to help students overcome test anxiety.
Lesson 11 and 12 applying a biopsychosocial framework to anxiety disorderCrystal Delosa
This document discusses applying a biopsychosocial framework to understanding anxiety disorders. It addresses biological factors like the amygdala's role in fear and low GABA levels linking to higher anxiety. Psychological factors include conditioning and cognitive theories. Social influences comprise observational and cultural learning. Treatments target these domains, such as GABA-focused medications, cognitive behavioral therapy, and addressing social perceptions and conditioning. Students are assigned activities to map the biopsychosocial model, compare psychotherapies, and outline one's desensitization treatment plan.
This document defines and describes various anxiety disorders. It discusses the biological and learning theory causes of anxiety, including excessive sympathetic nervous system activation and classical conditioning. The clinical subtypes covered are panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance-induced or medical condition related anxiety disorders. Treatment options discussed include benzodiazepines, buspirone, SSRIs, and psychological therapies like CBT.
Test anxiety is tension or stress experienced during or before a test and has physical and psychological components. While some anxiety can be helpful, excessive nervousness can hinder test performance. The document provides tips for dealing with test anxiety such as developing positive thoughts, visualizing success, preparing well, engaging in relaxation techniques, and not making assumptions about one's own performance based on others. It encourages finding effective coping strategies and recognizing any progress made in managing test anxiety.
This document discusses test anxiety, which is characterized by persistent anxiety during testing that interferes with performance. It identifies four main symptoms of test anxiety - physical, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive. Specific examples are provided for each symptom type. The document then explores possible causes of test anxiety and provides strategies for reducing anxiety, such as preparation, relaxation techniques, positive self-talk, and understanding one's learning style.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is a common condition affecting 3-8% of the population annually. It involves excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday life events. Biological factors like the GABA and serotonin systems are involved. Treatment involves psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy like SSRIs, and lifestyle changes. The disorder commonly co-occurs with other conditions like depression and is more prevalent in women. Medical conditions can also cause anxiety disorder-like symptoms.
The document discusses panic disorder and agoraphobia. It defines panic disorder as having recurrent, untriggered panic attacks that develop quickly and peak within 10 minutes, followed by at least a month of concern about future attacks. Agoraphobia is a fear of situations where escape may be difficult or help unavailable if one has a panic attack. It notes that panic disorder affects 1.5-3% of adults and agoraphobia affects 5%. Biological and psychological factors are discussed as contributing to the development of these disorders. Common treatments include SSRIs, benzodiazepines, exposure therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy including relaxation techniques and breathing exercises.
Test anxiety is a type of performance anxiety where people experience extreme distress and anxiety during testing situations. It has physical, emotional, and mental/cognitive components. Common causes include poor study habits, past poor performance, and underlying anxiety problems. People who worry a lot or are perfectionists are more likely to experience test anxiety. To manage it, students can prepare effectively, spread studying over time instead of cramming, practice tests, exercise, and relax after tests instead of immediately studying for the next one.
Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive and persistent worry and fear that interfere with daily activities, unlike ordinary worries and fears. They are caused by biological factors like abnormal neurotransmitter levels or brain structures, learned behaviors through classical and operant conditioning, and repressed unconscious urges according to psychoanalytic theory. Specific anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, each with distinct symptoms, triggers, and treatments.
Foreign language anxiety is a distinct type of anxiety that is situation-specific and arises from the uniqueness of the language learning process. It can affect both anxious and non-anxious individuals. There are two types of language anxiety - debilitative anxiety which hinders learning, and facilitative anxiety which benefits learning by keeping students alert. Sources of foreign language anxiety include speaking in front of peers and fear of making errors. High foreign language anxiety has detrimental effects on students' performance, confidence, and participation, and can negatively impact communication outside the classroom.
1. Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive and persistent worry, fear or anxiety that interferes with daily functioning. They differ from ordinary worries in their severity, frequency and impact.
2. Common anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Each has distinct symptoms but all involve disproportionate fear responses.
3. Potential causes of anxiety disorders include biological factors like neurotransmitter imbalances, genetic predispositions or brain abnormalities. Psychological theories also point to learned fears from conditioning or repressed unconscious urges.
Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday things. It has a lifetime prevalence of 5% in the US and is more common in women, low SES individuals, and those with a family history. Symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension and sleep disturbances. Treatment involves cognitive behavioral therapy to change negative thought patterns, exposure therapy, and medication such as SSRIs, benzodiazepines, and buspirone. Prevention focuses on healthy lifestyle habits and social support systems.
Sedatives and hypnotics are drugs that decrease activity and induce sleep. Benzodiazepines are commonly used psychoactive drugs for treating anxiety, seizures, muscle relaxation and insomnia. They work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors. While generally safe and effective for short-term use, long-term use can lead to tolerance, dependence and adverse effects. Barbiturates were previously widely used as sedatives, hypnotics and anticonvulsants but have been replaced by benzodiazepines due to their lower risk of overdose, dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Both classes of drugs produce their effects by modulating GABA receptors to hyperpolar
GP Palliative Care Update 2019 GP Update Delirium - Dr. Paul McNamaraSt Oswald's Hospice
The document provides an overview of delirium, including:
- Delirium is an acute change in mental state and cognition due to a medical condition that affects attention, consciousness, and thinking. It is characterized by fluctuations.
- It commonly occurs in palliative care patients, with reported rates as high as 85%. It can often be diagnosed using the Confusion Assessment Method.
- Potential causes include infection, drugs, biochemical disturbances, hypoxia, and more. Medical management focuses on treating reversible underlying causes.
- Treatment may also include drugs like haloperidol, midazolam, or lorazepam to address symptoms while the cause is investigated. The goals of treatment shift to comfort and peace when
This document provides information about antidepressants including:
- It defines depression and discusses its types such as major depression, chronic depression, seasonal affective disorder, and postpartum depression.
- It describes the diagnosis process for depression which includes seeing a doctor if symptoms persist for over 2 weeks and undergoing tests and assessments to diagnose depression.
- It discusses the biological mechanisms of depression including neurotransmitter deficiencies and the role of the serotonin transporter.
- It provides an overview of different classes of antidepressants like MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs, and atypical antidepressants and discusses their mechanisms of action, examples of drugs in each class, and common side effects.
- It
This document discusses anxiety disorders, neurotransmitters involved in anxiety and sedation, classes of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs including benzodiazepines and barbiturates. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects of benzodiazepines which act through GABA receptors to produce anxiolysis with less sedation compared to barbiturates which have greater risk of dependence and overdose due to respiratory depression.
The document discusses screening methods for anxiolytics, both in vitro and in vivo. Some key in vitro methods mentioned are GABA and serotonin receptor binding assays. Important in vivo methods described include tests that evaluate anticonvulsant activity, effects on behavior like the elevated plus maze test and light-dark test in mice/rats, and tests for anxiety-like behaviors. The elevated plus maze test is described in detail, including how it works, parameters measured, and how anxiolytics increase open arm exploration. The light-dark test is also explained, noting how anxiolytics increase locomotion and chamber crossings in this test. Overall, the document provides an overview of approaches for screening potential anxi
The document discusses sedative/hypnotic and anxiolytic drugs. It describes their mechanisms of action, which primarily involve enhancing GABAergic transmission in the brain. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates act as agonists at GABA-A receptors. These drugs can relieve anxiety and induce sleep, but have side effects like sedation, respiratory depression, and dependence with long-term use. Newer non-benzodiazepine drugs like zolpidem are also discussed.
The document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat anxiety disorders, including benzodiazepines, SSRIs, TCAs, buspirone, beta-blockers, and MAOIs. Benzodiazepines are commonly used for generalized anxiety, OCD, phobias, and panic attacks but can cause dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. SSRIs like fluoxetine are also often used as first-line treatments for their anxiety disorders due to their safety profile. TCAs may be used for anxiety associated with depression or panic attacks. Buspirone is used for mild anxiety disorders. Beta-blockers can help reduce the somatic symptoms of anxiety. MAOIs require dietary restrictions
This document describes models used to screen for anxiolytic drugs. It discusses the etiology and types of anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, and obsessive compulsive disorder. Symptoms include sweating, dizziness, and muscle tension. Treatments involve psychotherapy, behavior therapy, and medications. Common anxiolytic drug classes are benzodiazepines, azapirones, sedatives, beta blockers, and carbamates. Screening tests measure effects on behavior in animal models and involve GABA receptor binding and effects in tests like the elevated plus maze, social interaction, and water maze tests. The document provides details of the GABA receptor binding assay procedure used to
Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania. It has genetic and environmental causes and is thought to involve neurotransmitter imbalances. Treatment involves mood stabilizers like lithium long-term combined with other drugs depending on the current mood state, such as antipsychotics for mania. Lifestyle changes and psychotherapy can also help manage symptoms. The goal of treatment is to prevent mood episodes and maintain good functioning.
This document discusses anti-anxiety drugs and their uses. It begins by defining anxiety and describing common anxiety disorders like panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. It then covers the major classes of anti-anxiety medications, including benzodiazepines like diazepam, azapirones like buspirone, and SSRIs. For each drug class, it discusses mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, advantages, and side effects. The document concludes by matching specific anti-anxiety drugs to different types of anxiety disorders and their treatment, such as using SSRIs for long-term treatment of generalized anxiety.
This document discusses mania and bipolar disorder. It defines mania as a mood disorder characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, and decreased need for sleep. Bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of mania and depression. The neurobiology of bipolar disorder involves neurotransmitter systems like noradrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic. Genetic factors and abnormalities in signaling pathways may also play a role. Lithium is a commonly used mood stabilizer for treating mania and preventing mood episodes in bipolar disorder. Other drugs like valproate, carbamazepine, and atypical antipsychotics are also used.
This document discusses various psychotropic drugs used to treat mental disorders involving psychosis, depression, anxiety, mania, and hallucinations. It provides details on the classification, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and indications of antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antimanic drugs, and drugs used to treat hallucinations. Key points include: antipsychotics work by blocking dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain; antidepressants increase neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine; benzodiazepines enhance GABA inhibition in the brain; lithium is used as an antimanic drug and stabilizes mood in bipolar disorder; schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease are common causes of hallucinations.
This document discusses anxiety and anti-anxiety drugs. It defines anxiety and lists emotional and physical symptoms. It describes common anxiety disorders and classes of anti-anxiety drugs including benzodiazepines, azapirones, hydroxyzine, beta blockers, SSRIs, and others. It provides details on specific benzodiazepines drugs, their mechanisms of action, uses, pharmacokinetics, and side effects. It also summarizes treatment approaches for different anxiety disorders.
This document discusses central nervous system stimulants. It describes how CNS stimulants primarily act to stimulate the central nervous system and can cause convulsions at high doses. It classifies CNS stimulants into convulsants, analeptics, and psychostimulants. Specific drugs are discussed within each category, along with their mechanisms of action, effects, and historical or current therapeutic uses. Cognition enhancers aimed at conditions like dementia are also briefly mentioned.
This document discusses sedative-hypnotic drugs. It defines sedatives as drugs that decrease central nervous system activity and anxiety without causing sleep, while hypnotics produce sleep. Sedative-hypnotics include both types of drugs. Key differences are outlined between sedatives and hypnotics in terms of their effects and doses needed. The mechanisms of action of barbiturates and benzodiazepines are described as facilitating the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Various therapeutic uses are provided for barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and other sedative-hypnotic drugs.
Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat symptoms of psychosis such as delusions and hallucinations. They are classified as typical (first generation) or atypical (second generation). Both classes work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, though atypical drugs also affect serotonin receptors. Common side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms like tremors and dystonia as well as weight gain and metabolic issues. Antipsychotics are indicated for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and other psychiatric conditions.
about the drugs acting on central nervous system, also their physiological effect on the brain and how Neurottransmiters in the brain response to these agents
This document summarizes different types of anxiety disorders and their pharmacological treatments. It discusses generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorders, and stress disorders. For each disorder, it provides details on symptoms and recommended drug classes for treatment, including benzodiazepines, azapirone drugs like buspirone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. It also discusses future prospects for new anxiolytic drugs that target cholecystokinin, alpiderm, corticotropin-releasing factor, and neuroactive steroids.
Central tolerance refers to deletion of self-reactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow during maturation. T cells that recognize self antigens undergo apoptosis in the thymus. Peripheral tolerance uses backup mechanisms like clonal deletion through activation-induced cell death, clonal anergy from lack of co-stimulation, and suppression by regulatory T cells. These mechanisms help prevent autoimmune disease by silencing self-reactive cells that escape central tolerance.
Glucose transport into cells is mediated by glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins. [1] There are five main GLUT transporters that are involved in glucose transport and each has a distinct tissue distribution and function. [2] GLUT transporters use a flip-flop mechanism to transport glucose across the cell membrane according to the concentration gradient. [3] Insulin regulates glucose transport by stimulating the translocation of GLUT4 and GLUT1 transporters from intracellular vesicles to the cell membrane, increasing the influx of glucose into cells.
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This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis. It begins by defining osteoarthritis as a type of arthritis caused by the breakdown of cartilage between bones in a joint. It then discusses the common joints affected, occurrences based on age and population, and primary versus secondary causes related to aging, injury, obesity, and other medical conditions. The document outlines symptoms, the etiopathogenesis of cartilage breakdown, diagnostic methods, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options including exercise, weight loss, topical analgesics, oral medications like NSAIDs, and in some cases surgery.
Anaemia is a condition characterized by a reduced concentration of haemoglobin in the blood. Some key points:
- There are many potential causes of anaemia including blood loss, iron deficiency, vitamin deficiencies, kidney or liver disease, bone marrow disorders, and genetic conditions.
- Diagnosis involves a complete blood count and other tests to determine the size, shape, and number of red blood cells and check for deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
- Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplements, vitamin supplements, medications, blood transfusions, or treating any underlying diseases causing the anaemia.
Antineoplastic agents can be classified as cytotoxic drugs, hormones, or miscellaneous agents. Cytotoxic drugs include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant derivatives, and antibiotics. They work by directly damaging DNA or interfering with cell division and metabolism. Combination therapy is more effective than single agents to increase response rates and decrease resistance development.
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2. Principles of management are proposed by theorists like Henry Fayol and F.W. Taylor to improve the effectiveness of managing organizations. Fayol suggests 14 principles including division of work, authority, and discipline.
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The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a plant location and designing the layout for a pharmaceutical formulation production facility. Key factors for location include raw materials, markets, energy/utilities, transportation, and labor. The plant layout should group similar processes together and allow for logical product flow. Utilities like power, water, waste disposal must also be properly planned to meet production needs. Overall plant location and layout are vital decisions that strongly influence business success.
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This document outlines the requirements and conditions for obtaining different types of licenses to manufacture, repack, or loan drugs in India. The key types of licenses covered are:
1. Manufacturing license - Issued to those who can independently manufacture and test drugs. Separate licenses are needed for different drug classes.
2. Loan license - Issued to those who want to use another licensed manufacturer's facilities. They must demonstrate adequate testing capabilities.
3. Repacking license - Allows breaking bulk drugs into smaller packages and relabeling for sale. Testing of materials and products is required.
Stringent good manufacturing practices, record keeping, and testing standards apply to all license types to ensure drug quality and safety
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This document discusses the design and scale up considerations of pilot plants for tablet manufacturing. It begins by defining a pilot plant and its significance in transforming a lab-scale formula into a viable product. The objectives of the pilot plant include producing stable dosage forms, identifying critical process features, and providing information to support larger scale production. The document then discusses various unit operations involved in tablet manufacturing like material handling, blending, granulation, drying, milling, blending, compression, and coating. It provides details on equipment selection and process parameters that must be considered during scale up for each unit operation to ensure quality and reproducibility at production scale.
Music therapy is an interpersonal process that uses music to help clients improve or maintain their health. It can be used to treat conditions like psychiatric disorders, medical problems, and developmental disabilities. There are two main types of music therapy: adaptive therapy which helps people adapt to handicaps, and palliative therapy which treats symptoms of physical, mental, and emotional disturbances. The benefits of music therapy include regaining a sense of control, strengthening memories, improving mood and well-being, increasing social interactions, and stimulating relaxation responses in the body. Music therapy is gaining wider acceptance in the medical community.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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3. ANXIETY
A psychological and physiological state
characterized by following
components:-
1. Cognitive: Processing of information, applying
knowledge, and changing preferences
2. Somatic: Voluntary control of body
movements via skeletal muscles, and
with sensory reception of external
stimuli (e.g., touch, hearing, and sight)
4. 3. Emotional: Mood, temperament, personality
and disposition, and motivation
4. Behavioral component: Response of the
system or organism to various stimuli or
inputs, whether internal or external,
conscious or subconscious, overt or covert,
and voluntary or involuntary.
5. SYMPTOMS AND CLINICAL
FEATURES
A. Physical symptoms:
Heart palpitations
Muscle weakness and tension
Fatigue
Nausea
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
6. Stomach aches, or headaches.
Increased blood pressure and heart rate
Increased sweating
Increased blood flow to the major muscle
groups
Immune and digestive system functions are
inhibited (the fight or flight response).
8. C. Emotional symptoms:
Feelings of apprehension or dread
Trouble concentrating
Feeling tense or jumpy
Anticipating the worst
Irritability
Restlessness
9. Feeling like your mind's gone blank
Nightmares/bad dreams
Obsessions about sensations
Déjà vu
A trapped in your mind feeling, and feeling
like everything is scary.
10. Can be a symptom of an underlying
health issue such as:-
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD),
heart failure, or heart arrhythmia.
12. CAUSES & ROLE OF RECEPTORS
1. Biological
Low levels of GABA, a neurotransmitter that
reduces activity in the central nervous system,
contribute to anxiety.
GABA exhibits excitatory actions like:
Mediating muscle activation at synapses
between nerves and muscle cells
Stimulation of certain glands
A number of anxiolytics achieve their effect by
modulating the GABA receptors.
13. GABA acts at inhibitory synapses in
the brain by binding to specific
transmembrane receptors in the plasma
membrane of both pre- and postsynaptic
neuronal processes.
GABA + Clˉ in and K+
Opening of Ion
Transmembrane out of the
Channels
Receptors cell
Hyperpolarization
15. GABAA GABAB
• Ionotrophic • Metabotrophic
receptors receptors
• Part of ligand • Open/close via
gated ion intermediaries
channel complex (G-proteins)
16. GABAA
Upon activation, the
GABAAreceptor selectively
conducts Cl- through
its pore, resulting
in hyperpolarization of
the neuron.
This causes an inhibitory
effect
on neurotransmission by
diminishing the chance of a
successful action
potential occurring.
17. GABAA receptors are Cl - channels so when activated by
GABA:
Cl moves out: excitation/ depolarization
Cl moves in: inhibition/ hyperpolarization- inhibition of
NT
18.
19. GABAB
They can stimulate the opening of K+ channels
which brings the neuron closer to
the equilibrium potential of
K+, hyperpolarizing the neuron.
This prevents sodium channels from opening,
action potentials from firing, and VDCCs from
opening, and so
stops neurotransmitter release. Thus
GABAB receptors are considered inhibitory
receptors.
20. II. AMYGDALA
The amygdala is central to the processing of fear
and anxiety, and its function may be disrupted in
anxiety disorders.
Sensory information enters the amgydala through
the nuclei of the basolateral complex (consisting of
lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei).
The basolateral complex processes sensory related
fear memories, and communicate their threat
importance to memory and sensory processing
elsewhere in the brain, such as the medial prefrontal
cortex and sensory cortices.
21.
22.
23. The adjacent central
nucleus of the amygdala
controls species-specific
fear responses, via
connections to
the brainstem, hypotha-
lamus,
and cerebellum areas.
In those with general
anxiety disorder, these
connections functionally
seem to be less distinct,
with greater gray
matter in the central
nucleus.
24. III. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Life stresses such as financial worries or
chronic physical illness.
Also common among older people who
have dementia.
On the other hand, anxiety disorder is
sometimes misdiagnosed among older adults
when doctors misinterpret symptoms of a
physical ailment (for instance, racing heartbeat
due to cardiac arrhythmia) as signs of anxiety.
25. Use of and withdrawal from addictive
substances, including alcohol, caffeine,
and nicotine.
26. ANXIETY DISORDERS
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An ongoing
state of excessive anxiety lacking any clear
reason or focus
2. Panic Disorders : Sudden attacks of
overwhelming fear occur in association with
marked somatic symptoms, such as sweating,
tachycardia, chest pains, trembling and choking.
27. 3. Phobias: Strong fears of specific objects or
situations, e.g. snakes, open spaces, flying,
social interactions
4. Post-traumatic stress disorder: Anxiety
triggered by recall of past stressful
experiences
5. Obsessive compulsive disorder:
Compulsive ritualistic behavior driven by
irrational anxiety, e.g. fear of contamination.
28. GENERALIZED ANXIETY
DISORDERS
An ongoing state of excessive anxiety lacking any
clear reason or focus.
Characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and
often irrational worry about everyday things that is
disproportionate to the actual source of worry.
29. Interferes with daily functioning, as individuals
suffering GAD typically anticipate disaster, and
are overly concerned about everyday matters
such as:-
Health issues
Money
Death
Family problems
Friend problems
Relationship problems or
Work difficulties
30. PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS:
Fatigue Difficulty concentrating
Fidgeting Trembling
Headaches Twitching
Nausea Irritability
Numbness in hands and Agitation
feet Sweating
Muscle tension Restlessness
Muscle aches Insomnia
Difficulty swallowing Hot flashes,
Bouts of difficulty breathing and rashes and
Inability to fully control
the anxiety
31. CAUSES:
Genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
Parents can model anxious behaviours to their
children.
Stressful early life events such as early parental
death.
Chronic experiences of fear and learned
helplessness may cause greater chronic cortisol
activation and increased sympathetic tone.
Traumatic experiences and abnormal prenatal
hormonal exposures may also play a role the
cause of this disorder.
32. TREATMENT:
Medication can be effective for generalized
anxiety disorder (GAD).
Generally recommended only as a temporary
measure to relieve symptoms at the beginning of
the treatment process, with therapy the key to
long-term success.
33. Types of medication prescribed for
generalized anxiety disorder:
1. Benzodiazepines –
Quick acting (usually within 30 minutes to an
hour).
Serious drawbacks
Physical and psychological dependence are
common after more than a few weeks of
use.
Generally recommended only for severe,
paralyzing episodes of anxiety.
34. 2. Buspirone –
5-HT1A receptor antagonist.
Safest drug for generalized anxiety
disorder.
Unlike the benzodiazepines, buspirone
isn’t sedating or addictive.
Although buspirone will take the edge off,
it will not entirely eliminate anxiety.
35. 3. Antidepressants –
The relief antidepressants provide for
anxiety is not immediate, and the full effect
isn’t felt for up to six weeks.
Some antidepressants can also exacerbate
sleep problems and cause nausea.
38. 1. BENZODIAZEPINES
Most important group, used as anxiolytic and
hypnotic agents.
Types:
1. Ultra short acting (4-6 hrs): Triazolam,
midazolam, Zolpidem
2. Short acting (12-18 hrs): Lorazepam,
Oxazepam
3. Medium acting (24 hrs): Alprazolam
4. Long acting (>24 hrs): Diazepam,
Clordiazepoxide, Flurazepam, Clonazepam
39. Drug(s) Half-life of Active Half-life of Main use(s)
parent metabolite metabolite
compound (Hrs)
(Hrs)
Triazolam, 2-4 Hydroxylated 2 Hypnotic
Midazolam derivative Midazolam:
I.V. anesthetic
Zolpidem 2 No - Hypnotic
Lorazepam, 8-12 No - Anxiolytic,
Oxazepam hypnotic
Alprazolam 6-12 Hydroxylated 6 Anxiolytic,
derivative antidepressant
Diazepam, 20-40 Nordazepam 60 Anxiolytic,
Chlordiazepoxid muscle relaxant
e Dzpam: I.V.
anticonvulsant
Flurazepam 1 Desmethyl- 60 Anxiolytic
flurazepam
Clonazepam 50 no - Anticonvulsant,
anxiolytic
(mania)
40. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Selectively act on GABAA receptors
Increase affinity of GABA for the receptor
Opening of GABA activated Cl‾ channels
Inhibition of synaptic transmission throughout CNS
42. PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND
USES OF BZD :-
1. Reduction of anxiety and aggression.
2. Sedation and induction of sleep.
3. Reduction of muscle tone and coordination.
4. Anticonvulsant effect.
43. UNWANTED EFFECTS OF BZD
Divided into:
1. Toxic effect resulting from acute overdose
(antagonist- flumazenil).
2. Unwanted effects during normal
therapeutic dose: drowsiness, confusion,
amnesia, impaired coordination.
3. Tolerance and dependence.
44. 2. SSRI
Lower levels of serotonin (5-HT) produces
depression.
Inhibit serotonin reuptake.
Serotonin stays at the synapse for a longer
duration, as a result, longer action.
Produce little or no sedation.
Do not interfere with psychomotor functions or
anticholinergic side effects.
45. Do not inhibit cardiac conduction- overdose
arrhythmias are not a problem.
Used along with BZD to cover exacerbations
a) Citalopram:
T1/2 : 33 hrs
No active metabolite
Overdose: suicide
b) Escitalopram:
Active S(+) enantiomer of citalopram.
Effective at half dose
Less side effects and improved safety.
46. b) Fluoxetine
Longest acting
T1/2 for parent compound: 2 days and active
demethylated metabolite: 7-10 days.
Slow onset of action
48. SIDE EFFECTS
Nausea
Interference with ejaculation and orgasm
Nervousness
Restlessness
Insomnia
Anorexia
Headache
Diarrhoea
49. 3. AZAPIRONES: BUSPIRONE
Does not produce significant sedation or
cognitive/ functional impairment.
Does not interact with BZD receptor or modify
GABAnergic transmission.
Does not produce tolerance or physical
dependence.
Has no muscle relaxant or anticonvulsant
activity.
50. Used in mild to moderate GAD. Ineffective in
severe cases.
Slow therapeutic effect. Delayed up to 2
weeks.
T1/2 : 2-3.5 hrs
MOA:
Stimulates presynaptic 5-HT1A
autoreceptors.
Activity of dorsal raphe serotonergic
neurons decreases.
Agonist action on 5-HT1A receptors.
52. 4. BARBITURATES
Non-selective CNS depressants.
Effects range from sedation and reduction of
anxiety to unconsciousness and death from
respiratory and cardiac failure.
Dangerous in overdose.
Act by enhancing action of GABA, but less
specific than BZD.
53. Use as sedative/ hypnotic agent is no longer
recommended.
Can cause drug interactions as it is a potent
inducer of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes.
Tolerance and dependence occur.
54. PANIC DISORDER
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Shortness of breath or hyperventilation
Heart palpitations or a racing heart
Chest pain or discomfort
Trembling or shaking
Choking feeling
Feeling unreal or detached from your
surroundings
55. Sweating
Nausea or upset stomach
Feeling dizzy, lightheaded, or faint
Numbness or tingling sensations
Hot or cold flashes
Fear of dying, losing control, or going crazy
56. CAUSES:
The exact causes of panic disorder are
unclear,.
Major life transitions such as graduating from
college and entering the workplace, getting
married, and having a baby.
Severe stress, such as the death of a loved
one, divorce, or job loss can also trigger a
panic attack.
57. Medical conditions and other physical causes.
Mitral valve prolapse, a minor cardiac
problem that occurs when one of the heart’s
valves doesn't close correctly.
Hyperthyroidism
Hypoglycaemia
Stimulant use (amphetamines, cocaine,
caffeine)
Medication withdrawal
59. PHOBIAS
Phobias are known as an emotional response
learned because of difficult life experiences.
Occur when fear produced by a threatening
situation is transmitted to other similar
situations, while the original fear is often
repressed or forgotten.
The individual attempts to avoid that situation
in the future, a response that, while reducing
anxiety in the short term, reinforces the
association of the situation with the onset of
anxiety.
60. ANATOMICAL CAUSE
The amygdala triggers secretion
of hormones that affect fear and aggression.
When the fear or aggression response is
initiated, the amygdala may trigger the release
of hormones into the body to put the human
body into an "alert" state, in which they are
ready to move, run, fight, etc.
This defensive "alert" state and response is
generally referred to in psychology as the fight-
or-flight response.
61. TYPES OF PHOBIAS
i. Social phobia- fears involving other people
or social situations such as performance
anxiety or fears of embarrassment by
scrutiny of others, such as eating in public.
Overcoming social phobia is often very difficult
without the help of therapy or support groups.
62. Social phobia may be further subdivided into:
a) Generalized social phobia (also known as
social anxiety disorder or simply social
anxiety) and
b) Specific social phobia: Anxiety is triggered
only in specific situations.
The symptoms may extend to
psychosomatic manifestation of physical
problems.
E.g.- Sufferers of paruresis find it difficult or
impossible to urinate in reduced levels of
privacy.
63. ii. Specific phobias - Fear of a single specific
panic trigger such as spiders, snakes, dogs,
water, heights, flying, catching a specific
illness, etc.
iii. Agoraphobia - A generalized fear of leaving
home or a small familiar 'safe' area, and of
possible panic attacks that might follow.
64. Agoraphobia may also be caused by various
specific phobias such as:-
Fear of open spaces
Social embarrassment (social agoraphobia)
Fear of contamination (fear of germs,
possibly complicated by obsessive-
compulsive disorder) or PTSD (post
traumatic stress disorder).
65. TREATMENT
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT): CBT lets
the patient understand the cycle of negative
thought patterns, and ways to change these
thought patterns.
SSRIs
Benzodiazepines
66. POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Classified as an anxiety disorder and usually
develops as a result of a terribly frightening,
life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe
experience.
PTSD sufferers re-experience the traumatic
event or events in some way, tend to avoid
places, people, or other things that remind
them of the event (avoidance), and are
exquisitely sensitive to normal life experiences
(hyperarousal).
67. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Explosive anger, or passive aggressive
behaviours.
A tendency to forget the trauma or feel
detached from one's life (dissociation) or body
(depersonalization).
Persistent feelings of helplessness, shame,
guilt, or being completely different from others.
68. Feeling the perpetrator of trauma is all-
powerful and preoccupation with either
revenge against or allegiance with the
perpetrator.
Severe change in those things that give the
sufferer meaning, like a loss of spiritual faith or
an ongoing sense of helplessness,
hopelessness, or despair.
69. TREATMENT
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Alpha-adrenergic agonist: Clonidine
Beta blockers (Propranolol): These may inhibit
the formation of traumatic memories by
blocking adrenaline's effects on the amygdala.
Glucocorticoids: Corticosterone
Buspirone
Benzodiazepines
SSRIs
70. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Characterized by intrusive thoughts that
produce uneasiness, apprehension, fear, or
worry, by repetitive behaviours aimed at
reducing anxiety, or by a combination of such
thoughts (obsessions) and behaviours
(compulsions).
71. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
Obsessive:-
Fear of being contaminated by germs or dirt or
contaminating others
Fear of causing harm to yourself or others
Intrusive sexually explicit or violent thoughts and images
Excessive focus on religious or moral ideas
Fear of losing or not having things you might need
Order and symmetry: the idea that everything must line
up “just right.”
Superstitions; excessive attention to something
considered lucky or unlucky
72. Compulsive:
Excessive double-checking of things, such as locks,
appliances, and switches.
Repeatedly checking in on loved ones to make sure
they’re safe.
Counting, tapping, repeating certain words, or doing
other senseless things to reduce anxiety.
Spending a lot of time washing or cleaning.
Ordering, evening out, or arranging things “just so.”
Praying excessively or engaging in rituals triggered by
religious fear.
Accumulating “junk” such as old newspapers,
magazines, and empty food containers, or other things
you don’t have a use for.
73. ETIOLOGY
A. Psychological:
Obsessions are:
Recurrent and persistent thoughts,
impulses, or images that are intrusive and
inappropriate. The thoughts cause severe
anxiety or distress.
The person tries to ignore or suppress the
thoughts, impulses, or images, or to
neutralize them with some other thought or
action.
74. Compulsions are:
Repetitive behaviours or mental acts that
the person feels they must perform in
response to an obsession, or according to
rigid rules.
The behaviours or mental acts to prevent or
reduce distress or prevent some dreaded
event or situation.
B. Biological: Serotonin receptors of OCD
sufferers may be relatively under-stimulated.