The document discusses panic disorder and agoraphobia. It defines panic disorder as having recurrent, untriggered panic attacks that develop quickly and peak within 10 minutes, followed by at least a month of concern about future attacks. Agoraphobia is a fear of situations where escape may be difficult or help unavailable if one has a panic attack. It notes that panic disorder affects 1.5-3% of adults and agoraphobia affects 5%. Biological and psychological factors are discussed as contributing to the development of these disorders. Common treatments include SSRIs, benzodiazepines, exposure therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy including relaxation techniques and breathing exercises.
Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms, Diagnostic Criteria N Treatment Wuzna Haroon
This document provides an overview of anxiety disorders including their symptoms, types, prevalence, course, and theories. It discusses several specific anxiety disorders - panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and acute stress disorder. For each disorder, it describes the diagnostic criteria, prevalence in the population, typical age of onset, duration, and differential diagnosis. The document also reviews several theories that attempt to explain the causes of anxiety disorders from psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, neurobiological, humanistic, and socio-cultural perspectives. Finally, it lists some common psychological treatments for anxiety disorders such as systematic desensitization, exposure therapy
Khedezla is the brand name for the drug desvenlafaxine, which is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used to treat major depressive disorder. It was approved by the FDA in July 2013 and is manufactured by Osmotica Pharmaceutical. Desvenlafaxine works by increasing serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the central nervous system. Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction. Special precautions are needed if the patient has taken MAO inhibitors recently or is pregnant or breastfeeding.
The document discusses anxiety, including its symptoms, causes, role of neurotransmitters like GABA and receptors, and various anxiety disorders. It provides details on generalized anxiety disorder and its physical symptoms and treatment options involving medication like benzodiazepines, buspirone, and antidepressants, as well as therapy. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and achieve long-term success through therapeutic methods rather than just temporary medication use.
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STIs) Life Orientation Gr.9Adelize Reyneke
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are passed from one person to another through oral, anal, or vaginal sex. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV/AIDS, and HPV. STIs are caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. While some STIs have symptoms, many do not, so testing is important. STIs can be prevented through abstinence or condom use and treated with antibiotics or antiviral medication to cure or manage the infection. Untreated STIs can lead to long term health issues.
Lesson about abnormal psychology which help to understand who are suffering from psychological problems and guide us to understand other peoples behavior, attitude. some of the type of abnormal behavior are the DID, somatoform, hypochondriasis and understanding psychosomatic behavior.
Psychotropic drugs are the drugs which affect the psychic behavior of an individual and they include all form of drugs which are dangerous in high dose and can be leathal
psychiatry.Somatoform disorders animation part i.(dr.nzar)student
Somatoform disorders involve patients who believe their suffering comes from undiagnosed physical issues. This document discusses somatization disorder specifically. It is characterized by multiple medically unexplained symptoms affecting multiple body systems. Factors associated with somatization disorder include abuse history, depression, and high levels of somatization. Both physical and sexual abuse history are independently linked to increased gastric sensitivity. Physical abuse history and somatization are also independently associated with slower gastric emptying. Psychological processes may influence gastric function through brain-gut pathways.
Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms, Diagnostic Criteria N Treatment Wuzna Haroon
This document provides an overview of anxiety disorders including their symptoms, types, prevalence, course, and theories. It discusses several specific anxiety disorders - panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and acute stress disorder. For each disorder, it describes the diagnostic criteria, prevalence in the population, typical age of onset, duration, and differential diagnosis. The document also reviews several theories that attempt to explain the causes of anxiety disorders from psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, neurobiological, humanistic, and socio-cultural perspectives. Finally, it lists some common psychological treatments for anxiety disorders such as systematic desensitization, exposure therapy
Khedezla is the brand name for the drug desvenlafaxine, which is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used to treat major depressive disorder. It was approved by the FDA in July 2013 and is manufactured by Osmotica Pharmaceutical. Desvenlafaxine works by increasing serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the central nervous system. Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction. Special precautions are needed if the patient has taken MAO inhibitors recently or is pregnant or breastfeeding.
The document discusses anxiety, including its symptoms, causes, role of neurotransmitters like GABA and receptors, and various anxiety disorders. It provides details on generalized anxiety disorder and its physical symptoms and treatment options involving medication like benzodiazepines, buspirone, and antidepressants, as well as therapy. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and achieve long-term success through therapeutic methods rather than just temporary medication use.
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STIs) Life Orientation Gr.9Adelize Reyneke
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are passed from one person to another through oral, anal, or vaginal sex. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV/AIDS, and HPV. STIs are caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. While some STIs have symptoms, many do not, so testing is important. STIs can be prevented through abstinence or condom use and treated with antibiotics or antiviral medication to cure or manage the infection. Untreated STIs can lead to long term health issues.
Lesson about abnormal psychology which help to understand who are suffering from psychological problems and guide us to understand other peoples behavior, attitude. some of the type of abnormal behavior are the DID, somatoform, hypochondriasis and understanding psychosomatic behavior.
Psychotropic drugs are the drugs which affect the psychic behavior of an individual and they include all form of drugs which are dangerous in high dose and can be leathal
psychiatry.Somatoform disorders animation part i.(dr.nzar)student
Somatoform disorders involve patients who believe their suffering comes from undiagnosed physical issues. This document discusses somatization disorder specifically. It is characterized by multiple medically unexplained symptoms affecting multiple body systems. Factors associated with somatization disorder include abuse history, depression, and high levels of somatization. Both physical and sexual abuse history are independently linked to increased gastric sensitivity. Physical abuse history and somatization are also independently associated with slower gastric emptying. Psychological processes may influence gastric function through brain-gut pathways.
1. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 3-5% of school-aged children and is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
2. ADHD has been linked to genetic and neurological factors such as decreased cerebellar volume and differences in dopamine and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems.
3. Diagnosis of ADHD is based on DSM criteria and involves evaluating symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity across multiple settings through parent/teacher rating scales and clinical interviews.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed in response to these thoughts. The obsessions or compulsions significantly interfere with daily life. OCD has been linked to imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine in the brain, as well as genetic and environmental factors. Treatment involves psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Other potential treatments under research include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy, but more studies are still needed to establish their efficacy for OCD.
This document summarizes psychiatric manifestations that can occur with epilepsy. It discusses preictal, ictal, and postictal conditions as well as interictal personality disturbances, psychotic symptoms, mood disorders, violence, and suicide risk. Correct diagnosis can be difficult when psychiatric symptoms are severe without changes in consciousness. Maintaining suspicion for epilepsy even without classic signs is important. New psychiatric symptoms in a patient with epilepsy may represent disease evolution rather than an independent disorder.
This document discusses psychotropic drug categories and antipsychotic drugs. It summarizes that antipsychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine receptors and are used to treat symptoms of psychosis. It lists common antipsychotic drugs and their dosages and side effects, which include extrapyramidal symptoms like acute dystonia, pseudoparkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia. It provides information on treating side effects and educating clients on antipsychotic medication management.
The temporal lobe includes structures important for processing sensory information like sound, vision, and smell. It also plays a key role in memory, emotion, and behavior. The amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, and their connections are part of the limbic system and are involved in processing emotions. The amygdala in particular helps associate emotions with memories and sensory experiences. Damage to different parts of the temporal lobe can cause deficits in language, hearing, vision, smell, and affect memory and emotional processing.
Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic that was the first to be developed. It was introduced in Europe in 1971 but withdrawn in 1975 due to fatal agranulocytosis in some patients. In 1989, studies showed it was more effective than other antipsychotics for schizophrenia, and the FDA approved its use for treatment-resistant schizophrenia with mandatory blood monitoring. Clozapine has a black box warning for agranulocytosis and requires monitoring of white blood cell and absolute neutrophil counts before each prescription. It is initiated at a low dose and gradually titrated up to achieve therapeutic effects while minimizing side effects.
Latuda (lurasidone) is an atypical antipsychotic approved by the FDA in 2010 for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults and in 2013 for the treatment of bipolar depression. Clinical trials showed Latuda to be effective in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar depression compared to placebo. Common side effects include weight gain, extrapyramidal symptoms, and metabolic changes. Latuda has a lower risk of weight gain and metabolic side effects than other antipsychotics. It should not be taken with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers due to potential drug interactions.
This document provides an overview of the thyroid gland and its relevance in psychiatry. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the thyroid, common thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, thyroid function tests, and the role of thyroid abnormalities in various psychiatric conditions like depression, psychosis, cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, and mental retardation. It also covers thyroid dysfunction that can be induced by psychotropic medications like lithium and discusses treatment guidelines for thyroid replacement.
The temporal lobes are located inside the temples on both sides of the brain. They are divided into superior, middle, and inferior temporal lobes. The temporal lobes are involved in auditory processing, language comprehension, visual recognition, memory formation, and emotional processing. Disorders of the temporal lobes can cause issues with auditory and visual perception, attention, memory, language, personality, and behavior. The amygdala and hippocampus, located within the medial temporal lobes, are important for processing emotions and forming memories.
Transcranial direct current stimulation Andri Andri
Transracial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive form of brain stimulation that delivers low currents of electricity to modulate neuronal activity. It has been studied as a treatment for conditions such as depression, stroke rehabilitation and cognitive impairment. While generally safe with minor side effects like skin irritation and fatigue, more research is still needed on its efficacy and long term effects before it can be recommended in clinical practice. tDCS holds promise as a treatment to induce neuroplasticity but requires further evaluation in controlled trials.
This document discusses genetics concepts and terms relevant to psychiatry. It begins by defining key genetic terms like heritability, Mendelian disease, complex disease, alleles, loci, linkage, and genome-wide association studies. It then discusses underlying concepts in psychiatric genetics like the biopsychosocial model, gene-environment interactions, Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance, genetic models, and linkage disequilibrium. Specific examples of gene-environment interactions and Mendelian disorders in psychiatry are provided.
This document provides an overview of epilepsy, including its pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approach, and management. It discusses how epilepsy results from an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system. Seizures occur due to factors that lower the seizure threshold or precipitate an attack. Diagnosis involves obtaining a medical history, clinical examination, and tests like EEG and imaging. Treatment primarily involves antiepileptic drugs to control seizures, though surgery may be an option for refractory cases. Proper management of epilepsy requires long-term medical treatment as well as attention to any psychiatric comorbidities.
This document discusses the physiology of sleep and sleep disorders. It describes the different stages of non-REM sleep (stages 1-4) and REM sleep, and how they are characterized by changes in brain waves, eye movements, muscle tone, autonomic functions, and more. Sleep is essential for survival but disturbances can occur in psychiatric illnesses. Sleep is studied using electrodes to measure brain waves, eye movements, muscle activity, and other physiological signals.
The document defines and discusses several types of learning disorders: reading disorder, mathematics disorder, and disorder of written expression. It provides details on the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, comorbidities, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of each disorder based on the DSM-IV-TR. It also discusses a category of learning disorder not otherwise specified for problems that do not meet the criteria for a specific learning disorder but still significantly interfere with academic achievement.
The document summarizes Jellinek's phases of alcoholism which include a pre-alcoholic phase, prodromal phase, crucial phase, chronic phase. It also discusses Prochaska and DiClemente's stages of change model for addiction which includes precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse stages. Finally, it outlines different treatment approaches for alcohol dependence like motivational interviewing, behavioral interventions, relapse prevention, psychosocial treatments, and functional analysis.
This document provides an overview of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), including its history, mechanisms, procedures, indications, and controversies. It discusses how ECT was developed from early seizure therapies and first applied using electricity in the 1930s. It also describes how ECT works, involving inducing seizures through electrical stimulation of the brain, and summarizes some of the leading theories about its therapeutic mechanisms. The document outlines the typical ECT procedure and treatment course, including electrical parameter settings and monitoring techniques used. It notes some potential side effects and provides guidelines on patient selection and risk-benefit assessment for ECT.
This document provides an overview of several topics in child and adolescent psychiatry. It discusses the tiers of child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS), ranging from primary care providers (Tier 1) to highly specialized services (Tier 4). It also summarizes several common disorders seen in youth, including conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, enuresis, encopresis, learning disabilities, anxiety disorders like separation anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. For each topic, it covers characteristics, causes, symptoms, comorbidities, and management approaches.
This document provides an overview of several childhood disorders. It discusses mental retardation, learning disorders, motor skills disorders, communication disorders, pervasive developmental disorders including autism, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, feeding and eating disorders of infancy, tic disorders, elimination disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, separation anxiety disorder and other disorders. It provides definitions and diagnostic criteria for each disorder and describes symptoms, characteristics, causes and treatments when available.
Mandy experienced a classic panic attack while grocery shopping, feeling an intense sense of dread, inability to breathe, and fear of dying. She was later diagnosed with panic disorder after experiencing repeated panic attacks that disabled her daily activities. A panic attack involves intense symptoms of anxiety like rapid heart rate and shortness of breath, while anxiety is a state of unease that builds over time. Physiologically, anxiety activates the sympathetic nervous system, releasing adrenaline and noradrenaline and increasing functions like heart rate and breathing to prepare the body for the fight-or-flight response. This document discusses the causes and treatments of panic disorder.
5 sure fire ways to overcome fear and anxiety today by Dr.Mahboob ali khan Mh...Healthcare consultant
Nasrudin worked himself into a panic by imagining the worst about strangers in the distance, and hid in a tomb. His imagination tormented him with fears that weren't real. This story illustrates how imagination can fuel anxiety. The document provides 5 ways to overcome fear and anxiety: 1) Controlled breathing to calm the body's physical responses. 2) Practicing relaxation techniques when anticipating anxiety-provoking events to retrain the mind and body. 3) Using numbers to "scale" fear and engage the thinking brain. 4) Reconditioning unhelpful imaginings with positive visualization. 5) Using AWARE techniques like acceptance, observation, and expectation of the best outcome to gain a sense of control over
Gain a working knowledge of the interaction of our brain structures when we are connecting with ourselves and others. You will learn how empathy integrates your nervous system, and how the tools of Life-Focused Communication (NVC) moves you into greater clarity, spaciousness and choice.
1. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 3-5% of school-aged children and is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
2. ADHD has been linked to genetic and neurological factors such as decreased cerebellar volume and differences in dopamine and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems.
3. Diagnosis of ADHD is based on DSM criteria and involves evaluating symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity across multiple settings through parent/teacher rating scales and clinical interviews.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed in response to these thoughts. The obsessions or compulsions significantly interfere with daily life. OCD has been linked to imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine in the brain, as well as genetic and environmental factors. Treatment involves psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Other potential treatments under research include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy, but more studies are still needed to establish their efficacy for OCD.
This document summarizes psychiatric manifestations that can occur with epilepsy. It discusses preictal, ictal, and postictal conditions as well as interictal personality disturbances, psychotic symptoms, mood disorders, violence, and suicide risk. Correct diagnosis can be difficult when psychiatric symptoms are severe without changes in consciousness. Maintaining suspicion for epilepsy even without classic signs is important. New psychiatric symptoms in a patient with epilepsy may represent disease evolution rather than an independent disorder.
This document discusses psychotropic drug categories and antipsychotic drugs. It summarizes that antipsychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine receptors and are used to treat symptoms of psychosis. It lists common antipsychotic drugs and their dosages and side effects, which include extrapyramidal symptoms like acute dystonia, pseudoparkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia. It provides information on treating side effects and educating clients on antipsychotic medication management.
The temporal lobe includes structures important for processing sensory information like sound, vision, and smell. It also plays a key role in memory, emotion, and behavior. The amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, and their connections are part of the limbic system and are involved in processing emotions. The amygdala in particular helps associate emotions with memories and sensory experiences. Damage to different parts of the temporal lobe can cause deficits in language, hearing, vision, smell, and affect memory and emotional processing.
Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic that was the first to be developed. It was introduced in Europe in 1971 but withdrawn in 1975 due to fatal agranulocytosis in some patients. In 1989, studies showed it was more effective than other antipsychotics for schizophrenia, and the FDA approved its use for treatment-resistant schizophrenia with mandatory blood monitoring. Clozapine has a black box warning for agranulocytosis and requires monitoring of white blood cell and absolute neutrophil counts before each prescription. It is initiated at a low dose and gradually titrated up to achieve therapeutic effects while minimizing side effects.
Latuda (lurasidone) is an atypical antipsychotic approved by the FDA in 2010 for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults and in 2013 for the treatment of bipolar depression. Clinical trials showed Latuda to be effective in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar depression compared to placebo. Common side effects include weight gain, extrapyramidal symptoms, and metabolic changes. Latuda has a lower risk of weight gain and metabolic side effects than other antipsychotics. It should not be taken with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers due to potential drug interactions.
This document provides an overview of the thyroid gland and its relevance in psychiatry. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the thyroid, common thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, thyroid function tests, and the role of thyroid abnormalities in various psychiatric conditions like depression, psychosis, cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, and mental retardation. It also covers thyroid dysfunction that can be induced by psychotropic medications like lithium and discusses treatment guidelines for thyroid replacement.
The temporal lobes are located inside the temples on both sides of the brain. They are divided into superior, middle, and inferior temporal lobes. The temporal lobes are involved in auditory processing, language comprehension, visual recognition, memory formation, and emotional processing. Disorders of the temporal lobes can cause issues with auditory and visual perception, attention, memory, language, personality, and behavior. The amygdala and hippocampus, located within the medial temporal lobes, are important for processing emotions and forming memories.
Transcranial direct current stimulation Andri Andri
Transracial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive form of brain stimulation that delivers low currents of electricity to modulate neuronal activity. It has been studied as a treatment for conditions such as depression, stroke rehabilitation and cognitive impairment. While generally safe with minor side effects like skin irritation and fatigue, more research is still needed on its efficacy and long term effects before it can be recommended in clinical practice. tDCS holds promise as a treatment to induce neuroplasticity but requires further evaluation in controlled trials.
This document discusses genetics concepts and terms relevant to psychiatry. It begins by defining key genetic terms like heritability, Mendelian disease, complex disease, alleles, loci, linkage, and genome-wide association studies. It then discusses underlying concepts in psychiatric genetics like the biopsychosocial model, gene-environment interactions, Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance, genetic models, and linkage disequilibrium. Specific examples of gene-environment interactions and Mendelian disorders in psychiatry are provided.
This document provides an overview of epilepsy, including its pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approach, and management. It discusses how epilepsy results from an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system. Seizures occur due to factors that lower the seizure threshold or precipitate an attack. Diagnosis involves obtaining a medical history, clinical examination, and tests like EEG and imaging. Treatment primarily involves antiepileptic drugs to control seizures, though surgery may be an option for refractory cases. Proper management of epilepsy requires long-term medical treatment as well as attention to any psychiatric comorbidities.
This document discusses the physiology of sleep and sleep disorders. It describes the different stages of non-REM sleep (stages 1-4) and REM sleep, and how they are characterized by changes in brain waves, eye movements, muscle tone, autonomic functions, and more. Sleep is essential for survival but disturbances can occur in psychiatric illnesses. Sleep is studied using electrodes to measure brain waves, eye movements, muscle activity, and other physiological signals.
The document defines and discusses several types of learning disorders: reading disorder, mathematics disorder, and disorder of written expression. It provides details on the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, comorbidities, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of each disorder based on the DSM-IV-TR. It also discusses a category of learning disorder not otherwise specified for problems that do not meet the criteria for a specific learning disorder but still significantly interfere with academic achievement.
The document summarizes Jellinek's phases of alcoholism which include a pre-alcoholic phase, prodromal phase, crucial phase, chronic phase. It also discusses Prochaska and DiClemente's stages of change model for addiction which includes precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse stages. Finally, it outlines different treatment approaches for alcohol dependence like motivational interviewing, behavioral interventions, relapse prevention, psychosocial treatments, and functional analysis.
This document provides an overview of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), including its history, mechanisms, procedures, indications, and controversies. It discusses how ECT was developed from early seizure therapies and first applied using electricity in the 1930s. It also describes how ECT works, involving inducing seizures through electrical stimulation of the brain, and summarizes some of the leading theories about its therapeutic mechanisms. The document outlines the typical ECT procedure and treatment course, including electrical parameter settings and monitoring techniques used. It notes some potential side effects and provides guidelines on patient selection and risk-benefit assessment for ECT.
This document provides an overview of several topics in child and adolescent psychiatry. It discusses the tiers of child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS), ranging from primary care providers (Tier 1) to highly specialized services (Tier 4). It also summarizes several common disorders seen in youth, including conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, enuresis, encopresis, learning disabilities, anxiety disorders like separation anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. For each topic, it covers characteristics, causes, symptoms, comorbidities, and management approaches.
This document provides an overview of several childhood disorders. It discusses mental retardation, learning disorders, motor skills disorders, communication disorders, pervasive developmental disorders including autism, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, feeding and eating disorders of infancy, tic disorders, elimination disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, separation anxiety disorder and other disorders. It provides definitions and diagnostic criteria for each disorder and describes symptoms, characteristics, causes and treatments when available.
Mandy experienced a classic panic attack while grocery shopping, feeling an intense sense of dread, inability to breathe, and fear of dying. She was later diagnosed with panic disorder after experiencing repeated panic attacks that disabled her daily activities. A panic attack involves intense symptoms of anxiety like rapid heart rate and shortness of breath, while anxiety is a state of unease that builds over time. Physiologically, anxiety activates the sympathetic nervous system, releasing adrenaline and noradrenaline and increasing functions like heart rate and breathing to prepare the body for the fight-or-flight response. This document discusses the causes and treatments of panic disorder.
5 sure fire ways to overcome fear and anxiety today by Dr.Mahboob ali khan Mh...Healthcare consultant
Nasrudin worked himself into a panic by imagining the worst about strangers in the distance, and hid in a tomb. His imagination tormented him with fears that weren't real. This story illustrates how imagination can fuel anxiety. The document provides 5 ways to overcome fear and anxiety: 1) Controlled breathing to calm the body's physical responses. 2) Practicing relaxation techniques when anticipating anxiety-provoking events to retrain the mind and body. 3) Using numbers to "scale" fear and engage the thinking brain. 4) Reconditioning unhelpful imaginings with positive visualization. 5) Using AWARE techniques like acceptance, observation, and expectation of the best outcome to gain a sense of control over
Gain a working knowledge of the interaction of our brain structures when we are connecting with ourselves and others. You will learn how empathy integrates your nervous system, and how the tools of Life-Focused Communication (NVC) moves you into greater clarity, spaciousness and choice.
This document outlines the lesson plan for a Family Studies class. The lesson focuses on panic disorder, including defining it, discussing causes and treatments, and doing an activity where students read and share stories about panic disorder. It provides information on the characteristics and symptoms of panic disorder, that it affects about 6% of Americans and is twice as common in women, and that treatment options include psychotherapy and medication. The document schedules upcoming due dates and class topics, and closes with contact information for the teacher.
Unexpected, health 6th hour (panic disorders) mallory collierMalloryC07
A panic disorder is characterized by sudden feelings of terror or panic attacks where physical symptoms suddenly occur without any real danger being present. Common symptoms include rapid heartbeat, chest pain, sweating, nausea and feeling like you may lose control. Panic disorders can be caused by stress, trauma, fear of additional attacks or have no identifiable cause. While medication or therapy can help control panic disorders, they are generally considered long-term conditions. Prevention techniques include controlling stress levels, breathing exercises and distraction during attacks. The document provides a personal example of someone with panic disorder experiences frequent panic attacks but is otherwise a normal teenager.
The document discusses the myths that lead people into the "happiness trap" and cause undue stress and mental health issues. It outlines four common myths: 1) happiness is the natural human state, 2) unhappiness means something is defective, 3) we must get rid of negative feelings, and 4) we can control our thoughts and feelings. However, the document explains that human minds evolved for survival, not happiness, and that suffering is a natural part of the human experience. It advocates understanding how the mind and stress response system work in order to better cope with stressors using techniques like mindfulness, flow states, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
The document discusses insomnia, its causes, symptoms, and types. It describes insomnia as the inability to get quality sleep for more than a few hours that lasts for extended periods of time. Common causes of insomnia include stress and anxiety, room temperature, lighting, diet, snoring, and work schedule. There are three main types of insomnia: transient lasting days to weeks, acute lasting 3 weeks to 6 months, and chronic lasting years. Effective treatment of insomnia requires identifying triggers and making lifestyle changes to address the underlying causes.
This is a project for a highschool AP Psych course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological aliment. For questions about this blog project or it content please email the teacher chris jocham: jocham@fultonschools.org
This document discusses different types of anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. It describes the symptoms, causes, and common treatments for each disorder which typically involve medication, cognitive behavioral therapy, and exposure therapy.
How can you stop a panic attack? Psychologist treatmentsneharathod39
1) The document discusses ways to stop a panic attack, including finding a peaceful spot, taking deep breaths, and knowing that the panic attack will pass. It notes that medication prescribed by a psychologist may help severe attacks.
2) Treatments for panic attacks discussed include psychological therapy, hypnotherapy, and medication prescribed by a doctor. Seeing a doctor is recommended for those experiencing multiple attacks.
3) Most panic attacks can be stopped with treatment, which may take time but generally provides relief when treatment plans are followed.
This document provides information on anxiety disorders, including what anxiety is, normal versus pathological anxiety, common anxiety symptoms, and descriptions of several specific anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic anxiety disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorder. For each disorder, it discusses diagnostic features, differential diagnosis, and management approaches including education, relaxation techniques, medications, cognitive behavioral therapy, and referral to specialists.
7 Ways Anxiety Might Be Slowly Eating Away Your Life.pdfNisa T
Anxiety: the unwelcome guest that overstays its welcome. It's the feeling of being trapped in a room with no windows, no doors, and no escape. It's the voice in your head that tells you everything will go wrong, even when things are going well. Anxiety is a rollercoaster ride that you never asked to go on, but here you are, white-knuckling through the twists and turns. But guess what? You're not alone. Millions of people ride this same rollercoaster every day. So let's hold on tight, take a deep breath, and ride it out together.
Here are 7 ways to help you get rid of anxiety.
Panic attacks are common. Some people have panic attacks frequently, living their lives trying to avoid situations of fear, in many cases irrationally. With the basic panic attack help listed below, you can learn to alleviate a panic attack in only a few minutes. Visit Panic Attack Help http://ivorytowergroup.net/panic-attack-help/ for additional information and resources.
This document provides information on anxiety disorders. It defines anxiety as a diffuse unpleasant sense of apprehension, often accompanied by physical symptoms, in response to an unknown internal threat. Fear is a response to a known external threat. Symptoms of anxiety can interfere with learning and concentration. Common physiological symptoms include palpitations, dizziness, and stomach upset. The document discusses the classification, etiology from psychological and biological perspectives, and treatment of various anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy using medications like SSRIs, benzodiazepines, and psychotherapy techniques including cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy.
The document summarizes key aspects of psychological disorders as described in Chapter 16. It defines psychological disorders and explains approaches to classifying and diagnosing them, including the DSM. It also provides overviews of several specific disorders like OCD, PTSD, phobias, and dissociative identity disorder, describing common symptoms and perspectives on their causes.
The document summarizes key aspects of psychological disorders as described in Chapter 16. It defines psychological disorders and explains approaches to classifying and diagnosing them, including the DSM. It also provides overviews of several specific disorders like OCD, PTSD, phobias, dissociative disorders, and discusses perspectives on the causes of anxiety disorders.
The document summarizes key aspects of psychological disorders as described in Chapter 16. It defines psychological disorders and explains approaches to classifying and diagnosing them, including the DSM. It also provides overviews of several specific disorders like OCD, PTSD, phobias, and dissociative identity disorder, describing common symptoms and perspectives on their causes.
The document summarizes key aspects of psychological disorders as described in Chapter 16. It defines psychological disorders and explains approaches to classifying and diagnosing them, including the DSM. It also provides overviews of several specific disorders like OCD, PTSD, phobias, and dissociative identity disorder, describing common symptoms and perspectives on their causes.
The document discusses several psychological disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, dissociative disorders, schizophrenia, and their symptoms and potential causes. Biological, psychological, social and cultural factors are described as influencing the development and experience of these conditions.
The document summarizes key aspects of psychological disorders as described in Chapter 16. It defines psychological disorders and explains approaches to classifying and diagnosing them, including the DSM. It also provides overviews of several specific disorders like OCD, PTSD, phobias, dissociative disorders, and discusses perspectives on the causes of anxiety disorders.
11. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
12. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
2. Hyperventilation
13. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
2. Hyperventilation
3. Sweating (For no reason)
14. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
2. Hyperventilation
3. Sweating (For no reason)
4. Choking
15. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
2. Hyperventilation
3. Sweating (For no reason)
4. Choking
5. Trembling
16. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
2. Hyperventilation
3. Sweating (For no reason)
4. Choking
5. Trembling
6. Chest Pain
17. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
2. Hyperventilation
3. Sweating (For no reason)
4. Choking
5. Trembling
6. Chest Pain
7. Abdominal Distress
18. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
8. Dizziness
2. Hyperventilation
3. Sweating (For no reason)
4. Choking
5. Trembling
6. Chest Pain
7. Abdominal Distress
19. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
8. Dizziness
2. Hyperventilation
9. Fear of Dying (These are now cognitive.
3. Sweating (For no reason) Has to be in the moment of the panic attack. They
feel like they are losing control of themselves/
4. Choking
5. Trembling
6. Chest Pain
7. Abdominal Distress
20. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
8. Dizziness
2. Hyperventilation
9. Fear of Dying (These are now cognitive.
3. Sweating (For no reason) Has to be in the moment of the panic attack. They
feel like they are losing control of themselves/
4. Choking 10. Fear Of Losing Control
5. Trembling
6. Chest Pain
7. Abdominal Distress
21. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
8. Dizziness
2. Hyperventilation
9. Fear of Dying (These are now cognitive.
3. Sweating (For no reason) Has to be in the moment of the panic attack. They
feel like they are losing control of themselves/
4. Choking 10. Fear Of Losing Control
5. Trembling 11. Derealization And/Or
Depersonalization (Things don’t feel
6. Chest Pain real, feels like a dream. Feeling that is real but
doesn’t feel like it’s happening to me. Dissociative
experiences.
7. Abdominal Distress
22. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
8. Dizziness
2. Hyperventilation
9. Fear of Dying (These are now cognitive.
3. Sweating (For no reason) Has to be in the moment of the panic attack. They
feel like they are losing control of themselves/
4. Choking 10. Fear Of Losing Control
5. Trembling 11. Derealization And/Or
Depersonalization (Things don’t feel
6. Chest Pain real, feels like a dream. Feeling that is real but
doesn’t feel like it’s happening to me. Dissociative
experiences.
7. Abdominal Distress 12. Numbness/Tingling
23. A “True” Panic Attack Involves 4
Out Of 13 Symptoms:
1. Heart Palpitation
8. Dizziness
2. Hyperventilation
9. Fear of Dying (These are now cognitive.
3. Sweating (For no reason) Has to be in the moment of the panic attack. They
feel like they are losing control of themselves/
4. Choking 10. Fear Of Losing Control
5. Trembling 11. Derealization And/Or
Depersonalization (Things don’t feel
6. Chest Pain real, feels like a dream. Feeling that is real but
doesn’t feel like it’s happening to me. Dissociative
experiences.
7. Abdominal Distress 12. Numbness/Tingling
13. Chills/Hot Flashes
26. Diagnostic Criteria For
Panic Disorder
• Recurrent, Untriggered Panic Attacks
– Not Due to Environmental Cues
– Not Due To Distressing Thoughts
27. Diagnostic Criteria For
Panic Disorder
• Recurrent, Untriggered Panic Attacks
– Not Due to Environmental Cues
– Not Due To Distressing Thoughts
• Panic Attacks Develop Quickly And Peak Within Ten Minutes
(Symptoms are on the person quickly. The fact that it is untriggered by sudden sensation, the sudden onset makes
them scarier. It only lasts for 10 minutes. Terrifying moment because you don’t know whats going to happen.)
28. Diagnostic Criteria For
Panic Disorder
• Recurrent, Untriggered Panic Attacks
– Not Due to Environmental Cues
– Not Due To Distressing Thoughts
• Panic Attacks Develop Quickly And Peak Within Ten Minutes
(Symptoms are on the person quickly. The fact that it is untriggered by sudden sensation, the sudden onset makes
them scarier. It only lasts for 10 minutes. Terrifying moment because you don’t know whats going to happen.)
• After Panic Attack At Least One Month Of
– Persistent Concern About Future Panic Attacks (They are worrying that they don’t want
to have another panic attack.)
29. Diagnostic Criteria For
Panic Disorder
• Recurrent, Untriggered Panic Attacks
– Not Due to Environmental Cues
– Not Due To Distressing Thoughts
• Panic Attacks Develop Quickly And Peak Within Ten Minutes
(Symptoms are on the person quickly. The fact that it is untriggered by sudden sensation, the sudden onset makes
them scarier. It only lasts for 10 minutes. Terrifying moment because you don’t know whats going to happen.)
• After Panic Attack At Least One Month Of
– Persistent Concern About Future Panic Attacks (They are worrying that they don’t want
to have another panic attack.)
Or
– Concern About Medical or Psychological Implications (They are concerned about the
potential or psychological implications
30. Diagnostic Criteria For
Panic Disorder
• Recurrent, Untriggered Panic Attacks
– Not Due to Environmental Cues
– Not Due To Distressing Thoughts
• Panic Attacks Develop Quickly And Peak Within Ten Minutes
(Symptoms are on the person quickly. The fact that it is untriggered by sudden sensation, the sudden onset makes
them scarier. It only lasts for 10 minutes. Terrifying moment because you don’t know whats going to happen.)
• After Panic Attack At Least One Month Of
– Persistent Concern About Future Panic Attacks (They are worrying that they don’t want
to have another panic attack.)
Or
– Concern About Medical or Psychological Implications (They are concerned about the
potential or psychological implications
Or
– Avoidance Behavior (Potential Connection to agoraphobia because the person can be They start
to select out environments where they had those panic attacks as well as places where it’s easy to
escape
33. Rule Out Medical Conditions
• Refer Patient For Medical Consultation
34. Rule Out Medical Conditions
• Refer Patient For Medical Consultation
• Medical Disorders May Mimic Panic D/O
– Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)
– Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid) (People who are super
edgy.)
– Cardiovascular Disease (Experiencing chest pain,
– Respiratory Disease
– 75% of people go to a emergency room when they have a panic attack because people think
they are having a heart attack.
38. Rule Out Substance Intoxication/Withdrawal
• Illegal Stimulants
-Cocaine, Ecstasy, And Amphetamine Can Trigger Panic
Attacks
39. Rule Out Substance Intoxication/Withdrawal
• Illegal Stimulants
-Cocaine, Ecstasy, And Amphetamine Can Trigger Panic
Attacks
• Legal Stimulants
40. Rule Out Substance Intoxication/Withdrawal
• Illegal Stimulants
-Cocaine, Ecstasy, And Amphetamine Can Trigger Panic
Attacks
• Legal Stimulants
-Caffeine In Coffee Or Soda
41. Rule Out Substance Intoxication/Withdrawal
• Illegal Stimulants
-Cocaine, Ecstasy, And Amphetamine Can Trigger Panic
Attacks
• Legal Stimulants
-Caffeine In Coffee Or Soda
Substance induced anxiety disorder- when see a pattern where they have panic
attacks only when they are having the substances ^.
42. Rule Out Substance Intoxication/Withdrawal
• Illegal Stimulants
-Cocaine, Ecstasy, And Amphetamine Can Trigger Panic
Attacks
• Legal Stimulants
-Caffeine In Coffee Or Soda
Substance induced anxiety disorder- when see a pattern where they have panic
attacks only when they are having the substances ^.
45. Diagnostic Criteria For Agoraphobia
• Fear Of Situations In Which Escape Would Be Difficult Or Embarrassing, Or
Situations Where Rescue Would Be Difficult
46. Diagnostic Criteria For Agoraphobia
• Fear Of Situations In Which Escape Would Be Difficult Or Embarrassing, Or
Situations Where Rescue Would Be Difficult
• At Least One Of The Following:
– Avoids Situation(s) Related To Panic Attack Experiences
(They avoid the situation)
– Endures Panic Attack-Related Situation(s) With Great
Suffering (Person has anxiety or even panic attack in the lecture hall, but
they stay because want to do good in class. You are in the situation causing
anxiety but you are suffering through)
– Requires The Presence Of A Special Person In Panic
Attack-Related Situations (Person you know who feel calm with. If
they are with you can sit in the lecture hall, go mall, etc. If they are not with
you you can’t sit in the lecture hall or go mall, etc.
(Person who has agoraphobia has panic attack incidents or high anxiety)
49. Facts About Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
• PANIC DISORDER
– 1.5% to 3% Of Adults Meet
Diagnostic Criteria
– 15% of Adults Will Have At
Least One Panic Attack During
Their Life
– Females Are Diagnosed With
Panic Disorder Two times More
Often Than Males.
50. Facts About Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
• PANIC DISORDER • AGORAPHOBIA
– 1.5% to 3% Of Adults Meet – 5% Of Adults Meet Diagnostic
Diagnostic Criteria Criteria
– 15% of Adults Will Have At – “Places Of Confinement”
Least One Panic Attack During • Bridges
Their Life • Cars
– Females Are Diagnosed With • Crowded Places
Panic Disorder Two times More – “Safety Cues”
Often Than Males. • Safe Person
• Meds Or Pill Bottle
51. Biological Factors
• Biological Causation With Secondary Psychological Influences
• Lactate Theory (Biochemical) (People have higher level of lactate in their blood
– Excessive Lactate (A Chemical Normally Present In the Blood) Causes Panic Attacks
– Injection Studies
• Norepinephrine (Neurotransmitter) (People who have panic attacks have higher amounts of
norepinephrine.)
– Excessive Amounts Of This Neurotransmitter Cause Panic Attacks
– Injection Studies
• GABA (Pertains to all anxiety disorders. The more GABA who never get stressed where
most people would get stressed.) (People with panic disorders have low GABA activity.)
– Reduced Amounts Of This Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Cause Panic Attacks
53. Treatment Of Panic Disorder And Agoraphobia
• Medications
– SSRI Antidepressants (Non-addictive. Take it everyday. Benzo- they take as needed, whenever they
felt the need. Hopefully every 3-4 days to avoid addiction.
• First Line Medication For Long-Term Anxiety Disorders
• e.g., Paxil
– Benzodiazapines (Very addictive, good for short-term anxieties)(If take 1-3 everyday for 8-9 months.
They would need to take more later on to feel the same effect. Your body gets used to it. They would need to
detox later though because you can have seizures.
• Increase GABA Activity
• Immediately Reduce Anxiety
• Tolerance/ Addiction Potential
• e.g., Valium, Librium, Xanax, Ativan
54. Treatment Of Panic Disorder And Agoraphobia
• Cognitive - Behavioral Therapies
– _____________________
• Progressive ___________________ Training
– Sequential Tensing And Relaxing Of __________________
• Verbal Cue - Controlled Relaxation Training
– “Relax” Paired With ________________________
• Differential Relaxation
– Person Learns To ______________________ During Daily Activities
• __________________ Breathing
– ________________` Breathing Through The Diaphragm
– ________________________
1. Train Diaphragmatic Breathing & ______________ Thoughts(“I Can Do It,”
“Calming Down”)
2. (a) Client Engages In _________________ To Bring On Somatic Signs Of
__________________
(b) Client Uses Diaphragmatic Breathing & High Efficacy Thoughts To Reduce
_______________________
55. Treatment Of Panic Disorder And Agoraphobia
• Cognitive - Behavioral Therapies (Continued)
– Exposure (Flooding)
– In Vivo vs Imaginal
• Intensive vs Graduated
• Theory: Maximizing Exposure To Anxiety Cues Will Lead To Anxiety Reduction If Person Remains In
The Anxiety-Producing Situation
– Panic Control Therapy (David Barlow) Three Elements
– Cognitive Restructuring
» Reduce Catastrophic Thinking
» Emphasize Benign Nature Of Attacks (it’s a scary 10 min. but not going to do damage in
the long term)
» Increase High Efficacy Statements (“I’m doing it, calm me down, its working”)
– Develop Awareness Of Pre-Attack Body Cues (You want them to be aware of the body, increase
their body of awareness in a positive way)
– >>“Early Warning System” So May Begin Reversing Techniques
– Diaphragmatic Breathing
• Short-Term, As Effective As Anti-Anxiety Medications (comparing benzodiazapines to panic control
therapy the procedures are about equally effective.)
• Long-Term, More Effective Than Anti-Anxiety Medications (beyond 6 months show that panic control
therapy is actually superior to Benzodiazapines. The more you practice the better you get, the more you
take a pill the less affective the pill becomes )
56. Specific Phobia
• Specific Phobia Vs Common Fear (Fear- it can be rational. Phobia must be irrational. The amount of fear is irrational)
– Irrational Vs Rational
– Dysfunction Vs Lack of Dysfunction (If the fear causes dysfunction in your current life then it’s dysfunction)
• Specific Phobia
– An Irrational and Persistent Fear Of An Object, Activity, Or Situation That
Consistently And Immediately Causes Anxiety (Possibility Of Triggered Panic
Attacks)
– Current Dysfunction (Has to be dysfunction in their current life)
– Avoidance Behavior Or Endures With Great Suffering (Either avoid the situation or suffer
through)
– Person Is Aware That The Fear Is Excessive (Adults Only) (This symptom is for adults only.
They must be aware that their fear is excessive)
– Duration Of At Least Six Months
57. Types of Specific Phobia
• Axis I: Specific Phobia, Animal Type (for people who are scared of :
– Large Dogs, Snakes, Spiders, Worms
• Axis I: Specific Phobia, Natural Environment Type
– Ocean, Earthquakes, Tornadoes, Hurricanes
• Axis I: Specific Phobia, Blood/Injection/Injury Type
– Injections, Amputations, Blood (Self or Others)
58. Facts About Specific Phobia
• Gender Difference
– Females 2x, Males x (2:1)
• Co-Morbidity
– Nearly Two-thirds Of People With Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia Also
Have A Specific Phobia (Easily Conditioned, Low GABA Folks)
59. Biological Factors
• Biological Preparedness Theory
– Fear (Avoidance) Of Dangerous Situations Is An Evolutionary Advantage
– Humans Are Neurologically Wired To Learn Fear Readily Because It Is Adaptive To
Avoid Events/Objects That Threaten Our Existence (e.g., Large Animals, Fire)
– As A Consequence, We Also Readily Acquire Fear Of Benign Events/Objects
• Amygdala (Very involved in memory and emotion)
– Structure In The Limbic System
– Key Role In Fear Learning
– Specific Phobia May Result From Events That Caused
Substantial Stimulation of the Amygdala
61. Psychological Factors
• Cognitive Factors
– Cognitions Cause Anxiety
– Persons With Specific Phobia
• Misinterpret Benign Events
• Magnify Mildly Threatening Events
62. Treatment Of Specific Phobia
• Flooding (Exposure)
– Classic (Intensive) Flooding
• Immediate and Complete Exposure To The Feared Object Or Situation
• Person Is Placed In The Feared Situation Or With The Feared Object
– Graduated Flooding
• Exposure In Graduated Steps
• Progressing To Most Aversive Event
63. Treatment Of Specific Phobia
• Cognitive Restructuring
– Identify And Modify Anxiety- Producing Cognitions
– Client Learns To Rationally Challenge Anxiety-Producing Cognitions As They Occur (“This Is An Exagerration,
This Fear Is Not Necessary”) While In The Feared Situation Or Near The Feared Stimulus
• Thought Stopping
– Therapist Yells “Stop!” When Anxiety-Producing Thoughts Occur
– Client Yells “Stop!” When Anxiety-Producing Thoughts Occur (Homework)
– Client Learns To Yell “Stop!” in His/Her head
64. Treatment Of Specific Phobia
• Stress Inoculation
– Client Makes Positive, Brief Self-Statements While Confronting The Stimulus (e.g., “I Can Cope, I’m Calm,” “I Can
do It”)
• Systematic Desensitization
– Objective: Minimize Anxiety In The Presence Of the Feared Object
– Steps
• Train Relaxation and Create Hierarchy
• Relaxation At Each Level In The Hierarchy
65. Social Phobia
• Marked Fear In Social Situations, Especially Situations Involving Unfamiliar People Or Evaluation
• The Social Situation Invariably Provokes Anxiety
• The Person Recognizes That The Fear Is Unreasonable (Adults Only)
• Current Dysfunction
• Duration: At Least 6 Months
• Most common social phobia is public speaking. Invariable- It has to be every time. If they are an adult they have to realize
that the fear is excessive, irrational, no harm is going to come to them. Has to cause current dysfunction in their life.
Duration criteria at least 6 months.
66. Types Of Social Phobia
• Axis I: Social Phobia, Public Speaking Type
• Axis I: Social Phobia, Public Eating Type
• Axis I: Social Phobia, Public Writing Type
• Axis I: Social Phobia, Generalized Type
– Anxiety Regarding Multiple Social Situations (e.g., Cocktail Parties, Public Speaking, Public Writing)
(Stuttering, stammered, wet their pants. Can happen from people staring or laughing at them)
67. Social Phobia Facts
• Lifetime Prevalence Of Social Phobia
– With Severe Symptoms: 3% of Adults
– With Nonsevere Symptoms: 8.5-13% of Adults
• Social Phobia Is Slightly More Frequent In Females
• Almost Everyone Hates Public Speaking
• Best way to overcome is to do it again and again. You become a master of the material your speaking about.
68. Psychological Factors
• Classical Conditioning
– Aversive Experiences In Social Situations
• Criticism-Related Cognitions
– Magnify Mild Signs Of Criticism
– Perceive Benign Social Cues As Signs Of Criticism.
69. Treatment of Social Phobia
• Medications
– SSRI Antidepressants
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
– Cognitive Restructuring
• Helping Person Identify And Modify Cognitions That Cause Social Anxiety
– Social Skills Training
• Flooding
• Systematic Desensitization (Opposite of flooding in terms of anxiety. Looking to have 0 tolerance for anxiety.
15-20 steps. Have a large audience, 25 people.
70. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• Diagnostic Criteria
– Excessive Anxiety And Worry On The Majority Of Days For At least 6 months
– The Anxiety Involves Varied Aspects Of One’s Life
– The Anxiety Or Related Physical Symptoms Cause Distress Or Dysfunction
– The Person Has Difficulty Controlling Their Worry
– The Anxiety And Worry Are Manifest In At least of 3 of the following 6 sxs
• Restlessness
• easily fatigue
• Difficulty Concentrating
• irritability
• Muscle Tension
• sleep disturbance
71. GAD Facts
• Lifetime Prevalence: 5% of adult Americans
• More Common In women
• Associated Factors
– Hx Of Prior Marriage (e.g., Divorced Or Widowed)
– Regional: More Common In The Northeast US
– Homemaker
– Series Of Negative Life Events
72. GAD and Children
• Incidence
– Far Less frequent in children , kids in “here and now”
• Content Of Worries
– Most Children With GAD Worry unrealistically About Their athletic and scholastic Performance
– A Minority Of Children With GAD Worry About How natural disasters Or nuclear war May Affect Them Or
Their parents
73. Comorbidity in GAD
• GAD Patients Often Have Other psychiatric disorders
• Dysthymic disorder Is The Most Common Comorbid Diagnosis Of GAD Patients
74. Factors
• Biological Factors
– Insufficient GABA Activity In GAD Patients
• GABA is an inhibitory
• Psychological Factors
– Anxiety-Producing Thoughts Often Involve Magnification Or
Catastrophizing
– Cycle Of Dysfunction
Interpersonal Event (Wife doesnt look at him)
Poor Performance (he doesn’t talk to her) Cognitive Distortion
(she hates me)
Anxiety/Worry (anxiety of
relationship (causes
dysfunction not motivation
75. Treatment Of GAD
• Medications
– SSRI Antidepressants
– Benzodiazapines
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
– Cognitive Restructuring
• Identify And Modify Cognitions That Cause Anxiety/Worry
• Recognize Anxiety-Producing Cognitions (Magnifications,
Catastrophizing), And Replaces Them With Cognitions That Reduce
Anxiety And Improve Functioning
– Relaxation Training (Can benefit from Diaphragmatic Breathing, Progressive Muscle
Relaxation)
• Increases Efficacy for Anxiety Control
76. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Obsessions
– Persistent Thoughts, Impulses, Or Images
• Produce Significant Anxiety
• Experienced By The Individual As Intrusive and Inappropriate
– The Obsession Is Not Simply Excessive Worry About Real Problems
– Person Attempts To Ignore or Replace The Obsessive Thoughts With Another Thought or Action
– Person Realizes That The Obsessive Thinking Arises From His/Her Own Disturbed Thought Processes(tend to be realty
based. not psychotic like aliens are taking over my brain.)
– Examples
• A Student Has Impulses To Shout Out Dirty Words During Class
• A Young Man Experiences Mental Images Of Cars Running Him Down On The Sidewalk
• A Mother Is Tormented By Thoughts That She Might Inadvertently Contaminate The Dinners She Cooks For Her
Family
77. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Compulsion (usually obsessive or just don’t make sense. They are obsessive and rigid. Why? because they anxiety based. If they
are prevented from doing something compulsive their anxiety goes up)
– A Repetitive Behavior Or Mental Act That The Person Is Driven To Perform In Response To An Obsession or According
to a rigid set of rules
– The Purpose Of The Behavioral Or Mental Act Is To Prevent or Reduce Anxiety Or The Probability Of A Dreaded Event
– The Behavior Or Mental Act Is Clearly Excessive or not Realistically Connected To What It Is Intended To Neutralize
– Examples Related To The Obsession Examples
• The Student With The Urge To Shout Dirty Words In Class May Be Compelled To Twirl His Pen Exactly Three
Times, Count To Three, Twirl Three Times, Count To Three, ..And So On
• The Young Man Who Constantly Experiences Mental Images Of Cars Running Him Down On The Sidewalk May
Need To Step On Every Third Crack He Sees On The Sidewalk
• The Mother Who Is Tormented By Thoughts That She Might Inadvertently Contaminate The Dinners She Cooks For
Her Family May Need To Wash Her Hands Thirty Or Forty Times In The Course Of Cooking A Meal
– Classic Examples Of Compulsions
• Hand Washing To Reduce Images Or Thoughts Of Contamination (motor act)
• Checking All The Locks In The House Ten Times Before Going To Bed To Reduced Fears That Someone Will Have
Access To You (motor act)
• Counting the number of letters in each sentence (mental activity. When talking to someone she would start counting
the number of words in each sentence. Would do this to reduce their anxiety.)
78. Diagnostic Criteria For OCD
• Obsessions And/Or Compulsions
• At Some Point, The Person With OCD Realizes That The Obsessions And/Or Compulsions Are Excessive (Adults Only)
• The Obsessions Or Compulsions
– Cause Marked Distress
Or
– Consume More Than One Hour Per Day
Or
– Cause Social or Occupational Dysfunction
79. OCD Facts
• Lifetime Prevalence Of OCD
– 2% of Adults
• OCD Is More Common in Women
• Onset: OCD Generally Begins By Early Adulthood
• Onset X Gender Interaction
– Early Onset (Onset In Childhood Or Adolescence) Is More Common in Males
– Later (Adult) Onset Is More Common in Females (18-30)
• Many Children Who Exhibit Compulsive Behaviors Do Not Retain Them Into Adolescence
• Comorbidity: OCD Is Often Comorbid With Mood Disorders And Other Anxiety Disorders, Especially Panic Disorder and
Specific Phobia(They are low GABA folks, have other anxiety disorders that have low GABA. They are born to be low
GABA)
80. Biological Factors
• Neurotransmitters (low GABA)
– Reduced Levels Of Serotonin, Dopamine, or Acetylcholine
• Little Empirical Support
• Genetics
– 10% Prevalence In First Degree Relatives Of OCD Pts
– 1-2% Prevalence In The General Population
• Brain Structures
– Obsessions
• Possibly From Increased Activation In The Frontal Lobes (Overacting thought, overacting frontal lobes)
– Compulsions
• Possibly From Increased Activation In The Basal Ganglia (associated with Parkinson’s disorder, well known to
be associated with smooth motor movement)
81. Psychological Factors
• Two Factor Theory
1. Classical Conditioning
– Aversive Experience Causes Lasting Anxiety And
Obsession
– Physical, Sexual (person feels violated, feels dirty), Emotional
Abuse
2. Operant Conditioning
– Negative Reinforcement
– The Compulsive Behavior Is Reinforced (Perpetuated) By Its
Ability To Reduce Anxiety
82. Treatment Of OCD
• Medications
– SSRI Antidepressants (e.g., Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil)
• Reduce Obsessions By Increasing Serotonin Activity
• Therapeutic Dosage Is Typically Higher Than That Used to Treat Depression
• Behavior Therapy
– Thought Stopping
– Exposure with Response Prevention
• Exposure Therapy + Patient Not Allowed To Engage In Compulsive Behavior
• e.g., Compulsive Hand Washer Must Hold A Dirty Diaper Without Being Able To Wash His Hands
83. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Acute
Stress Disorder
• PTSD And ASD
– trauma-related disorders That Differ In Duration And Severity
– Traumatic Event
• An Event During Which Your Physical Integrity Or
Another’s Physical Integrity Is threatened or damaged
• e.g., Witnessing A Murder, Being In An Automobile
Accident, Suddenly Learning Of The Death Of A Loved One,
Sexual Assault, War Experiences
– In Both Disorders, The Traumatized Person Must experience
intense fear, helplessness, or Horror During Or Immediately
After The Event
84. • Duration Criteria: One Month or LongerPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Persistent Re-Experiencing Of Traumatic Event (1 Or More)
– Distressing Recollections/Memories of the Trauma
– Dreams Of The Trauma
– Acting Or Feeling As If Event is Reoccurring (i.e, Flashbacks)
– Distress At Internal Or External Cues Related To The Event
– Physiological Activity Due To Cues Related To The Event (not stress or anxiety, but heart starts to pound)
• Avoidance Of Associated Stimuli And Lack Of Responsiveness (3 Or More)
– Avoidance Of Thoughts, Feelings, Or Conversations Regarding The Traumatic Event (person might be avoiding conversations. If had a car accident and
people start talking about they just leave. If have thoughts, they push them down, I want to forget this but it keeps coming up. Avoidance behavior is
toxic.
– Avoidance of Activities, Places, or People Associated with the Trauma (person is in a car accident, they might avoid their was a accident and their friend
had died. Other person who was alive as well avoids the other person alive to, too much anxiety. Avoids the place accident occurred, or avoids driving.
– Inability To Recall Important Aspects Of The Trauma (Dissociative Amnesia)
– Significantly Diminished Interest Or Involvement In Activities (Person comes back as a different person. He’s one way and events happen and he’s very
different socially)
– Feelings of Detachment from Others (Attached to people, goes to Afghanistan, does things he never thought he would do, see things he never thought he
would do, Have this emotional cut off. He would see his buddy get shot and die.Saying I don’t want to get hurt again, he feels disconnected from people
he used to be attached to when he comes back. Change in emotional attachment to people.
– Restricted Range of Affect (prior to the trauma the person was typical. Expressive- happy situation they smile. Sad- frown. Since the trauma they’re flat-
no expression)
– Sense Of Foreshortened Future (Prior to accident believed she would live till 80. Since car accident she’s convinced she’s not going to live till 30)
• Persistently Increased Arousal (2 Or More) (Their body is overly aroused)
– Difficulty Falling or Staying Asleep (their memories of the trauma cause them difficulties)
– Irritability Or Angry Outburst (Overreactive Hostility) (Although you can see them flat, all it takes is a push and they will get emotional very quickly.
They would go off on the person. He used to be very easy going but the events that happened, ever since small stuff causes him to go off in a intense
way)
– Concentration Problems (you can’t concentrate, might affect balancing your checkbook or other things)
– Hypervigilance (after the sexual assualt, now she’s thinking everywhere where the dangers would be. SInce coming back
from combat every
time John enters a room he’s always vigilence for danger. Wants to find the nearest exit everywhere he goes because
thinks something dangerous is going to happen.
– Exaggerated Startle Response (Has to be a change from base line too. Want to see a change from pre trauma to prior
to.This person now if theirs a loud pop their going to jump. Have an anxious arousal since the trauma every time they
hear a loud noise.
85. Acute Stress Disorder
• Duration Criteria: 2-30 Days
• Trauma
• Response Of Intense Fear, Helplessness, Or Horror
• Dissociative Sxs, During Or After The Trauma (3 or more)
– Detachment, Numbing, Or Reduced Emotional Responsiveness
– Reduced Awareness Of Surroundings
– Feelings of Unreality
– (Depersonalization) Feelings Of Being Detached from Oneself Or From One’s Experience (Feeling like your not
involved. 6 days of your sexual assault she says i know there was one, but i feel like it didn’t happen to me, I wasn’t
there)
– Inability To Recall An Important Aspect Of The Trauma (Dissociative Amnesia) (Where a person with the strength of he
trauma, they can’t remember part of all of the traumatic event)
• Recurrent Reexperiencing (Dreams, Flashbacks, Memories) Or Intense Distress When Exposed To Event-Related Stimuli
• Avoidance Of Stimuli That Elicit Memories Of The Trauma
• Anxiety and Increased Arousal (e.g., Sleep Disturbance, Hypervigilance, Exaggerated Startle Response)
86. Incidence
Incidence Of Acute Stress Disorder
• Over 90% of Rape Victims Meet Criteria For ASD
• About 15% Of People In Injurious Motor Vehicle Accidents Meet Criteria For ASD
• Although Some ASD Patients Never Meet the PTSD Criteria, Many People Who Meet Criteria For ASD Will Later Meet The
Criteria For PTSD (Many people may convert to PTSD form ASD but not all)
• Incidence Of PTSD
• Vietnam Veterans
– Low Combat Vets: 20 To 30% Incidence of PTSD
– High Combat Vets: 25% to 70% Incidence of PTSD
87. Risk Factors For PTSD
Risk Factors
• More Severe Trauma, more probable PTSD
• Perceived Threat To Life
• Low Intelligence (Low Coping Skills?)
• Female
• Lack Of Social Support (Cue Exposure)
• Early Separation From Parents
• History Of Prior Trauma
• Family History Of Psychiatric Disorders
• Personal History Of Prior Mood or Anxiety Disorders
88. Biological Factors
Primed Nervous System
• Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight Or Flight)
– Designed for Short-term Activation
– Intense Or Recurrent Trauma Results In Permanent State Of Overarousal/ Anxiety
Neurotransmitters
• Diverse Symptoms in PTSD
• “Dysregulation” of Neurotransmitter Systems
Brain (brain issue)
• Reduced Size of the Hippocampus
– Combat Vets
– Women Abused As Children
89. Psychological Factors
Two Factor Theory
1. Classical Conditioning
– Traumatic Event Causes Lasting Anxiety That Is Associated With Stimuli Present During The Trauma (Single
event or multiple events)
2. Operant Conditioning
– Negative Reinforcement
– Avoidance Behavior Is Reinforced (Perpetuated) By Its Ability To Reduce Anxiety
– The Long-Term Effect Is That The Avoidance Behavior Prevents Cue Exposure… Causing The Anxiety
To Continue
90. Psychological Factors
• Cognitive Theory (Find huge amounts of avoidance behavior; not sharing their experience when they have a trauma)
– Avoidance
• Social Isolation
• Alcohol And/Or Substance Abuse Negativistic Cognitions
• Excessive Self-Blame For Events Beyond Control
• Guilt Over Outcome Of Events
• Blaming Others
• Cynicism
• Catastrophizing
91. Treatment Of PTSD
Medications
• Symptoms Relief Only
• Symptom-Specific Prescribing
– Anxiety-Related Symptoms (Hyperexcitability, Startle Reactions)
-> SSRI Antidepressants or Benzodiazephines
– Irritability, Aggression, Impulsiveness, Flashbacks (getting into fights)
-> Mood Stabilizers/Anti-Manic Medications
– Depressive Symptoms (Emotional Numbing, Intrusive Thoughts, Social Withdrawal)
-> SSRI Antidepressants
92. Treatment Of PTSD
Psychological Interventions
• Covering Strategies (Help the person cope with daily living, not past event, trauma experiencing. Coping with their
symptoms (anxiety) , stress of their kids.
– Supportive Therapy
– Stress Management (Developing Coping Skills)
• Uncovering Strategies
– Systematic Desensitization
– Imaginal Flooding
• Success With Rape Survivors (Edna Foa)
• Lack Of Success With Vietnam Combat Veterans