Acalypha wilkesiana is an ornamental plant that is generally referred to as copper leaf and it is a shrub with mostly
glossy green or red leaves. It is used in the management of fever in infants locally. Wistar rats weighing 150 -200g
were divided into six groups (n=5). Group 1 (control) was administered brewer’s yeast (40mg/kg) , group 2 was
administered brewer’s yeast and aspirin (100mg/kg), while groups 3, 4 and 5 were administered 100, 200 and
300mg/kg of Acalypha wilkesiana respectively. Initial rectal temperature was taken before admistration of brewer’s
yeast. Brewer’s yeast was injected subcutaneously to induce fever in the test groups. Temperature was measured
after 18hours using rectal thermometer at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after the extract and standard drug were
administered. Group 5, 4 and 3 (300mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 100mg/kg) significantly reduced brewer’s yeast induced
pyrexia, (36.46±0.21, 36.90±0.31 and36.84±0.22), when compared with the positive control (brewer’s yeast)
(37.96±0.22). Group 2 (Aspirin 100mg/kg) also showed significantly reduced brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia (36.88
±0.22) when compared with the positive control (brewer’s yeast) (37.96±0.22). This study shows that the antipyretic
effect of Acalypha wilkesiana is dose dependent, being most effective at the high dose (300mg/kg). This suggests
that the methanolic extract of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves possesses significant antipyretic activity which is dose
dependent and its mechanism could be due to the presence of flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids.
Biodiversity of Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)Aratrika Roy
The document provides information about the biodiversity of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) in Maharashtra and Goa, India. It discusses the species' distribution, description, uses, and importance. Specifically, it notes that periwinkle is native to Madagascar but cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas. It is used as an ornamental plant and in Ayurvedic medicine to treat various diseases, including cancer. Alkaloids extracted from periwinkle such as vincristine and vinblastine are important in cancer treatment. The document also covers the plant's ecology, reproduction, related species, and toxicity.
Biosynthesis isolation and example for some alkaloidsshveta arya
Vincristine is a dimeric alkaloid isolated from the Madagascar periwinkle plant. It is synthesized commercially from its related compound vinblastine. Vincristine is used as a chemotherapy drug to treat various cancers. It works by entering actively dividing cancer cells and preventing the formation of the mitotic spindle, thereby stopping cell division. Common side effects include nervous system damage and constipation.
The document discusses the need for conservation of medicinal plants. It notes that medicinal plants play an important role in healthcare in many developing countries, but biodiversity is being depleted through human activities and natural disasters. The goal of conservation is to protect biological resources and habitats in a sustainable manner. There are two main approaches: in-situ conservation of plants in their natural habitats through protected areas like national parks and biosphere reserves, and ex-situ conservation which involves collecting and storing plant genetic resources outside their natural habitats using methods like botanical gardens, seed banks, and tissue culture techniques like cryopreservation.
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Carotenoids, also called tetraterpenoids, are organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria and fungi. Carotenoids can be produced from fats and other basic organic metabolic building blocks by all these organisms.
Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.ShekhAlisha
A considerable number of definitions have been proposed for the term 'medicinal plant'. According
to the World Health Organization, "a medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its
organs/parts, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for
chemo-pharmaceutical semi synthesis"
Biodiversity of Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)Aratrika Roy
The document provides information about the biodiversity of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) in Maharashtra and Goa, India. It discusses the species' distribution, description, uses, and importance. Specifically, it notes that periwinkle is native to Madagascar but cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas. It is used as an ornamental plant and in Ayurvedic medicine to treat various diseases, including cancer. Alkaloids extracted from periwinkle such as vincristine and vinblastine are important in cancer treatment. The document also covers the plant's ecology, reproduction, related species, and toxicity.
Biosynthesis isolation and example for some alkaloidsshveta arya
Vincristine is a dimeric alkaloid isolated from the Madagascar periwinkle plant. It is synthesized commercially from its related compound vinblastine. Vincristine is used as a chemotherapy drug to treat various cancers. It works by entering actively dividing cancer cells and preventing the formation of the mitotic spindle, thereby stopping cell division. Common side effects include nervous system damage and constipation.
The document discusses the need for conservation of medicinal plants. It notes that medicinal plants play an important role in healthcare in many developing countries, but biodiversity is being depleted through human activities and natural disasters. The goal of conservation is to protect biological resources and habitats in a sustainable manner. There are two main approaches: in-situ conservation of plants in their natural habitats through protected areas like national parks and biosphere reserves, and ex-situ conservation which involves collecting and storing plant genetic resources outside their natural habitats using methods like botanical gardens, seed banks, and tissue culture techniques like cryopreservation.
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Carotenoids, also called tetraterpenoids, are organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria and fungi. Carotenoids can be produced from fats and other basic organic metabolic building blocks by all these organisms.
Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.ShekhAlisha
A considerable number of definitions have been proposed for the term 'medicinal plant'. According
to the World Health Organization, "a medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its
organs/parts, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for
chemo-pharmaceutical semi synthesis"
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are volatile essential oils found in many plants and flowers which give them their distinctive fragrances. There are many different classes of terpenoids classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and camphor. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine terpenoid structures and functional groups.
This document discusses the plant hormones abscisic acid and ethylene. It defines plant hormones as internally secreted chemicals that regulate plant growth. Abscisic acid is a growth inhibitor that induces bud and seed dormancy, stops cambium activity, promotes abscission, and stimulates leaf senescence. Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that stimulates transverse growth but inhibits longitudinal growth. It hastens senescence and abscission, breaks dormancy, aids fruit ripening, and influences flowering and sex expression. Both hormones help plants adapt and respond to environmental stresses.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Gibberellins are plant hormones essential for many plant developmental processes. They were first discovered in 1926 as the cause of 'foolish seedling' disease in rice. There are three stages of gibberellin biosynthesis involving different cellular compartments. Gibberellins regulate stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering by interacting with DELLA repressor proteins in the nucleus to activate gene expression. They also interact with other hormones like auxins and ABA to regulate various growth processes.
Carotenoids are organic pigments produced by plants and algae that give fruits and vegetables their red, orange, and yellow colors. There are over 700 types of carotenoids, including carotenes like beta-carotene and xanthophylls with oxygen atoms like lutein. Carotenoids serve important roles in photosynthesis and protecting chlorophyll from damage. They can also be converted to vitamin A and act as antioxidants. The most common dietary carotenoids are beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein found in fruits and vegetables like carrots, tomatoes, and kale.
Rotenone is a natural pesticide extracted from the roots and stems of several tropical plant species. It works by interfering with electron transport in mitochondria, which inhibits ATP production and creates reactive oxygen species. Rotenone has been used historically by indigenous groups to catch fish and is also used as an insecticide, though it is toxic to aquatic life and insects. While mildly toxic to humans, rotenone poisoning can be fatal with high doses and it degrades when exposed to sunlight.
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells that can spread to other tissues. It is a major global health problem, with over 10 million new cases and 6 million deaths each year. The most common cancers worldwide are lung, breast, and colorectal cancers. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and biological therapy. These treatments can cause side effects like hair loss, nausea, vomiting, and reduced immune function. Turmeric contains curcumin, which has shown anti-cancer properties in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Curcumin can prevent cancer cell growth and has shown promise in preventing and treating various cancers like colon, breast, and brain cancers based on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Further
This document discusses ergot alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing natural products produced by various fungi including Claviceps purpurae. It describes their chemical properties, occurrence, pharmacological effects, biosynthesis pathway, and methods of production. Key producers of ergot alkaloids are discussed, including C. purpurae which infects rye and produces ergometrine. The biosynthesis pathway involves the formation of the ergoline ring system from tryptophan. Methods of commercial production include culture of fungi on host plants or in submerged culture using processes like surface culture or immobilized cells. Regulation of alkaloid production in fermentation is also covered.
This document provides information about alkaloids. It begins with definitions and classifications of alkaloids. It then discusses two specific alkaloids - ephedra and colchicum. For ephedra, it describes the plant source, chemical constituents including ephedrine, uses, and chemical tests. For colchicum, it provides the plant source, chemical constituents including colchicine, and geographical sources.
Medicinal value of plant Picrorhiza scrophulariflora including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
The presentation on topic Medicinal value of cordyceps sinensis give the idea about its clinical uses, chemical constituent, pharmacological activity and conservation status of cordyceps sinensis.
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. They do this using several mechanisms including acid-base catalysis, covalent bond formation, and metal ion catalysis. Enzymes are also able to increase reaction rates by properly orienting substrates. Enzyme activity can be inhibited through various reversible and irreversible mechanisms such as competitive inhibition where an inhibitor binds to the active site, and suicide inhibition where the inhibitor is converted by the enzyme into a tightly-binding form. The Michaelis-Menten model and Lineweaver-Burk plots are commonly used to study enzyme kinetics and inhibition types.
Here are short answers to your questions on carotenoids:
1. Carotenoids are yellow, orange or red pigments found in plants and algae. They are lipophilic and soluble in oils. Upon heating, acid or light, they may isomerize.
2. Carotenoids are classified into carotenes and xanthophylls. Carotenes like alpha-carotene and beta-carotene contain no oxygen. Xanthophylls like lutein and zeaxanthin contain oxygen.
3. Alpha- and beta-carotene are carotenes. They are antioxidants and beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A.
4. Lyc
The document discusses allergens and herbal treatments for allergies. It defines allergens and allergies, and describes the types of allergens and receptors responsible for allergic reactions. The mechanism of allergies involving immunoglobulin E is explained. Several plant allergens are outlined, including the plant name, family, active compounds, and type of allergic reaction caused. Finally, various herbal treatments for allergies are presented, including their anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, and decongestant properties.
Shikimic acid is an important biochemical metabolite found in plants and microorganisms. It was first isolated from the Japanese star anise plant in 1885. The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by plants and microbes to synthesize the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. This pathway is not present in animals. Shikimic acid is the starting point for the biosynthesis of many important phenolic compounds like flavonoids, tannins, lignin, and gallic acid. It is also a precursor for indole derivatives and the psychedelic compound DMT. Glyphosate herbicide works by inhibiting the shikimate pathway in plants
Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division and play important roles in plant growth and development. They are synthesized primarily in root tips and transported upward through the xylem. Cytokinin biosynthesis involves the enzyme adenylate isopentenyltransferase, which catalyzes the first reaction. Cytokinins signal through a phosphorelay pathway involving histidine kinase receptors, Arabidopsis response regulators, and feedback loops to regulate gene expression and cellular responses. Cytokinins promote cell division, axillary bud outgrowth, seed development, delay senescence, and stimulate morphogenesis and shoot initiation.
This document summarizes the biological activities of turmeric and its main component, curcumin. It discusses curcumin's anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties as demonstrated in laboratory and clinical studies. Some key points include: curcumin reduces inflammation by inhibiting NF-kB activation and suppressing COX-2 expression; it has antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and maintaining antioxidant enzyme activities; laboratory studies show curcumin promotes apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibits telomerase activity; clinical trials demonstrate curcumin is well-tolerated but has low oral bioavailability in humans. However, long-term, high dose administration of turmeric extract was found to have toxic and carcinogenic effects in animal
Neem is a fast-growing tree native to India that has many uses in agriculture and medicine. The document discusses neem products used in plant protection, including neem oil, neem seed cake, and neem extracts. Neem products act as biopesticides and control over 200 pest species through modes of action like inhibiting feeding and reproduction. The active ingredient azadirachtin in neem extracts is a powerful antifeedant and growth regulator for pests. Neem oil also controls fungal and bacterial diseases when applied preventatively or to treat existing infections. The emulsifiable concentrate form of neem oil is commonly used as an organic pesticide.
Primary metabolites are directly involved in normal growth, development and reproduction, and are essential for these processes. Examples include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Secondary metabolites are not directly involved in these processes but have important ecological functions, such as antibiotics. Secondary metabolites are derived from primary metabolites but are synthesized later in the growth cycle. Examples of secondary metabolites discussed include antibiotics (penicillin, cephalosporins, streptomycin, griseofulvin), mycotoxins, alkaloids, steroids, vitamins and amino acids.
Aloe emodin is an anthraquinone compound found naturally in aloe vera plants and other plants such as rhubarb. It can be isolated from aloe sap through refluxing with hydrochloric acid and ferric chloride, followed by extraction with toluene. Identification and quantification of aloe emodin can be done using techniques such as thin layer chromatography and HPLC. Aloe emodin has various pharmacological effects including anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, but also potential hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. It is used as a laxative but may also help suppress breast cancer cell proliferation.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
The document studies the antipyretic (fever-reducing) activity of Scaevola taccada leaf extracts in rats. Preliminary screening found the leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, lipids, terpenoids, glycosides and saponins. Ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts were tested on yeast-induced fever in rats. Both extracts significantly reduced fever, comparable to the standard drug paracetamol. The antipyretic effects may be due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are volatile essential oils found in many plants and flowers which give them their distinctive fragrances. There are many different classes of terpenoids classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and camphor. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine terpenoid structures and functional groups.
This document discusses the plant hormones abscisic acid and ethylene. It defines plant hormones as internally secreted chemicals that regulate plant growth. Abscisic acid is a growth inhibitor that induces bud and seed dormancy, stops cambium activity, promotes abscission, and stimulates leaf senescence. Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that stimulates transverse growth but inhibits longitudinal growth. It hastens senescence and abscission, breaks dormancy, aids fruit ripening, and influences flowering and sex expression. Both hormones help plants adapt and respond to environmental stresses.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Gibberellins are plant hormones essential for many plant developmental processes. They were first discovered in 1926 as the cause of 'foolish seedling' disease in rice. There are three stages of gibberellin biosynthesis involving different cellular compartments. Gibberellins regulate stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering by interacting with DELLA repressor proteins in the nucleus to activate gene expression. They also interact with other hormones like auxins and ABA to regulate various growth processes.
Carotenoids are organic pigments produced by plants and algae that give fruits and vegetables their red, orange, and yellow colors. There are over 700 types of carotenoids, including carotenes like beta-carotene and xanthophylls with oxygen atoms like lutein. Carotenoids serve important roles in photosynthesis and protecting chlorophyll from damage. They can also be converted to vitamin A and act as antioxidants. The most common dietary carotenoids are beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein found in fruits and vegetables like carrots, tomatoes, and kale.
Rotenone is a natural pesticide extracted from the roots and stems of several tropical plant species. It works by interfering with electron transport in mitochondria, which inhibits ATP production and creates reactive oxygen species. Rotenone has been used historically by indigenous groups to catch fish and is also used as an insecticide, though it is toxic to aquatic life and insects. While mildly toxic to humans, rotenone poisoning can be fatal with high doses and it degrades when exposed to sunlight.
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells that can spread to other tissues. It is a major global health problem, with over 10 million new cases and 6 million deaths each year. The most common cancers worldwide are lung, breast, and colorectal cancers. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and biological therapy. These treatments can cause side effects like hair loss, nausea, vomiting, and reduced immune function. Turmeric contains curcumin, which has shown anti-cancer properties in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Curcumin can prevent cancer cell growth and has shown promise in preventing and treating various cancers like colon, breast, and brain cancers based on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Further
This document discusses ergot alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing natural products produced by various fungi including Claviceps purpurae. It describes their chemical properties, occurrence, pharmacological effects, biosynthesis pathway, and methods of production. Key producers of ergot alkaloids are discussed, including C. purpurae which infects rye and produces ergometrine. The biosynthesis pathway involves the formation of the ergoline ring system from tryptophan. Methods of commercial production include culture of fungi on host plants or in submerged culture using processes like surface culture or immobilized cells. Regulation of alkaloid production in fermentation is also covered.
This document provides information about alkaloids. It begins with definitions and classifications of alkaloids. It then discusses two specific alkaloids - ephedra and colchicum. For ephedra, it describes the plant source, chemical constituents including ephedrine, uses, and chemical tests. For colchicum, it provides the plant source, chemical constituents including colchicine, and geographical sources.
Medicinal value of plant Picrorhiza scrophulariflora including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
The presentation on topic Medicinal value of cordyceps sinensis give the idea about its clinical uses, chemical constituent, pharmacological activity and conservation status of cordyceps sinensis.
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. They do this using several mechanisms including acid-base catalysis, covalent bond formation, and metal ion catalysis. Enzymes are also able to increase reaction rates by properly orienting substrates. Enzyme activity can be inhibited through various reversible and irreversible mechanisms such as competitive inhibition where an inhibitor binds to the active site, and suicide inhibition where the inhibitor is converted by the enzyme into a tightly-binding form. The Michaelis-Menten model and Lineweaver-Burk plots are commonly used to study enzyme kinetics and inhibition types.
Here are short answers to your questions on carotenoids:
1. Carotenoids are yellow, orange or red pigments found in plants and algae. They are lipophilic and soluble in oils. Upon heating, acid or light, they may isomerize.
2. Carotenoids are classified into carotenes and xanthophylls. Carotenes like alpha-carotene and beta-carotene contain no oxygen. Xanthophylls like lutein and zeaxanthin contain oxygen.
3. Alpha- and beta-carotene are carotenes. They are antioxidants and beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A.
4. Lyc
The document discusses allergens and herbal treatments for allergies. It defines allergens and allergies, and describes the types of allergens and receptors responsible for allergic reactions. The mechanism of allergies involving immunoglobulin E is explained. Several plant allergens are outlined, including the plant name, family, active compounds, and type of allergic reaction caused. Finally, various herbal treatments for allergies are presented, including their anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, and decongestant properties.
Shikimic acid is an important biochemical metabolite found in plants and microorganisms. It was first isolated from the Japanese star anise plant in 1885. The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by plants and microbes to synthesize the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. This pathway is not present in animals. Shikimic acid is the starting point for the biosynthesis of many important phenolic compounds like flavonoids, tannins, lignin, and gallic acid. It is also a precursor for indole derivatives and the psychedelic compound DMT. Glyphosate herbicide works by inhibiting the shikimate pathway in plants
Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division and play important roles in plant growth and development. They are synthesized primarily in root tips and transported upward through the xylem. Cytokinin biosynthesis involves the enzyme adenylate isopentenyltransferase, which catalyzes the first reaction. Cytokinins signal through a phosphorelay pathway involving histidine kinase receptors, Arabidopsis response regulators, and feedback loops to regulate gene expression and cellular responses. Cytokinins promote cell division, axillary bud outgrowth, seed development, delay senescence, and stimulate morphogenesis and shoot initiation.
This document summarizes the biological activities of turmeric and its main component, curcumin. It discusses curcumin's anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties as demonstrated in laboratory and clinical studies. Some key points include: curcumin reduces inflammation by inhibiting NF-kB activation and suppressing COX-2 expression; it has antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and maintaining antioxidant enzyme activities; laboratory studies show curcumin promotes apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibits telomerase activity; clinical trials demonstrate curcumin is well-tolerated but has low oral bioavailability in humans. However, long-term, high dose administration of turmeric extract was found to have toxic and carcinogenic effects in animal
Neem is a fast-growing tree native to India that has many uses in agriculture and medicine. The document discusses neem products used in plant protection, including neem oil, neem seed cake, and neem extracts. Neem products act as biopesticides and control over 200 pest species through modes of action like inhibiting feeding and reproduction. The active ingredient azadirachtin in neem extracts is a powerful antifeedant and growth regulator for pests. Neem oil also controls fungal and bacterial diseases when applied preventatively or to treat existing infections. The emulsifiable concentrate form of neem oil is commonly used as an organic pesticide.
Primary metabolites are directly involved in normal growth, development and reproduction, and are essential for these processes. Examples include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Secondary metabolites are not directly involved in these processes but have important ecological functions, such as antibiotics. Secondary metabolites are derived from primary metabolites but are synthesized later in the growth cycle. Examples of secondary metabolites discussed include antibiotics (penicillin, cephalosporins, streptomycin, griseofulvin), mycotoxins, alkaloids, steroids, vitamins and amino acids.
Aloe emodin is an anthraquinone compound found naturally in aloe vera plants and other plants such as rhubarb. It can be isolated from aloe sap through refluxing with hydrochloric acid and ferric chloride, followed by extraction with toluene. Identification and quantification of aloe emodin can be done using techniques such as thin layer chromatography and HPLC. Aloe emodin has various pharmacological effects including anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, but also potential hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. It is used as a laxative but may also help suppress breast cancer cell proliferation.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
The document studies the antipyretic (fever-reducing) activity of Scaevola taccada leaf extracts in rats. Preliminary screening found the leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, lipids, terpenoids, glycosides and saponins. Ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts were tested on yeast-induced fever in rats. Both extracts significantly reduced fever, comparable to the standard drug paracetamol. The antipyretic effects may be due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document summarizes a study that investigated the pharmacognostic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of Kigelia africana Lam. Benth leaves. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaf's physical characteristics and microscopic anatomy was performed. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The crude methanol extract and fractions showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assays. Testing against bacterial and fungal strains found that the crude extract and fractions inhibited the growth of most pathogens, except the aqueous fraction. The results support traditional use of K. africana for treating infectious diseases.
Hepatoprotective activity and sub acute toxicity study of whole part of the p...Cây thuốc Việt
This research article studied the hepatoprotective and sub-acute toxicity effects of the whole plant Anoectochilus formosanus. Successive extraction was performed and the aqueous extract was found to contain various phytochemicals including flavonoids. The hepatoprotective activity was investigated in carbon tetrachloride, ethanol, and paracetamol-induced liver damage rat models. The aqueous extract at 200 mg/kg showed significant hepatoprotection compared to the standard drug silymarin. Sub-acute toxicity studies over 20 days found no significant toxic effects of the aqueous extract on lipid profiles, biochemical parameters, or hematological parameters in rats. Histopathological analysis supported the biochemical findings of hepatopro
37.Studies on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn.Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn leaves. The study found that the leaves contain phytochemicals like glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, and volatile oils. Extracts of the leaves showed antioxidant properties like superoxide scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects in mice models. Glycosides isolated from the leaves also demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the phytochemical constituents in the volatile oil. The results support the traditional use of V. negundo for its long-term antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer properties.
Hepatoprotective activity of actinopteris radiata linnpharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Actinopteris radiata (EEAR) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in rats. EEAR was found to significantly reduce serum markers of liver damage like SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, indicating hepatoprotection. Histopathological analysis also showed EEAR helped retain normal liver cellular architecture compared to the toxic control. The protective effects are likely due to flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids and phenols in EEAR. The study demonstrates EEAR's potential as a hepatoprotective
Toxicity Studies of Aqueous-Methanol Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper f...Scientific Review SR
1) The study evaluated the toxicity of an aqueous-methanol extract of Dennettia tripetala fresh ripe fruits in rats over 14 days.
2) The extract showed no significant effects on liver and kidney function at 100 mg/kg body weight but caused toxicity at higher doses based on changes in biochemical parameters and antioxidant levels.
3) The extract significantly decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes like SOD, GSH, GPx and GST at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, indicating potential oxidative stress, while MDA and CAT were not significantly affected.
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY.pdfgynomark
Amaranthus roxburghianus is one of the traditionally well-known plants with outstanding therapeutic properties, and
is used mostly in treating different diseases in India. Thus, based on these medicinal properties, various investigations
have been undertaken in order to appraise the pharmacological activities and the chemical composition of these
species. Here, we elucidate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Amaranthus roxburghianus ethanolic
leaves extract. phytochemical screening of Amaranthus roxburghianus extract showed the presence of alkaloids,
Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Proteins, Amino Acids. the ethanolic leaves extract of Amaranthus
roxburghianus, possess peripheral and central analgesic activity in animal model. The Amaranthus roxburghianus
leaves extract shows anti-inflammatory activity in different animal model. Flavonoids and tannins are the major
constituents of Amaranthus roxburghianus leaves, which may be responsible for its Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory
activity.
KEYWORDS: Amaranthus roxburghianus, Phytochemical screening, Analgesic activity, Anti-inflammatory activity
Influence of gongronema latifolium leaf extracts treatment on some hepatic...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of extracts from the leaves of Gongronema latifolium on hepatic enzyme activity in rats. Rats were treated with various doses of ethanolic and water extracts for 7 days. Blood samples were then analyzed for liver enzyme levels. The results showed that the extracts increased the activity of AST and ALT liver enzymes at doses of 25mg/kg, indicating potential liver cell damage. The extracts also increased serum amylase levels in a dose-dependent manner. However, the extracts did not significantly affect blood urea levels. The conclusion is that while G. latifolium extracts may have some medical benefits, chronic high dose use could adversely impact liver function.
in vitro study on total phenols and flavonoids content and dpph activity of w...IJEAB
The escalating interest in appraisal of antioxidant power of herbal plant as medicine, the current study was carried out to explore the antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera root and Withania coagulan fruit in-vitro. Antioxidant activity; total phenol,total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging assay of Withania somnifera root and Withania coagulans fruit aqueous extracts were determined by using reference standards gallic acid, quercetin and ascorbic acid, respectively. The highest total phenols content (mgGAE/g) and total flavonoids content (mgQE/g) was found to be 33.1±0.82 and 1.86±0.01 respectively in aqueous somnifera root extracts as compared to coagulans fruit extract . The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the both extracts was increased with the increasing concentration and was observed high in aqueous extract insomniferaroot (IC50= 54) than coagulans fruit (69μg/ml) aqueous extract.Thus,Withania somnifera root has potent antioxidant activity and may serve as a good pharmacotherapeutic agent which could be explored to provide affordable medicines to masses.
In-vivo antipyretic activity of methanolic extracts of root and leaves of Mor...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antipyretic (fever-reducing) activity of methanolic extracts of the root and leaves of Morinda angustifolia Roxb. in mice. Yeast was injected in mice to induce pyrexia (fever). The mice were divided into groups that received extracts of the root or leaves at 500 mg/kg, paracetamol (standard drug) at 150 mg/kg, or a control vehicle. Rectal temperatures were measured before and for 3 hours after treatment. Both extracts and paracetamol significantly reduced fever compared to the control and showed maximum reduction within 2 hours, indicating antipyretic effects comparable to paracetamol. The ant
Curative Effect of Parinari curatellifolia Leaf Extract on EpiglottitisIOSR Journals
The curative effect of Parinari curatellifolia leaf extract on epiglottitis was investigated. The air dried leaf of Parinari curatellifolia was extracted using the soxhlet extractor. Crude extract of the plant was found to be rich in phytochemicals of medicinal importance such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Acetic acid extract had the highest antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 20.0 ± 0.6 to 28.3 ± 0.3 against the test organisms. This activity was not significantly (P<0.05) different from leofloxacin with zones of inhibition ranging from 25.0 ± 0.6 to 29.3 ± 0.3 which was the highest activity among the standard drugs used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be 5mg/ml against Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating broad spectrum activity. Results were discussed in respect to traditional treatment of epiglottitis.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Similar to Antipyretic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Acalypha Wilkesiana (Copper Leaf) On Wistar Rats (20)
Scientific Management of Equipment in Medical Innovation LaboratoryScientific Review SR
Aim; To solve the problem of innovation laboratory instrument management and improve laboratory management level. Method; It is necessary to do an excellent job in managing innovative laboratory equipment by improving the equipment management system, functional division management, appointment registration, and strengthening the construction of management teams to guarantee the cultivation of innovation and entrepreneurship capabilities of undergraduates. Results; The number of innovative experimental projects approved and the number of project groups that the laboratory can accept at the same time was increased significantly. The utilization rate of laboratory equipment has increased, and the vacancy rate has decreased. Conclusion; Excellent instrument management can significantly improve the efficiency of scientific research in the innovation laboratory.
Internationalization and Sustainable Operations: A Broad Investigation of Chi...Scientific Review SR
We investigate if internationalization behaviors encourage sustainable operations of China’s manufacturing firms due to their substantial impact on climate change and special governance modes, and organize a heterogeneity test to clarify what kind of internationalization behaviors can robustly influence such operations. We find that firms with abundant assets and heavy-polluting feature are more committed to sustainable operations. Getting close to international sustainability standards, international auditing standards, and international business all improve sustainable operations. Heterogeneity test further shows that compared with international standards, the positive impact of international business on sustainable operation lacks a robustness, which responds to an argument that for one country, international business acts as a double-edged sword. Overall, this paper reveals internationalization as a key indicator significantly influencing economic, ecological, and social spheres in manufacturing sectors of emerging markets, and complying with well-accepted international standards can be significantly embodied in a more optimistic sustainable operations. However, how to deal with international business in a right manner is a research highlight worthy of ongoing discussion. We focus on different types of internationalization behaviors, and this indicator can theoretically inspire future study to dialectically evaluate the role of internationalization in addressing sustainability problems in emerging markets’ pillar industries.
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 92: Tomb Inscription During the...Scientific Review SR
This document discusses ancient Egyptian tomb inscriptions from the Old Kingdom period, specifically the Third through Fifth Dynasties. It provides several examples of reliefs and scenes from tombs that contain hieroglyphic inscriptions, including a relief of a dentist from the Third Dynasty, a hunting scene from a Fourth Dynasty tomb with an inscription above, and a colorful scene from a Fifth Dynasty tomb with a descriptive text in four columns above the images. The document examines the development of tomb inscriptions during this early period in ancient Egypt and highlights the important role they played in documenting the tomb owners' lives and achievements.
Usability Engineering, Human Computer Interaction and Allied Sciences: With R...Scientific Review SR
Human Computer Interaction is actually responsible for the designing of the computing technologies keeping in mind the aspects of Interaction. Some of the fields viz. Man-Machine Interaction (MMI), User Experience Designing, User Experience Design, Human Centered Designing etc and importantly all these systems and technologies are dedicated to the designing of interface of various tools and systems such as computers, laptops, electronic systems, smart phones etc. Information Technology field is growing rapidly and there are various technologies are increasing viz. Big Data Management, Cloud Computing, Green Computing, Data Science, Internet of Things (IoT), HCI, Usability Engineering etc. Usability Engineering is gaining as a field of study as well and dedicated in creation of the higher usability and user friendliness of the electronic tools and products. In this field few aspects and technologies are most important and emerging viz. Human cognition, behavioral Research Methods, Quantitative techniques etc for the development of usability systems. Designing, implementation, usability even in multimedia material viz. audio-video may also practice in the Usability Engineering and allied fields. Wireframes including few other prototypes are required in maintaining of the better and healthy man and machine interaction. As the field is growing therefore, it is applicable in other sectors and allied areas and among these agriculture is important one. In agricultural sector different applications of information technologies are increasing and among this Usability Engineering and HCI are important one. In pre production and also in post production; directly and indirectly this technology is emerging and growing. This paper talks about the basics of this technologies and also its current and future technologies with reference to academic potentialities of this branch in Agricultural Informatics programs.
Concentration Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aroma...Scientific Review SR
The ecological risk assessment of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in water and sediments of Kolo creek, Niger Delta Nigeria was assessed the samples were collected from November, 2018 to June, 2019 from seven locations (A-G) along the creek. The samples were extracted using standard methods and analyzed using gas chromatography (model: HP5890 S). The concentrations of the PAHs in the water and sediment samples ranged between 0.000 - 9.239 µ/L and .002 – 374.35µg/Kg respectively. All the compounds analyzed were detected in all the sampling places, even area far from the flow stations. Hence, the urban runoffs, sewage discharges, and agricultural activities are implicated. Four rings hydrocarbon were present in higher concentration when compared to other PAHs in all sampling sites, with benz (a)anthracene having the highest values in both matrixes. Similarly, lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were present in lower concentrations in all sampling sites and they are known to exhibit higher lethal toxicity than the larger PAHs. HMW were present in high concentrations than LMW and are persistent in the environment as a result of their increase resistance to oxidation, reduction and vaporization as molecular weight increases. Similarly, The PAFs of the investigated creek is less than 5%, suggesting existences of minor ecological risks that are insignificance. However, the TEQs detected in high molecular weight showed that there is possibility of cancer to those who may be exposed to the bottom sediment. The indices measured in this habitat may put more pressures to the aquatic organisms and cause drastic changes to their ecosystem which may lead to species extinction.
Volume Fractions of Tantalum Carbides Deduced from the Ta Contents in the Mat...Scientific Review SR
Some superalloys for service at high temperature under stresses are strengthened by tantalum carbides. Their creep resistance depends on the quantity of TaC and this is the reason why it is often important to control the volume fraction of these carbides in the microstructure. Metallographic preparation followed by electron imaging and surface fraction measurements by image analysis is a frequent way for that. Another possibility is to deduce the mass fraction of TaC, and after their volume fraction, from the chemical composition of the matrix when the alloys are only double–phased, on the {matrix + TaC} type. In this work three alloys – chemically designed to be made exclusively of matrix and TaC – were elaborated and isothermally exposed to an elevated temperature for a duration long enough to allow the alloys being at their thermodynamic equilibria. The chemical compositions of the alloy and of its matrix were measured and the results allowed evaluating their TaC mass fractions which were converted in volume fractions. The obtained TaC fractions were compared to results issued from thermodynamic calculations. Good agreement was found for the three alloys, and this allowed to exploit the used software and thermodynamic database to explore further the microstructures at the same high temperature, notably to know the conditions on the Co, Ni, Cr, Ta and C contents to keep the {matrix + TaC} structure and to avoid any possible partial melting.
Assessment of the Coliform Bacterial Load of Some Drinking Water Sources in D...Scientific Review SR
Drinking water samples from 5 sachet water companies, 3 boreholes and 2 taps, collected from different locations of Dutse Metropolis of Jigawa State, Nigeria were analysed for coliform bacterial counts using the Membrane Filtration Technique. All the samples contained some amounts of total coliforms, but mostly within permissible levels. Thirty three percent (33%) of the samples from borehole, 60% from sachet water and 100% from the taps contained faecal coliforms, which indicates contamination. Cultures of the faecal coliforms obtained were morphologically identified using the gram-staining procedure and some series of biochemical tests were carried out in order to identify the organisms. The identified organisms were Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. Presence of coliforms above the regulatory set standards indicates contamination and un-safeness of the water for drinking. Presence of organisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. necessitates improvement in monitoring and water hygiene practices to improve the quality of drinking water in the study area.
Bio Inspired Self-Curing Composite: A Leap into Augmented EnactmentScientific Review SR
Relentless progress has been made on composite materials, their manufacturing processes and their structural design in past few decades. Nevertheless, the approval of composite materials in all engineering disciplines is constrained due to its susceptibility to various kinds of defects during manufacturing stage viz porosity, foreign body inclusion, incorrect fiber volume, bonding defect, fiber misalignment, ply misalignment, incorrect curing cycle, wavy fiber, ply cracking, delamination, fiber microstructural defects etc. Hence there was a requirement of techniques to somehow overcome these defects during the service life of composites being used in various structures and equipment. This promising field of research has made great progress over the past several years, but many procedural encounters are still to be overcome, and there exists a great need for focused research to address several areas of concern. On the other hand, nature has materials that have curing potential and repair strategies ensuring their survival. Sustained development in the field will produce new curing chemistries that possess greater stability, faster kinetics. Tailor-made placement of curing agents is dynamic research subject at the cutting edge of self-curing. New bio-imitative curing agents are closely connected to vascular networks. The purpose of this technical paper is to sort the methodology in line with ongoing research efforts in composites. A perspective on current and future self-curing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered.
Influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Tourism Sector...Scientific Review SR
Nepal is a country blessed with natural beauty, diverse culture, majestic Himalayas, religious destination which attracts thousands of tourists every year making the tourism industry progressive to flourish. Information Communication Technology (ICT) proves to be an effective tool for strengthening the tourism industry. Thus, the purpose of this research study is to analyze about the past scenario of tourism industry, advent of ICT in tourism industry, positive impacts of ICT in tourism industry through in-depth interview with tourism experts and people who have worked for tourism since decades. This study is a form of qualitative research where narrative inquiry has been selected and the scenario has been analyzed through themes developed from the narratives. The result reveals that the emerging technology brings positive impacts to tourism industry assisting branding, promotion of the country, enhancing networks through communication and easily booking tours. The proper utilization of ICT helps to welcome tourists and to give identity of our country Nepal to the world.
Reinforcement of Bakelite Moulding Powder in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (...Scientific Review SR
The document discusses a study that compares the effects of adding two different phenolic resins - cashew nut oil modified phenol-formaldehyde resin (CN-m-PF) and Bakelite moulding powder (BMP) - to carbon black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). The addition of both resins increases hardness and modulus but decreases some mechanical properties like tensile strength and elongation at break. CN-m-PF provides better processability and mechanical properties than BMP at the same content. However, BMP can also enhance stiffness without processing issues and may be preferred due to its lower cost. The document reports results of various tests measuring properties like curing characteristics, hardness, tensile strength,
Toxic Effect of Glyphosate-Pesticide on Lipid Peroxidation Superoxide Dismuta...Scientific Review SR
The oxidative stress indices lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (average weight 200.15 g) exposed to sub - lethal dose 2.40mg/L and 4.98mg/L of glyphosate was investigated over a period of days 1,5,10 and 15 in three replicates. The colorimetric analysis showed increase in lipid peroxidation from 4.55 ±2.14a1 to 12.12± 10.00a1at 2.40mg/L but remain the same at 4.98mg/L (4.55±2.14a1) compared with control (3.03±0.01a1 to 1.51±2.14b1) from day 1 to 15. The SOD activity decreased significantly with time and concentration compared with control. The Catalase activity at day 15 decreased to 0.17±0.05a1 in 2.40mg/L but further increased to 0.28±0.05b1 in 4.98mg/L compared to 0.28±0.02a1 catalase activity as control. The result suggests that glyphosate induce oxidative stress that may overwhelm the antioxidant system in juvenile catfish especially at higher concentrations with long exposure.
Wheeled robots are often utilized for various remote sensing and telerobotic applications because of their ability to navigate through dynamic environments, mostly under the partial control of a human operator. To make these robots capable to traverse through terrains of rough and uneven topography, their driving mechanisms and controllers must be very efficient at producing and controlling large mechanical power with great precision in real-time, however small the robot may be. This paper discusses an approach for designing a quad-wheeled robot, which is wirelessly controlled with a personal computer (PC) by medium-range radio frequency (RF) transceiver, to navigate through unpaved paths with little or no difficulty. An efficient servo-controlled Ackerman steering mechanism and a high-torque driving power-train were developed. The robot’s controller is programmed to receive and respond to RF control signals from the PC to perform the desired motions. The dynamics of the robot’s drivetrain is modeled and analyzed on MATLAB to predict its performances. The robot was tested on various topographies to determine its physical capabilities. Results show that the robot is capable of non-holonomically constrained motions on rough and uneven terrains.
Geometrical Analysis and Design of Tension-Actuated Ackermann Steering System...Scientific Review SR
The tension-actuated steering system is a vehicular steering design that comprises a motorized gear system, pulleys, inelastic string, main steering bar, and a strain gauge. This development is aimed to produce a steering design that could enhance the efficiency of steering systems in quad-wheeled (i.e. four-wheeled) robots. In this work, the steering system of conventional passenger vehicles and existing quad-wheeled robots are reviewed and their technical deficiencies are improved based on cost, power and production factors. Thus, the tension-actuated steering system is proposed as a solution for mechanizing steering functions in quad-wheeled robots. It is expected that this work will stimulate interest and enthusiasm.
A Study of Propensity Score on Influencing Factors of Length of Stay in Hospi...Scientific Review SR
Background: Burns are a global public health problem, which are universal and can happen to anyone. Because the physical functions in children and adults are different, the confounding factors are easy to affect the results of study. Objective: In this study, we aimed to explore influencing factors of the length of hospital stay (LOS) when the confounding factors were excluded by Propensity Score (PS) in children and adults. Methods: Patients hospitalized for burn from 2014 to 2016 were retrieved from the medical record system of a general biggest hospital in Zunyi. A database was established to analyze the influencing factors of LOS between children and adults by the PS. Results A total of 465 children (61.7% males) and 327 (69.7% males) adults were recruited. The average age was 3.61±3.57 years and 42.48±14.76 years in children and adults with burns respectively. Before PS matching, low age and skin grafting were the protective factors for LOS (Hazard Ratio [HR]=0.993 and 0.339). The risk factors of LOS were male (HR=1.234), the burn depth and total body surface area (TBSA), and burn etiology (HR=1.497). After PS matching, only skin grafting (HR=0.080) and treatment within 24 hours (HR=1.865) were the common influencing factors of LOS. Conclusion the confounding factors were excluded by the PS method, and skin grafting was still a protective factor of LOS for both children and adults. The results provide a reference for the promotion of skin grafting to reduce LOS in burn patients.
Concrete is one of the reliable, durable, economical and acceptable construction materials among the building and construction stakeholders worldwide. Performance of concrete could be threatened especially reinforced concrete by some processes such as corrosion, sulfate attack among others. Corrosion of reinforcement in reinforced concrete can be induced by carbonation process. Even though carbonation initiates corrosion, it has been gathered that carbonation could still be of immense benefits to building and construction industries if its mechanism of operation is understudied. This research work has therefore investigated the effect of carbonation on some selected mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and weight changes. Concrete cubes and beams of M15 grade with 0.5 % water-cement ratio were prepared and subjected to accelerated carbonation. Their compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and weight changes were determined in accordance with the relevant standards. The outcomes show that carbonation improves all the mechanical properties investigated. The use of carbonation can be positively explored in reinforced concrete provided there is adequate nominal cover.
Biogas Synthesis as Means of Solid Waste Management in Kampala, UgandaScientific Review SR
Cattle dung, cooked food waste, and chicken droppings mixed with coffee husks have been used separately and also as mixtures to form anaerobic digestion slurries in a bid to treat to degrade the organic fractions of these wastes and recycle the bio-fertilizer after recovering biogas. Single and mixed substrate slurries evolved significant quantities of methane within 27days together with reduced mass of soil conditioner. The volume of biogas formed in cogeneration mixtures were higher than for single substrate digestion due to the C/N ratio shifting to near 30:1 as a result of mixing. So degradation of organic pollutants was higher in mixed substrate digestion mixtures. Our study yielded average volumes ranging from 315 to 435+ 5.65.mL/L which was in agreement with what is in literature. Digestion of cattle dung, cooked waste foods, and droppings of chicken and mixed substrate slurries using sludge inoculums was very effective in degrading solid waste from homes, thus detoxifying it to bio-fertilizers. Although both single and mixed substrate digestion of waste yielded high enough volumes of biogas; digestion of slurry of mixed organic solid waste substrates is better method of waste management. Digestion of garbage from Kampala should be tested at macro levels at both ambient and mesophilic temperatures. There is need to try out the garbage digestion experiments in the semi-arid towns as well as very cold towns in Uganda.
The Influence of Partial Replacement of Some Selected Pozzolans on the Drying...Scientific Review SR
Concrete is prone to cracking and one of the major causes of cracking is drying shrinkage of the hardened concrete. This research work was carried out to study the influence of partial replacement of some selected pozzolans on the drying shrinkage of concrete. Four pozzolans used in this study, were made to replace cement at various percentages resulting in various concrete mixes. Setting time test was conducted for the various cement mixes using Vicat’s apparatus and drying shrinkage test was done for the concrete test specimens. The results of the setting time indicate that partial replacement of pozzolans with ordinary Portland cement increases both the initial and final setting time of cement as the percentage replacement increases. Similarly, drying shrinkage results show that concrete made with Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) and Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) at 12% replacement will have a stable and better shrinkage resistance than the control at both 56 days and 90 days. Meanwhile, the control concrete gives a better drying shrinkage at 28 days curing. In conclusion, the results show that pozzolanas [Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)] can successfully replace cement up to 12% without necessarily affecting the shrinkage ability of the produced concrete. It also shows that Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) and Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA) are more resistance to drying shrinkage than the control.
Study on the Granulation of FLY Ash from Thermal Power StationScientific Review SR
This study examined the granulation of fly ash from a thermal power station in Bulgaria to utilize this waste material. The highest yield of granules was achieved using clayish slip as a binder. Adding sodium phosphate as a reinforcing additive increased the granule yield and strength. Sintering the granules increased their density, decreased porosity, and substantially improved their compression strength up to 2.2 MPa, making them suitable for use as a filler in light concretes. The granulation process and additions showed potential for utilizing fly ash waste from thermal power stations.
Machining Versus Molding Tolerances in Manufacturing Automotive Sealing SystemsScientific Review SR
The automotive industry has been at the forefront of converting traditional metal parts to plastics. The latter surely offer greater design freedom, opportunity for consolidation, fewer assembly operations, reduced secondary finishing, weight reduction, lower total system costs, a range of properties tailored to specific applications, the ability to withstand temperatures, immunity to most chemicals and corrosive environments. They offer processing in many colors, electrical non-conductivity (insulation from electrical shocks), good thermal breaks (“warmth-to-the-touch”), and low sound transmission (tendency to muffle noise). Nonetheless, plastics have only tapped an estimated 15% of their tremendous potential to replace metals. This is particularly to increase with newer high-performance plastics, increasing sophistication in alloying and blending technologies, and use of computer-aided design and engineering (CAD/CAE) systems. The latter enable engineers to visualize complex parts and molding tools more effectively and faster than ever before. This article identifies fundamental steps and requirements to conduct an efficient and successful conversion of metallic parts to plastics, reviewing the replacement design process from concept to production; an under-the-hood rear retainer for Ford Motor Company is detailed as a case study.
Sinthesis and Properties of Marble-Like Glass-Ceramics Using of Ash from Ther...Scientific Review SR
Color marble-like glass-ceramic materials were obtained through thermal treatment of glasses of the system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 by using natural materials with the introduction of waste materials - ash from thermal power plants (TPP). The melting of the glass batch was in corundum crucibles at 1450oC with an isothermal hold of 60 min. The glasses obtained was fritted in distilled water and dried for 6 hours at 100oC, then completely crushed and divided into fractions with grain size of 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm and over 2.5 mm. It was found that the use of ash from TPP lead to higher values of degree of transformation (crystallization) than using base composition. Values of Avramy parameter’s in the range n=1,0 ÷ 1,6 are showed that crystallization of the glass frit is largely heterogeneous and crystal growing starts from the surface. The introduction of ash from TPP to native glasses carry out to significant reduction of energy of crystallization by Ес=289 kJ/mol to Ec=221 kJ/mol. The glass-ceramic materials were obtained through a one stage crystallization - 1050÷1070оС and an isothermal hold of 60 min., colored white, yellow brown to dark brown. The main crystalline phase in glass-ceramics is β-vollastonite with needle habit, size of crystals - ĺ = 40 ÷ 120 μm and d <5 μm in quantities 37 ÷ 42%. As secondary phases depending on the amount of ash have been identified - the anorthite, gehlenite and α-quartz with prismatic habit were appeared. The obtained glass-ceramic materials have a marble-like effect and technical parameters compared with natural granite and marble and have higher values of density, micro hardness, speed grinding, bending strength and chemical resistance. That’s why they can be used in construction such as lining materials.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
Antipyretic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Acalypha Wilkesiana (Copper Leaf) On Wistar Rats
1. Scientific Review
ISSN(e): 2412-2599, ISSN(p): 2413-8835
Vol. 4, Issue. 5, pp: 34-39, 2018
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=10&info=aims
Academic Research Publishing
Group
*Corresponding Author
34
Original Research Open Access
Antipyretic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Acalypha Wilkesiana (Copper
Leaf) On Wistar Rats
Wali C. C.*
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Madonna University Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
Oluwatayo B.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Madonna University Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
Kolawole T.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Madonna University Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
Iniodu C.
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
George U. E.
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Madonna University Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
Abstract
Acalypha wilkesiana is an ornamental plant that is generally referred to as copper leaf and it is a shrub with mostly
glossy green or red leaves. It is used in the management of fever in infants locally. Wistar rats weighing 150-200g
were divided into six groups (n=5). Group 1 (control) was administered brewer’s yeast (40mg/kg) , group 2 was
administered brewer’s yeast and aspirin (100mg/kg), while groups 3, 4 and 5 were administered 100, 200 and
300mg/kg of Acalypha wilkesiana respectively. Initial rectal temperature was taken before admistration of brewer’s
yeast. Brewer’s yeast was injected subcutaneously to induce fever in the test groups. Temperature was measured
after 18hours using rectal thermometer at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after the extract and standard drug were
administered. Group 5, 4 and 3 (300mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 100mg/kg) significantly reduced brewer’s yeast induced
pyrexia, (36.46±0.21, 36.90±0.31 and36.84±0.22), when compared with the positive control (brewer’s yeast)
(37.96±0.22). Group 2 (Aspirin 100mg/kg) also showed significantly reduced brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia (36.88
±0.22) when compared with the positive control (brewer’s yeast) (37.96±0.22). This study shows that the antipyretic
effect of Acalypha wilkesiana is dose dependent, being most effective at the high dose (300mg/kg). This suggests
that the methanolic extract of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves possesses significant antipyretic activity which is dose
dependent and its mechanism could be due to the presence of flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids.
Keywords: Acalypha wilkesiana; Brewer’s yeast; Aspirin; Antipyretic; Temperature.
CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
1. Introduction
Pyrexia also referred to as fever is a regulated increase of body core temperature characterized by an increased
thermoregulatory set point, which results from the interaction of the central nervous and immune system [1]. Normal
body temperature is regulated by centers in the hypothalamus that ensures balance between heat loss and heat gain.
Fever occurs where there is a disturbance of this hypothalamic “thermostat” which therefore leads to the set point of
the body temperature being raised. This will cause readjustment to normal set point by temperature regulating
system which operates to reduce the body temperature [2]. Fever is one of the most rampart clinical signs [3].
Infection, tissue damage, malignancy or other diseased conditions can cause fever [4] Fever is described as the
body’s natural defense mechanism to create an uncondusive environment which infectious agents or damaged tissue
cannot withstand [5]. Fever triggers increased muscle tone and chills [6]. Certain endogenous substances which
include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and prostaglandins produce fever [7]. Antipyretics are medications that
are used to reduce fevers [6]. They are known to act either centrally on the temperature regulation centers of the
hypothalamus or peripherally by inducing vasodilatation and heat dissipation [8]. They also act by inhibiting the
biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 [9] possibly by inhibiting COX-2 expression [10, 11]. Long time usage of these
antipyretic drugs produces undesirable side effects including gastrointestinal disorders, renal damage and hepatic
toxicity [12].
Acalypha wilkesiana is an ornamental plant [13]. The plant is generally referred to as copper leaf and it is a
shrub with mostly glossy green or red leaves [14]. A. wilkesiana is found all over the world especially in the tropical
and subtropical countries [15]. The aqueous extract of the leaf is used in the management of fever in infants as well
as abnormal sodium and potassium metabolism that accompanies hypertensions [16]. The leaves of A. wilkesiana are
popularly used in the north eastern Africa in the treatment of skin infections [17]. The antimicrobial properties of the
plant have been reported [18]. In the coastal areas of Nigeria, the plant is used in the treatment of various
2. Scientific Review
35
gastrointestinal disorders [16]. The analgesic and anti-malarial effects of extracts and fractions of Acalypha
wilkesiana have been reported [19].The decoction of the leaves is commonly used for the treatment of pain and ulcer
by traditional medical practitioners [14]. The presence of saponins, tannins, anthraquinone and glycoside has
reportedly been found in the leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana [16]. This dosage for the administration of this leave is
not clearly stated by tradomedical practioners. This research is therefore carried out to authenticate the efficacy of
the Acalypha wilkesiana as an antipyretic at suggested doses.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Extraction
Fresh samples of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves were collected from a residential farmyard in Abak Akwa Ibom
State. The plant material (leaves) was air dried at room temperature and reduced to fine powder by milling.140g of
the powdered sample exhaustively extracted with 420ml of methanol (analytical grade) for 12 hours, after which the
resultant mixture was filtered and solvent was removed at 550
c using a water bath to give a dark green solid extract
weighing 40g. Afterwards, the methanolic extract was stored in the refrigerator for subsequent use.
2.2. Animals
The female wistar rats used (150-200g) for this study was procured from the faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN). They were housed in the institutional animal house in Madonna University
Elele. They weighed between 150-200g. The rats were kept in wire mesh cages with a 12hr light /dark cycle, and fed
with growers feed and water for one week before the commencement of the experiments.
2.3. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening
Qualitative phytochemical analysis to test for flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates/ glycosides, saponins, resins,
terpenoids and alkaloids were carried out using standard procedures as described by Trease and Evans [20];
Harborne [21].
2.4. Acute Oral Toxicity Studies
Acute toxicity studies of methanolic extract of Acalypha wilkesiana were conducted as per OECD guideline 420
(modified, adopted 17th December 2001) using albino wistar rats.Twenty adult Wistar rats were used for the
determination of toxicity study (LD50) of the methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha Wilkesiana. These 20 rats were
shared into four groups (LD1, LD2, LD3 and LD4) of five rats each. Prior to the toxicity study, all the animals fasted
for 24 hours. Each animal was administered methanolic extract by oral route.
2.5. Antipyretic Studies
Rectal temperature was determined by inserting a rectal thermometer 2cm into the rectum. Only wistar rats
showing normal rectal temperature were selected for the study. The rats were randomized into five groups. Rats were
fasted 24 hours before being induced with pyrexia [22]. The rats were made pyretic by a subcutaneous injection of
brewer’s yeast 40mg/kg b.w.t. below the nape of the neck [23]. The initial temperature was noted which was the
temperature just before brewer’s yeast administration [24]. Rats in group 1 were given brewer’s yeast (40mg/kg).
Group2 were administered brewer’s yeast and aspirin (100mg/kg). Group 3, 4 and 5 were administered 100, 200 and
300mg/kg of Acalypha wilkesiana respectively. Temperature was measured after 18hours. The temperatures were
taken at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours.
3. Statistical Analysis
Mean ± S.E.M were calculated for each parameter. For the determination of significant intergroup differences,
each parameter was analyzed separately and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out. P<0.05 was
considered significant. +
4. Results
4.1. Phytochemical Analysis
4.1.1. Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis of Acalypha Wilkesiana
Qualitative analysis carried out on each extract of A. wilkesiana showed the presence of important
phytochemical constituents as summarized in Table 1. The result of the phytochemical analysis obtained from the
methanolic leave extract of A. wilkesiania indicated that tannins were highly present in the extract and saponins in
moderate amount. Flavonoids were also present. Carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids and steroids and terpenoids
were present in low amount. Resins and protein were not present in both the extract.
3. Scientific Review
36
Table-1. Result of the Preliminary Qualitative phytochemical analysis of Acalypha wilkesiana
Active Ingredients Methanolic Extract
Tannins +++
Saponins ++
Resins -
Alkaloids +
Glycosides +
Flavonoids +
Steroids and Terpenoids +
Protein -
Carbohydrates +
+ = slightly Present, ++ = moderately Present, +++ =highly present, - = Not detected.
4.1.2. Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Acalypha Wilkesiana
The result of the preliminary quantitative phytochemical screening of Acalypha wilkesiana is shown in Table 2.
The results showed that methanolic extract of A. wilkesiana had a high tannin and phenol content.
Table-2. Result of the Preliminary Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Acalypha wilkesiana
Active ingredients/ metabolites Methanol extract
Flavonoids ++
0.0506±0.035
Flavonol ++
1.575±0.044
Phenol * 0.331±0.024
Tannins * 0.066±0.024
Data represented as Mean+- SEM of triplicate analyses
*Expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/ mg dry weight plant extract
++
Expressed as mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/ g dry weight plant extract
4.2. Acute Toxicity Study
Table 3 shows the observations during the toxicity study of methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha Wilkesiana in
Wistar rats. While control presented no physical and behavioural changes, the group that received 375mg/kg of the
leaf extract of Acalypha Wilkesiana, presented moderate changes in physical and behavioural observation and no
change was recorded during the 24th and 72 hours post ingestion. On the other hand, the groups that received
750mg/kg and 1500mg/kg leaf extract of Acalypha Wilkesiana presented severe physical and behavioural changes
that were observed from the first 3 hours post ingestion to 48th
hours. No death was recorded in any group for the
time span of the toxicity study.
Table-3. Toxicity study of different doses of leaf extract of Acalypha Wilkesiana.
Toxicity study Time (hrs) LD1 (control) LD2(375mg/kg) LD3(750mg/kg) LD4(1500mg/kg)
Physical changes
(weakness,
abnormal
movements,
diarrhea)
3
6
12
24
48
72
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
+ - -
+ - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
+ - -
+ - -
+ - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
+ + -
+ + -
- - -
+ - -
- - -
- - -
Behavioural
changes
(aggressiveness,
rotational
movement,
biting,
hyperactivity,
tremors)
3
6
12
24
48
72
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - +
- - - - +
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
+ + - + -
+ + - + -
- - - + -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- + + - +
+ + + + +
+ + + + -
- - + - -
- - - - -
Death 3
6
12
24
48
72
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4. Scientific Review
37
Table-4. Effect of methanolic extract of acalypha wilkesiana on brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats.
Groups Initial rectal
temp. °c
Temp at
0hr °c
Temp at
1hr °c
Temp at
2hr °c
Temp at 3hr
°c
Temp at 4hr
°c
GR1Positive
Control
(brewer’s
yeast).
36.34±0.12 38.16±0.32 37.96±0.22 38.98±0.10 38.26±0.20 39.18±0.20
GR2 Aspirin
(100mg/kg)
36.22±0.12 38.56±0.12 37.10±0.52 37.72±0.39 36.88 ±0.22* 36.60±0.19*
GR3
A.wilkesiana
(100mg/kg)
36.32±0.10 38.40±0.29 37.82±0.37 37.16±0.23 36.84±0.22* 36.94±0.11*
GR4 A.
wilkesiana
(200mg/kg)
36.30±0.07 38.02±0.13 37.00±0.09 36.90±0.31* 36.76±0.28* 36.94±0.27*
GR5 A.
wilkesiana
(300mg/kg)
36.20±0.04 38.24±0.14 36.46±0.21* 36.58±0.33* 37.04±0.32 36.76±0.17*
Values are mean± S.E.M. (n=5)
Table 4 shows that 18hours after brewer’s yeast injection, hyperthermia was recorded (0 hour). Group 5
(300mg/kg) showed significant reduction in the temperature. This was seen as from the first hour, when compared
with the positive control (brewer’s yeast). Group 4 200mg/kg) showed significant reduction in the temperature as
from the second hour (2hr). Group 3 (100mg/kg) showed significant reduction in the temperature as from the third
hour (3hr). Group 2 (Asprin 100mg/kg) showed significant reduction in temperature as from the third hour.
5. Discussion
In the present study, the antipyretic activity of the methanolic extract of Acalypha wilkesiana was studied. Yeast
induced hyperpyrexia in a rat model was employed in this study [25]. A significant elevation of body temperature
occurred after inducement of pyrexia. This was in consonance with work by Irfan, et al. [26].
The qualitative phytochemical constituents of the extract were also studied. Phytochemicals are plant chemicals
which are found in plants. Some of them serve as antioxidants while some of them contain toxins which have
potential side effects on the body [27]. In the present study the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides,
flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and carbohydrates was revealed by the qualitative analysis. The qualitative
phytochemical analysis of the aqueous extract of Acalypha wilkesiana in another study revealed the presence also of
tannins and flavonoids but other constituents were absent. Instead triterpeniods, gallic acid, corilagin and geranin
were seen [28]. Phytochemicals are generally used to refer to chemicals that may affect health [29].
Elevation in body temperature occurs when the concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increases within parts
of the brain. Such an elevation contributes to a considerable alteration in the firing rate of neurons that control the
thermoregulation process in the hypothalamus. Evidence points to the fact that antipyretic drugs exert their action by
inhibiting the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenase and consequently reducing the levels of PGE2 within the
hypothalamic region [30]. Flanvonids and tannings were reportedly found in the phytochemical analysis of the
extract. Flavonoids have been shown to exert an antipyretic effect by suppressing TNF-α [31]. Flavonoids and
tannins are known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis as reported by earlier research [6]. It is therefore suggested that
the flavonoids and tannins present in the plant’s extract played a role in the observed antipyretic effect. Alkaloids
have also been reported to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 [32], which could eventually reduce elevations of
body temperature. This phytochemical is also suggested to have played a part in the observed antipyretic effect.
The extract exhibited antipyretic activity in rats made hyperthemic by brewer’s yeast injection. This study
corresponds with the study of Zakaria, et al. [33] in which compounds like flavonoids and saponins were suggested
to act synergistically to exert observed pharmacological activity.
Antipyretic activity is commonly mentioned as the characteristics of drugs or compounds which have an
inhibitory effect on prostaglandin biosynthesis. NSAIDS produce their antipyretic action through inhibition of
prostaglandin synthetase within the hypothalamus [34, 35]. The extract is likely to reduce pyrexia by reducing brain
concentration of prostaglandin E2 especially in the hypothalamus through its action on COX-3 or by enhancement of
the production of the body’s own antipyretic substances like vasopressin and arginine [36]. The result of the present
study indicates that the methanolic extract of Acalypha wilkesiana possesses significant antipyretic activity on
brewer’s yeast induced hyperthermia in rats. This may be due to the presence of flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids
in the extract.
6. Conclusion
In conclusion this study suggests that the methanolic extract of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves possesses significant
antipyretic activity which is dose dependent and its mechanism could be due to the presence of flavonoids, saponins
and alkaloids.
5. Scientific Review
38
References
[1] Kluge, M. J., 1991. "Fever: role of pyrogens and cryogens." Physiol Rev., vol. 71, pp. 93-127.
[2] Kelly, G., 2006. "Body temperature variability (Part 1): a review of the history of body temperature and its
variability due to site selection, biological rhythms, fitness and aging." Alternat. Med. Rev., vol. 11, pp.
278-293.
[3] Karakitsos, D. and Karabinis, A., 2008. "Hypothermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children." N.
Engl. J. Med., vol. 359, pp. 1179-1180.
[4] Chattopadhyay, D., Arunachalam, G., Ghosh, L., Rajendran, K., Mandal, A. B., and Bhattacharya, S. K.,
2015. "Antipyretic activity of Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC: An ethnomedicine of Andaman."
Islands. J Pharm. and Pharma. Sci., vol. 8, pp. 558-564.
[5] Hajare, S. W., Tandan, S. K., Sarma, J., Lal, J., and Telang, A. G., 2000. "Analgesic and antipyretic
activities of dalbergia sissoo leaves." Indian J. pharmacol., vol. 32, pp. 357-360.
[6] Tosan, C. A., Adeoti, O. K., Ojewuyi, O. B., and Olayemi, J. O., 2014. "Antipyretic activity of abutilon
mauritianum (Jacq.) roots in wistar rats." International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research, vol. 5,
pp. 42-46.
[7] Kluger, M. J., 1991. " Fever: role of pyrogens and cryogens." Physiol. Rev., vol. 71, pp. 93-127.
[8] Adesokan, A. A., Yakubu, M. T., Owoyele, B. V., Akanji, M. A., Soladoye, A. O., and Lawal, O. K., 2008.
"Effect of administration of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Enantia chlorantha stem bark on brewer’s
yeast induced pyresis in rats." Afr. J. Biochem. Res., vol. 2, pp. 165-169.
[9] Kurokawa, M., Imakita, M., Kumeda, C. A., Yukawa, T. A., and Shiraki, K., 1996. "Kakkon-to suppressed
interleukin-1a production responsive to interferon and alleviated influenza infection in mice." J. Tradit.
Med., vol. 13, pp. 201-209.
[10] Luo, C., He, M. L., and Bohlin, L., 2005. "Is COX-2 a perpetrator oraprotector? Selective COX -2
inhibitors remain controversial." Acta Pharmacol. Sin., vol. 26, pp. 926-933.
[11] Gege-Adebayo, G. I., Bassi, A. S., Igbokwe, V. U., and Shafe, M. O., 2013. "Antipyretic effect of ocimum
gratissium on brewer’s yeast induced fever in wistar rats." J. Med. Med. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 247-251.
[12] Chaudhary, S. K., 2010. Quitessence of medical pharmacology. 3rd ed. New Dehli: New Central Book
Agency (P) Ltd. p. 707.
[13] Jekayinfa, A. O., George, A. O., and Jaiyeoba, K. T., 1997. "Acalypha wilkesiana: preliminary in vitro
microbiological and clinical trial on dermatitis." Afr J Health Sci., vol. 4, pp. 39-42.
[14] Owoyele, B. V., Okoye, O. C., Dolor, R. O., Oloruntola, O. P., and Soladoye, A. O., 2011. "Analgesic, anti-
inflammatory and antipyretic effects of the ethanol extract of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves in rats." Nig. J.
Physiol. Sci., vol. 26, pp. 077-082.
[15] Madziga, H. A., S., S., and Sandabe, U. K., 2010. "Elemental analysis of Acalypha wilkesiana leaf."
Journal of American Science, vol. 6, pp. 510-514.
[16] Oladunmoye, M. K., 2006. "Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activities and phytochemical
screening of two varieties of acalypha wilkesiana." Int. J. Trop. Med., vol. 1, pp. 134-136.
[17] Madziga, H. A., Sanni, S., and Sandabe, U. K., 2010. "Phytochemical and elemental analysis of acalypha
wilkesiana leaf." Journal of American Science, vol. 6, pp. 15-32.
[18] Gotep, J. G., Agada, G. O. A., Gbise, D. S., and Chollom, S., 2010. "Antibacterial activity of ethanolic
extract of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves growing in Jos, Plateau State Nigeria." Malaysian J Microbiol, vol.
6, pp. 69-74.
[19] Udobang, J. A., Nwafor, P. A., and Okokon, J. E., 2010. "Analgesic and Antimalarial activities of crude
extract and fractions of Acalypha wilkensiana." J. Ethnopharmacol, vol. 127, pp. 373-378.
[20] Trease, G. E. and Evans, W. C., 1989. Pharmacology. 11th
ed. London: Bailliere Tindall Ltd. pp. 60-75. .
[21] Harborne, J. B., 1973. Photochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis vol. 279.
London: Chapman A. & Hall.
[22] Bensita, M. B., Pakianathan, N., and Divakar, M. C., 1998. "On the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory,
analgesic and molluscicidal properties of polyscias fruticosa (L.) harms." Ancient Science of Life, vol. 17,
pp. 313-319.
[23] Somezeet, P., Choudhury, N. S. K., Jagannath, P. V., Dipti, K. P., and Goutam, K. J., 2009. "Analgesic,
antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effect of the whole plant extract of desmostachya bipinnata stapf
(poaceae) in albino rats." DIT., vol. 1, pp. 150-153.
[24] Roszkowski, A. P., Rooks, W. H., Tomolonis, A. J., and Miller, L. M., 1971. "Anti-infl amatory and
analgetic properties of d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen)." J Pharmacol Exp Ther.,
vol. 179, pp. 114-123.
[25] Vane, J., 1987. "The evolution of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and their mechanisms of action."
Drugs, vol. 33, pp. 18-27.
[26] Irfan, U., Jamshaid, A. K., Muhammad, S., Ajmal, K., Achyut, A., Peer, A. H., J., I., Faisal, S., and Umar,
F., 2016. "Pharmacological screening of monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC. for antinociceptive, anti-
inflammatory and antipyretic activities " BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine., vol. 16, p. 273.
[27] Onuah, C. L., Monago, C. C., and Omeodu, S. I., 2016. "Ethanol extract of acalypha wilkesiana muel arg
leaves ameliorates paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats." International Journal of Biochemistry
Research & Review, vol. 12, pp. 1-7.
6. Scientific Review
39
[28] Sule, O. J., Elekwa, I., and Ayalogu, E. O., 2012. "Effect of acalypha wilkesiana muell arg. On
haematological parameters in wistar albino rats." International Journal of Biological & Medical Research,
vol. 3, pp. 1234-1237.
[29] Rishikesh, M., R. Md., Rasheful, G. M., Muhammad, R. A. M., Parboti, R. D., and Abdullah, A. M. M.,
2013. "Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of achyranthes aspera linn." Scholars Academic
Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 2, pp. 74-80.
[30] Rajani, G. P., Deepak, G., Sowjanya, K., and Sahithi, B., 2011. "Screening of antipyretic activity of aerial
parts of Nelumbo nucifera gaertn in yeast induced pyrexia." Pharmacologyonline, vol. 1, pp. 1120-1124.
[31] Chang, C. P., Huang, W. T., Cheng, B. C., Hsu, C. C., and Lin, M. T., 2007. "The flavonoid baicalin
protects against cerebrovascular dysfunction and brain inflammation in experimental heatstroke."
Neuropharmacology, vol. 52, pp. 1024-1033.
[32] Backhouse, N., Delporte, C., Givernau, M., Cassels, B. K., Valenzuela, A., and Speisky, H., 1994. "Anti-
inflammatory and antipyretic effects of boldine." Agents Actions, vol. 42, pp. 114-117.
[33] Zakaria, Z., Loo, Y. W., Nurul, I. A. R., A., A. H. A., Mohd, R. S., and Hanan, K. G., 2007.
"Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of the aqueous extract of bauhinia purpurea
leaves in experimental animals." Medical Principles and Practice, vol. 16, pp. 443-449.
[34] Spacer, C. B. and Breder, C. D., 1994. "The neurologic basis of fever." New England Journal of Medicine,
vol. 330, pp. 1880-1886.
[35] Zeil, R. and Krupp, P., 1975. Schorbaum E, Lomax P, Jacob J editors. Temp regulation and drug action.
New York: AG Publisher pp. 233-241.
[36] Okokon, J. E. and Nwafor, P., 2010. "Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of ethanol root
extract of Croton zambesicus." Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 23, pp. 385-392.