Relentless progress has been made on composite materials, their manufacturing processes and their structural design in past few decades. Nevertheless, the approval of composite materials in all engineering disciplines is constrained due to its susceptibility to various kinds of defects during manufacturing stage viz porosity, foreign body inclusion, incorrect fiber volume, bonding defect, fiber misalignment, ply misalignment, incorrect curing cycle, wavy fiber, ply cracking, delamination, fiber microstructural defects etc. Hence there was a requirement of techniques to somehow overcome these defects during the service life of composites being used in various structures and equipment. This promising field of research has made great progress over the past several years, but many procedural encounters are still to be overcome, and there exists a great need for focused research to address several areas of concern. On the other hand, nature has materials that have curing potential and repair strategies ensuring their survival. Sustained development in the field will produce new curing chemistries that possess greater stability, faster kinetics. Tailor-made placement of curing agents is dynamic research subject at the cutting edge of self-curing. New bio-imitative curing agents are closely connected to vascular networks. The purpose of this technical paper is to sort the methodology in line with ongoing research efforts in composites. A perspective on current and future self-curing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered.
This paper presents a brief discussion of the types and characteristics of self-healing coating systems. Three main structural schemes used in these systems are explained, followed by a review of the synthesis, characterization, and applications of poly(dicyclopentadiene)/Grubbs catalyst system as a case study. The ring-opening metathesis polymerization of dicyclopentadiene in this system is explored, then, methods for chemical and mechanical characterization of the resulting polymer are identified. Finally, advantages of utilizing such a system as well as several potential applications are highlighted.
Self-healing dental polymer:mechanism and uses in dentistry.
This presentation discusses briefly the definition ,mechanism and uses of self-healing polymers in dentistry.
This presentation provides basics of self healing polymers along with all the different types of polymers and mechanisms involved including a focus on new extrinsic and intrinsic technologies.It also discusses the applications of self healing polymers
The concept of an autonomic self-healing material, where initiation of repair is integral to the material, is now being considered for engineering applications. This bio-inspired concept offers the designer an ability to incorporate secondary functional materials capable of counteracting service degradation whilst still achieving the primary, usually structural, requirement. Most materials in nature are themselves self-healing composite materials. This paper reviews the various self-healing technologies currently being developed for fiber reinforced polymeric composite materials, most of which are bioinspired; inspired by observation of nature. The most recent self-healing work has attempted to mimic natural healing using more detailed study of natural processes. A perspective on current and future self-healing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered. The intention is to stimulate debate and reinforce the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in this exciting field.
It is just an literature survey presentation about self healing Polymer technology and its classification and different types of method to implement in a real word in future..
This paper presents a brief discussion of the types and characteristics of self-healing coating systems. Three main structural schemes used in these systems are explained, followed by a review of the synthesis, characterization, and applications of poly(dicyclopentadiene)/Grubbs catalyst system as a case study. The ring-opening metathesis polymerization of dicyclopentadiene in this system is explored, then, methods for chemical and mechanical characterization of the resulting polymer are identified. Finally, advantages of utilizing such a system as well as several potential applications are highlighted.
Self-healing dental polymer:mechanism and uses in dentistry.
This presentation discusses briefly the definition ,mechanism and uses of self-healing polymers in dentistry.
This presentation provides basics of self healing polymers along with all the different types of polymers and mechanisms involved including a focus on new extrinsic and intrinsic technologies.It also discusses the applications of self healing polymers
The concept of an autonomic self-healing material, where initiation of repair is integral to the material, is now being considered for engineering applications. This bio-inspired concept offers the designer an ability to incorporate secondary functional materials capable of counteracting service degradation whilst still achieving the primary, usually structural, requirement. Most materials in nature are themselves self-healing composite materials. This paper reviews the various self-healing technologies currently being developed for fiber reinforced polymeric composite materials, most of which are bioinspired; inspired by observation of nature. The most recent self-healing work has attempted to mimic natural healing using more detailed study of natural processes. A perspective on current and future self-healing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered. The intention is to stimulate debate and reinforce the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in this exciting field.
It is just an literature survey presentation about self healing Polymer technology and its classification and different types of method to implement in a real word in future..
In this PPT you know about the SELF HEALING technology in spacecrafts
This technology is still under research in NASA.
This technology can be also implement on Aircrafts.So it is very simple concept it includes some basic knowledge about Composites materials and its properties.
Aligned and random nanofibrous nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engine...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Aligned and random nanocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds were electrospun from polycaprolactone (PCL), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA). The morphology and mechanical characteristics of the nanofibers were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed fibers with an average diameter of 123 ± 32 nm and 339 ± 107 nm for aligned and random nanofibers, respectively. The mechanical data indicated the higher tensile strength and elastic modulus of aligned nanofibers. The in vitro biocompatibility of aligned and random nanofibrous scaffolds was also assessed by growing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and investigating the proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) on different nanofibrous scaffolds. Our findings showed that the alignment orientation of nanofibers enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. The in vitro results showed that the aligned biocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds of PCL/nHA/PVA could be a potential substrate for tissue engineering applications, especially in the field of artificial bone implant.
A Review on Water Absorption Behavior and its Effect on Mechanical Properties...AM Publications
Composites are superior to conventional materials due to their high strength to weight ratio. Of late, because of environmental concerns, natural fibres are finding their places in composites. However, their hygroscopic nature affects the mechanical properties of the composites adversely. Applications of composites for decking, flooring and outdoor facilities have made it necessary to evaluate the water uptake characteristics of natural fibre composites. The objective of this paper is to review the water absorption behavior, its effect on mechanical properties and the efforts to reduce the absorption of various natural fibre reinforced composites.
Mechanical Properties of Tere-Phthalic Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The objective of this work is to investigate the mechanical properties of particulate snail shell
reinforced unsaturated polyester composite. 5wt% ground snail shell of particle size 625microns was
introduced to unsaturated polyester matrix to produce a composite. Other specimens were produced at 10, 15,
20, 25 and 30 weight percentages of the particulate filler in unsaturated polyester matrix. Mechanical tests were
conducted on prepared samples of the composite material. The results showed that the flexural strength of the
composite with 20wt% snail shell particulate reinforcement was greatly enhanced and the impact and hardness
properties were greatly improved at 5wt% filler loading. The composite could be considered for applications in
areas where high impact strength is a requirement such as in shipping containers. The 20wt% snail shell
reinforced unsaturated polyester can be used in place of pure polyester for applications where flexibility is of
utmost importance. Keywords: Snail Shell, Unsaturated Polyester, Composite, Mechanical Properties, filler
Investigation on the printability of bioink based on alginate-gelatin hydroge...journalBEEI
Bioinks of 3D bioprinting have significant potential application in the field of tissue engineering to support cell attachment and proliferation. In this work, the alginate-gelatin-CELC (AGLC) bioink based on different compositions of alginate-gelatin (AG) hydrogel and cholesteryl ester liquid crystals (CELC) was prepared. Primarily, the alginate-gelatin hydrogel with certain concentration of gelatin (10-50%w/v) was investigated. The printability of the hydrogel reached a minimum width of 1.8 mm at a flow rate of 1 mL/min when the gelatin concentration was increased to 50% w/v (AG1050). Subsequently, the respective polymers with 10% w/v alginate and 50% w/v gelatin blended with 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60% w/v of CELC in the preparation of the alginate-gelatin-CELC bioink was further investigated.The printability of the bioink was examined by micro-extrusion based 3D bioprinter. The printability of the bioink enhanced by 27.8% as compared to AG1050 and reached a minimum width of 1.3 mm at a flow rate of 1 mL/min when the CELC concentration was increased to 40% and 60%. The tested properties of the bioink show that the CELC improve shear-thinning and lipid moieties properties to the composite bioink and hence, enhances its printability.
Mechanical Characterization of Bio-Char Made Hybrid CompositeIJERA Editor
Material discoveries and development have always been the cause of the growth and development of a nation
and the need of naturally made materials is the need of hours. Thus this paper takes you to the development of a
hybrid composite made of sisal fiber with epoxy as the matrix intertwined with softwood bio-char. Softwood
chip bio-char, produced by slow pyrolysis, has a porous structure improving its nutrient absorbing capacity,
surface area and thus a potential substituent. Bio-char has an appreciable carbon sequestration value i.e. a carbon
absorbing product. The orientation of sisal fiber are changed and studied in longitudinal and orthogonal
direction indicating superiority of longitudinal fiber orientation .It also addresses the variation in mechanical
characteristic (tensile flexural and impact) with different constituent of the new composite and its position in
material selection charts with a direction for further work.
Shape Memory Polymers And Its Application In Self HealingKarthik Vijayan
Polymers which are capable of recovering from a temporary shape to a memorized permanent shape in response to a stimulus are called shape memory polymers. An interesting and futuristic application of shape memory polymers is in the fabrication of better self healing materials.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
Finite Element Analysis of a Natural Fiber (Maize) Composite BeamIJMER
Natural fiber composite are termed as biocomposites or green composites. These fibers are
green, biogradable, and recyclable and have good properties such as low density and low cost when
compared to synthetic fibers.The present work is investigated on the finite element analysis of the
natural fiber (maize) composite beam, processed by means of hand lay-up method. Composite beam
material is composed of stalk-based fiber of maize and unsaturated polyester resin polymer resin
polymer as matrix with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as a catalyst and cobalt octoate as a
promoter. The material was modeled and resembled as a structural beam using suitable assumption and
analyzed by means of finite element method using ANSYS software for determining the deflection and
stress properties. Morphological analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for the fiber were
examined by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer. From the results,
it has been found that the finite element values are acceptable with proper assumptions, and the prepared
natural fiber composite beam material can be used for structural engineering applications.
Tensile and Impact Properties of Natural Fiber Hybrid Composite MaterialsIJMER
This paper is a review on the tensile and impact properties of natural fiber hybrid composites.
Natural fibers are having good mechanical properties, high specific strength, low cost, bio-degradable
and easily can recyclable through thermal methods. In this paper two different hybrid composites were
manufactured by compression molding and properties of tensile and impact results are conducted as per
ASTM standards. In this project three different fibers such as sisal, jute and glass with thermosets epoxy
resin used with weight ratio of fiber to resin as 15:15:70.Results showed that sisal/glass hybrid composite
has more tensile and impact strength while comparing to sisal/jute hybrid composite.
Self Healing Capabilities in Polymeric Materials An Introduction to Techniquesijtsrd
Polymeric materials had shown tremendous increment in its properties due to its acceptability in a wide range of engineering usage. The usage is still restricted due to its reparability and life then after. The life of repaired plastic is less. The present paper study of various type of techniques available, which can develop self healing capabilities in polymeric materials. The main aim is to further concentrate on an idea which gives maximum improvement in engineering properties, life etc. for structural and engineering usage. Avinash Pratap Singh | Kuldeep Singh | Aman Jain | Arun Kapoor | Ankit Kumar | Abhishek Pandey ""Self-Healing Capabilities in Polymeric Materials: An Introduction to Techniques"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23886.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23886/self-healing-capabilities-in-polymeric-materials-an-introduction-to-techniques/avinash-pratap-singh
In this PPT you know about the SELF HEALING technology in spacecrafts
This technology is still under research in NASA.
This technology can be also implement on Aircrafts.So it is very simple concept it includes some basic knowledge about Composites materials and its properties.
Aligned and random nanofibrous nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engine...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Aligned and random nanocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds were electrospun from polycaprolactone (PCL), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA). The morphology and mechanical characteristics of the nanofibers were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed fibers with an average diameter of 123 ± 32 nm and 339 ± 107 nm for aligned and random nanofibers, respectively. The mechanical data indicated the higher tensile strength and elastic modulus of aligned nanofibers. The in vitro biocompatibility of aligned and random nanofibrous scaffolds was also assessed by growing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and investigating the proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) on different nanofibrous scaffolds. Our findings showed that the alignment orientation of nanofibers enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. The in vitro results showed that the aligned biocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds of PCL/nHA/PVA could be a potential substrate for tissue engineering applications, especially in the field of artificial bone implant.
A Review on Water Absorption Behavior and its Effect on Mechanical Properties...AM Publications
Composites are superior to conventional materials due to their high strength to weight ratio. Of late, because of environmental concerns, natural fibres are finding their places in composites. However, their hygroscopic nature affects the mechanical properties of the composites adversely. Applications of composites for decking, flooring and outdoor facilities have made it necessary to evaluate the water uptake characteristics of natural fibre composites. The objective of this paper is to review the water absorption behavior, its effect on mechanical properties and the efforts to reduce the absorption of various natural fibre reinforced composites.
Mechanical Properties of Tere-Phthalic Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The objective of this work is to investigate the mechanical properties of particulate snail shell
reinforced unsaturated polyester composite. 5wt% ground snail shell of particle size 625microns was
introduced to unsaturated polyester matrix to produce a composite. Other specimens were produced at 10, 15,
20, 25 and 30 weight percentages of the particulate filler in unsaturated polyester matrix. Mechanical tests were
conducted on prepared samples of the composite material. The results showed that the flexural strength of the
composite with 20wt% snail shell particulate reinforcement was greatly enhanced and the impact and hardness
properties were greatly improved at 5wt% filler loading. The composite could be considered for applications in
areas where high impact strength is a requirement such as in shipping containers. The 20wt% snail shell
reinforced unsaturated polyester can be used in place of pure polyester for applications where flexibility is of
utmost importance. Keywords: Snail Shell, Unsaturated Polyester, Composite, Mechanical Properties, filler
Investigation on the printability of bioink based on alginate-gelatin hydroge...journalBEEI
Bioinks of 3D bioprinting have significant potential application in the field of tissue engineering to support cell attachment and proliferation. In this work, the alginate-gelatin-CELC (AGLC) bioink based on different compositions of alginate-gelatin (AG) hydrogel and cholesteryl ester liquid crystals (CELC) was prepared. Primarily, the alginate-gelatin hydrogel with certain concentration of gelatin (10-50%w/v) was investigated. The printability of the hydrogel reached a minimum width of 1.8 mm at a flow rate of 1 mL/min when the gelatin concentration was increased to 50% w/v (AG1050). Subsequently, the respective polymers with 10% w/v alginate and 50% w/v gelatin blended with 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60% w/v of CELC in the preparation of the alginate-gelatin-CELC bioink was further investigated.The printability of the bioink was examined by micro-extrusion based 3D bioprinter. The printability of the bioink enhanced by 27.8% as compared to AG1050 and reached a minimum width of 1.3 mm at a flow rate of 1 mL/min when the CELC concentration was increased to 40% and 60%. The tested properties of the bioink show that the CELC improve shear-thinning and lipid moieties properties to the composite bioink and hence, enhances its printability.
Mechanical Characterization of Bio-Char Made Hybrid CompositeIJERA Editor
Material discoveries and development have always been the cause of the growth and development of a nation
and the need of naturally made materials is the need of hours. Thus this paper takes you to the development of a
hybrid composite made of sisal fiber with epoxy as the matrix intertwined with softwood bio-char. Softwood
chip bio-char, produced by slow pyrolysis, has a porous structure improving its nutrient absorbing capacity,
surface area and thus a potential substituent. Bio-char has an appreciable carbon sequestration value i.e. a carbon
absorbing product. The orientation of sisal fiber are changed and studied in longitudinal and orthogonal
direction indicating superiority of longitudinal fiber orientation .It also addresses the variation in mechanical
characteristic (tensile flexural and impact) with different constituent of the new composite and its position in
material selection charts with a direction for further work.
Shape Memory Polymers And Its Application In Self HealingKarthik Vijayan
Polymers which are capable of recovering from a temporary shape to a memorized permanent shape in response to a stimulus are called shape memory polymers. An interesting and futuristic application of shape memory polymers is in the fabrication of better self healing materials.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
Finite Element Analysis of a Natural Fiber (Maize) Composite BeamIJMER
Natural fiber composite are termed as biocomposites or green composites. These fibers are
green, biogradable, and recyclable and have good properties such as low density and low cost when
compared to synthetic fibers.The present work is investigated on the finite element analysis of the
natural fiber (maize) composite beam, processed by means of hand lay-up method. Composite beam
material is composed of stalk-based fiber of maize and unsaturated polyester resin polymer resin
polymer as matrix with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as a catalyst and cobalt octoate as a
promoter. The material was modeled and resembled as a structural beam using suitable assumption and
analyzed by means of finite element method using ANSYS software for determining the deflection and
stress properties. Morphological analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for the fiber were
examined by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer. From the results,
it has been found that the finite element values are acceptable with proper assumptions, and the prepared
natural fiber composite beam material can be used for structural engineering applications.
Tensile and Impact Properties of Natural Fiber Hybrid Composite MaterialsIJMER
This paper is a review on the tensile and impact properties of natural fiber hybrid composites.
Natural fibers are having good mechanical properties, high specific strength, low cost, bio-degradable
and easily can recyclable through thermal methods. In this paper two different hybrid composites were
manufactured by compression molding and properties of tensile and impact results are conducted as per
ASTM standards. In this project three different fibers such as sisal, jute and glass with thermosets epoxy
resin used with weight ratio of fiber to resin as 15:15:70.Results showed that sisal/glass hybrid composite
has more tensile and impact strength while comparing to sisal/jute hybrid composite.
Self Healing Capabilities in Polymeric Materials An Introduction to Techniquesijtsrd
Polymeric materials had shown tremendous increment in its properties due to its acceptability in a wide range of engineering usage. The usage is still restricted due to its reparability and life then after. The life of repaired plastic is less. The present paper study of various type of techniques available, which can develop self healing capabilities in polymeric materials. The main aim is to further concentrate on an idea which gives maximum improvement in engineering properties, life etc. for structural and engineering usage. Avinash Pratap Singh | Kuldeep Singh | Aman Jain | Arun Kapoor | Ankit Kumar | Abhishek Pandey ""Self-Healing Capabilities in Polymeric Materials: An Introduction to Techniques"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23886.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23886/self-healing-capabilities-in-polymeric-materials-an-introduction-to-techniques/avinash-pratap-singh
This is about self-repairing materials. This presentation contain brief about self repairing materials ,their methodologies ,
chemistry involved ,mechanisms and miscellaneous technologies , advantages and disadvantages
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
Biomimetic Materials in Our World: A Review.IOSR Journals
The study of biomineralization offers valuable and incredible insights into the scope and nature of material chemistry at the inorganic and organic surfaces. Biological systems (architecture) are replete with examples of organic supramolecular assemblies (double and triplet helices, multisubunit proteins, membrane-bound reaction centres, vesicle, tubules e. t. c.), some of which (collagen, cellulose and chitin) extend to microscopic dimensions in the form of hierarchical structure, There are ample opportunities of lessons from the biological (on growth and functional adaptation), and physical (properties and compositions) world. This review explores the field of biomimetic material chemistry as it relates to fibres with respect to their historical perspective, the use of the products of biomimetic material, the progressive efforts and a general overview. Conclusively, biomimetic materials research is indeed a rapidly growing and enormously promising field that needs to be explored.
Discussing advances in Magnetic Bead coating technologies - Page 9 & 10 - Article from Joshua Soldo from Australian listed Biotech company Anteo Diagnostics ASX:ADO
Comparative study of mechanical and thermal characterization of glasscarbon h...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, the mechanical characterization of glass-carbon fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composite with epoxy resin as the matrix was investigated. Initially the basic mechanical characterization like tensile, bending, impact and wear tests have been carried out experimentally along and across the fiber orientation for the glass-carbon hybrid composite. The specimens were prepared and tested according to ASTM Standards. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites have been widely used high strength, low weight structural applications as compared to their metallic counterparts. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites posses superior specific strength and modulus but have a lower failure strain and high cost. Hence, the combination of both glass and carbon fiber in polymer composite may yield optimized mechanical properties. Keywords: Hybrid composites, Mechanical characterization, Thermal characterization
Scientific Management of Equipment in Medical Innovation LaboratoryScientific Review SR
Aim; To solve the problem of innovation laboratory instrument management and improve laboratory management level. Method; It is necessary to do an excellent job in managing innovative laboratory equipment by improving the equipment management system, functional division management, appointment registration, and strengthening the construction of management teams to guarantee the cultivation of innovation and entrepreneurship capabilities of undergraduates. Results; The number of innovative experimental projects approved and the number of project groups that the laboratory can accept at the same time was increased significantly. The utilization rate of laboratory equipment has increased, and the vacancy rate has decreased. Conclusion; Excellent instrument management can significantly improve the efficiency of scientific research in the innovation laboratory.
Internationalization and Sustainable Operations: A Broad Investigation of Chi...Scientific Review SR
We investigate if internationalization behaviors encourage sustainable operations of China’s manufacturing firms due to their substantial impact on climate change and special governance modes, and organize a heterogeneity test to clarify what kind of internationalization behaviors can robustly influence such operations. We find that firms with abundant assets and heavy-polluting feature are more committed to sustainable operations. Getting close to international sustainability standards, international auditing standards, and international business all improve sustainable operations. Heterogeneity test further shows that compared with international standards, the positive impact of international business on sustainable operation lacks a robustness, which responds to an argument that for one country, international business acts as a double-edged sword. Overall, this paper reveals internationalization as a key indicator significantly influencing economic, ecological, and social spheres in manufacturing sectors of emerging markets, and complying with well-accepted international standards can be significantly embodied in a more optimistic sustainable operations. However, how to deal with international business in a right manner is a research highlight worthy of ongoing discussion. We focus on different types of internationalization behaviors, and this indicator can theoretically inspire future study to dialectically evaluate the role of internationalization in addressing sustainability problems in emerging markets’ pillar industries.
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 92: Tomb Inscription During the...Scientific Review SR
This work is based on a previously published hypothesis which proposed that the solid matter of the universe can be represented as a vibrational wave of energy propagating over an ether or matrix through a mechanism that scrambles the degree of duality in matter: x% localized (solid), y% delocalized (wave). The main purpose of this paper is to present a two-dimensional approximation of the three-dimensional structure of the shape of the energy distribution of an atomic orbital to propose a mechanism through which the orbital can be transported as a vibration from a point A to point B in the matrix. This process requires cycles or oscillations of mounting-dismounting-remounting in which what travels from point A to point B is the energy forming the orbital and not the solid matter that it can form. The atomic seven-dimensional f orbital of hydrogen-like atoms is used as a model to show an analogy to the transformations that it can be submitted to when transported over the matrix.
Usability Engineering, Human Computer Interaction and Allied Sciences: With R...Scientific Review SR
Human Computer Interaction is actually responsible for the designing of the computing technologies keeping in mind the aspects of Interaction. Some of the fields viz. Man-Machine Interaction (MMI), User Experience Designing, User Experience Design, Human Centered Designing etc and importantly all these systems and technologies are dedicated to the designing of interface of various tools and systems such as computers, laptops, electronic systems, smart phones etc. Information Technology field is growing rapidly and there are various technologies are increasing viz. Big Data Management, Cloud Computing, Green Computing, Data Science, Internet of Things (IoT), HCI, Usability Engineering etc. Usability Engineering is gaining as a field of study as well and dedicated in creation of the higher usability and user friendliness of the electronic tools and products. In this field few aspects and technologies are most important and emerging viz. Human cognition, behavioral Research Methods, Quantitative techniques etc for the development of usability systems. Designing, implementation, usability even in multimedia material viz. audio-video may also practice in the Usability Engineering and allied fields. Wireframes including few other prototypes are required in maintaining of the better and healthy man and machine interaction. As the field is growing therefore, it is applicable in other sectors and allied areas and among these agriculture is important one. In agricultural sector different applications of information technologies are increasing and among this Usability Engineering and HCI are important one. In pre production and also in post production; directly and indirectly this technology is emerging and growing. This paper talks about the basics of this technologies and also its current and future technologies with reference to academic potentialities of this branch in Agricultural Informatics programs.
Concentration Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aroma...Scientific Review SR
The ecological risk assessment of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in water and sediments of Kolo creek, Niger Delta Nigeria was assessed the samples were collected from November, 2018 to June, 2019 from seven locations (A-G) along the creek. The samples were extracted using standard methods and analyzed using gas chromatography (model: HP5890 S). The concentrations of the PAHs in the water and sediment samples ranged between 0.000 - 9.239 µ/L and .002 – 374.35µg/Kg respectively. All the compounds analyzed were detected in all the sampling places, even area far from the flow stations. Hence, the urban runoffs, sewage discharges, and agricultural activities are implicated. Four rings hydrocarbon were present in higher concentration when compared to other PAHs in all sampling sites, with benz (a)anthracene having the highest values in both matrixes. Similarly, lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were present in lower concentrations in all sampling sites and they are known to exhibit higher lethal toxicity than the larger PAHs. HMW were present in high concentrations than LMW and are persistent in the environment as a result of their increase resistance to oxidation, reduction and vaporization as molecular weight increases. Similarly, The PAFs of the investigated creek is less than 5%, suggesting existences of minor ecological risks that are insignificance. However, the TEQs detected in high molecular weight showed that there is possibility of cancer to those who may be exposed to the bottom sediment. The indices measured in this habitat may put more pressures to the aquatic organisms and cause drastic changes to their ecosystem which may lead to species extinction.
Volume Fractions of Tantalum Carbides Deduced from the Ta Contents in the Mat...Scientific Review SR
Some superalloys for service at high temperature under stresses are strengthened by tantalum carbides. Their creep resistance depends on the quantity of TaC and this is the reason why it is often important to control the volume fraction of these carbides in the microstructure. Metallographic preparation followed by electron imaging and surface fraction measurements by image analysis is a frequent way for that. Another possibility is to deduce the mass fraction of TaC, and after their volume fraction, from the chemical composition of the matrix when the alloys are only double–phased, on the {matrix + TaC} type. In this work three alloys – chemically designed to be made exclusively of matrix and TaC – were elaborated and isothermally exposed to an elevated temperature for a duration long enough to allow the alloys being at their thermodynamic equilibria. The chemical compositions of the alloy and of its matrix were measured and the results allowed evaluating their TaC mass fractions which were converted in volume fractions. The obtained TaC fractions were compared to results issued from thermodynamic calculations. Good agreement was found for the three alloys, and this allowed to exploit the used software and thermodynamic database to explore further the microstructures at the same high temperature, notably to know the conditions on the Co, Ni, Cr, Ta and C contents to keep the {matrix + TaC} structure and to avoid any possible partial melting.
Assessment of the Coliform Bacterial Load of Some Drinking Water Sources in D...Scientific Review SR
Drinking water samples from 5 sachet water companies, 3 boreholes and 2 taps, collected from different locations of Dutse Metropolis of Jigawa State, Nigeria were analysed for coliform bacterial counts using the Membrane Filtration Technique. All the samples contained some amounts of total coliforms, but mostly within permissible levels. Thirty three percent (33%) of the samples from borehole, 60% from sachet water and 100% from the taps contained faecal coliforms, which indicates contamination. Cultures of the faecal coliforms obtained were morphologically identified using the gram-staining procedure and some series of biochemical tests were carried out in order to identify the organisms. The identified organisms were Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. Presence of coliforms above the regulatory set standards indicates contamination and un-safeness of the water for drinking. Presence of organisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. necessitates improvement in monitoring and water hygiene practices to improve the quality of drinking water in the study area.
Influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Tourism Sector...Scientific Review SR
Nepal is a country blessed with natural beauty, diverse culture, majestic Himalayas, religious destination which attracts thousands of tourists every year making the tourism industry progressive to flourish. Information Communication Technology (ICT) proves to be an effective tool for strengthening the tourism industry. Thus, the purpose of this research study is to analyze about the past scenario of tourism industry, advent of ICT in tourism industry, positive impacts of ICT in tourism industry through in-depth interview with tourism experts and people who have worked for tourism since decades. This study is a form of qualitative research where narrative inquiry has been selected and the scenario has been analyzed through themes developed from the narratives. The result reveals that the emerging technology brings positive impacts to tourism industry assisting branding, promotion of the country, enhancing networks through communication and easily booking tours. The proper utilization of ICT helps to welcome tourists and to give identity of our country Nepal to the world.
Reinforcement of Bakelite Moulding Powder in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (...Scientific Review SR
The influences of two phenolic resins, that is, cashew nut oil modified phenol-formaldehyde resin (CN-m-PF) and Bakelite moulding powder (BMP), on properties of carbon black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) were investigated and compared. Processability, cure characteristics, mechanical properties, thermal ageing resistance, and oil resistance of the NBR filled with various contents of phenolic resins (0-60 phr) were determined. The addition of both resins leads to a prolonged cure time with a greater value of torque difference. Regardless of the resin type, the improvement of compound processability and the enhancement of modulus and hardness of the NBR vulcanisates are observed with increasing resin content. However, many mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break and abrasion resistance are deteriorated. Thermal ageing resistance of the NBR vulcanisate is slightly improved in the presence of both resins, probably due to the dilution of NBR with the high heat-resistant phenol-formaldehyde resins. Results also disclose that all NBR vulcanisates demonstrate excellent oil resistance, regardless of the resin type and content. At any given resin content, CN-m-PF gives a better processability, higher stiffness and greater mechanical properties than BMP. However, due to its lower cost, BMP can be used to enhance stiffness of NBR vulcanisates without the risk of processing problem.
Toxic Effect of Glyphosate-Pesticide on Lipid Peroxidation Superoxide Dismuta...Scientific Review SR
The oxidative stress indices lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (average weight 200.15 g) exposed to sub - lethal dose 2.40mg/L and 4.98mg/L of glyphosate was investigated over a period of days 1,5,10 and 15 in three replicates. The colorimetric analysis showed increase in lipid peroxidation from 4.55 ±2.14a1 to 12.12± 10.00a1at 2.40mg/L but remain the same at 4.98mg/L (4.55±2.14a1) compared with control (3.03±0.01a1 to 1.51±2.14b1) from day 1 to 15. The SOD activity decreased significantly with time and concentration compared with control. The Catalase activity at day 15 decreased to 0.17±0.05a1 in 2.40mg/L but further increased to 0.28±0.05b1 in 4.98mg/L compared to 0.28±0.02a1 catalase activity as control. The result suggests that glyphosate induce oxidative stress that may overwhelm the antioxidant system in juvenile catfish especially at higher concentrations with long exposure.
Wheeled robots are often utilized for various remote sensing and telerobotic applications because of their ability to navigate through dynamic environments, mostly under the partial control of a human operator. To make these robots capable to traverse through terrains of rough and uneven topography, their driving mechanisms and controllers must be very efficient at producing and controlling large mechanical power with great precision in real-time, however small the robot may be. This paper discusses an approach for designing a quad-wheeled robot, which is wirelessly controlled with a personal computer (PC) by medium-range radio frequency (RF) transceiver, to navigate through unpaved paths with little or no difficulty. An efficient servo-controlled Ackerman steering mechanism and a high-torque driving power-train were developed. The robot’s controller is programmed to receive and respond to RF control signals from the PC to perform the desired motions. The dynamics of the robot’s drivetrain is modeled and analyzed on MATLAB to predict its performances. The robot was tested on various topographies to determine its physical capabilities. Results show that the robot is capable of non-holonomically constrained motions on rough and uneven terrains.
Geometrical Analysis and Design of Tension-Actuated Ackermann Steering System...Scientific Review SR
The tension-actuated steering system is a vehicular steering design that comprises a motorized gear system, pulleys, inelastic string, main steering bar, and a strain gauge. This development is aimed to produce a steering design that could enhance the efficiency of steering systems in quad-wheeled (i.e. four-wheeled) robots. In this work, the steering system of conventional passenger vehicles and existing quad-wheeled robots are reviewed and their technical deficiencies are improved based on cost, power and production factors. Thus, the tension-actuated steering system is proposed as a solution for mechanizing steering functions in quad-wheeled robots. It is expected that this work will stimulate interest and enthusiasm.
A Study of Propensity Score on Influencing Factors of Length of Stay in Hospi...Scientific Review SR
Background: Burns are a global public health problem, which are universal and can happen to anyone. Because the physical functions in children and adults are different, the confounding factors are easy to affect the results of study. Objective: In this study, we aimed to explore influencing factors of the length of hospital stay (LOS) when the confounding factors were excluded by Propensity Score (PS) in children and adults. Methods: Patients hospitalized for burn from 2014 to 2016 were retrieved from the medical record system of a general biggest hospital in Zunyi. A database was established to analyze the influencing factors of LOS between children and adults by the PS. Results A total of 465 children (61.7% males) and 327 (69.7% males) adults were recruited. The average age was 3.61±3.57 years and 42.48±14.76 years in children and adults with burns respectively. Before PS matching, low age and skin grafting were the protective factors for LOS (Hazard Ratio [HR]=0.993 and 0.339). The risk factors of LOS were male (HR=1.234), the burn depth and total body surface area (TBSA), and burn etiology (HR=1.497). After PS matching, only skin grafting (HR=0.080) and treatment within 24 hours (HR=1.865) were the common influencing factors of LOS. Conclusion the confounding factors were excluded by the PS method, and skin grafting was still a protective factor of LOS for both children and adults. The results provide a reference for the promotion of skin grafting to reduce LOS in burn patients.
Concrete is one of the reliable, durable, economical and acceptable construction materials among the building and construction stakeholders worldwide. Performance of concrete could be threatened especially reinforced concrete by some processes such as corrosion, sulfate attack among others. Corrosion of reinforcement in reinforced concrete can be induced by carbonation process. Even though carbonation initiates corrosion, it has been gathered that carbonation could still be of immense benefits to building and construction industries if its mechanism of operation is understudied. This research work has therefore investigated the effect of carbonation on some selected mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and weight changes. Concrete cubes and beams of M15 grade with 0.5 % water-cement ratio were prepared and subjected to accelerated carbonation. Their compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and weight changes were determined in accordance with the relevant standards. The outcomes show that carbonation improves all the mechanical properties investigated. The use of carbonation can be positively explored in reinforced concrete provided there is adequate nominal cover.
Biogas Synthesis as Means of Solid Waste Management in Kampala, UgandaScientific Review SR
Cattle dung, cooked food waste, and chicken droppings mixed with coffee husks have been used separately and also as mixtures to form anaerobic digestion slurries in a bid to treat to degrade the organic fractions of these wastes and recycle the bio-fertilizer after recovering biogas. Single and mixed substrate slurries evolved significant quantities of methane within 27days together with reduced mass of soil conditioner. The volume of biogas formed in cogeneration mixtures were higher than for single substrate digestion due to the C/N ratio shifting to near 30:1 as a result of mixing. So degradation of organic pollutants was higher in mixed substrate digestion mixtures. Our study yielded average volumes ranging from 315 to 435+ 5.65.mL/L which was in agreement with what is in literature. Digestion of cattle dung, cooked waste foods, and droppings of chicken and mixed substrate slurries using sludge inoculums was very effective in degrading solid waste from homes, thus detoxifying it to bio-fertilizers. Although both single and mixed substrate digestion of waste yielded high enough volumes of biogas; digestion of slurry of mixed organic solid waste substrates is better method of waste management. Digestion of garbage from Kampala should be tested at macro levels at both ambient and mesophilic temperatures. There is need to try out the garbage digestion experiments in the semi-arid towns as well as very cold towns in Uganda.
The Influence of Partial Replacement of Some Selected Pozzolans on the Drying...Scientific Review SR
Concrete is prone to cracking and one of the major causes of cracking is drying shrinkage of the hardened concrete. This research work was carried out to study the influence of partial replacement of some selected pozzolans on the drying shrinkage of concrete. Four pozzolans used in this study, were made to replace cement at various percentages resulting in various concrete mixes. Setting time test was conducted for the various cement mixes using Vicat’s apparatus and drying shrinkage test was done for the concrete test specimens. The results of the setting time indicate that partial replacement of pozzolans with ordinary Portland cement increases both the initial and final setting time of cement as the percentage replacement increases. Similarly, drying shrinkage results show that concrete made with Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) and Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) at 12% replacement will have a stable and better shrinkage resistance than the control at both 56 days and 90 days. Meanwhile, the control concrete gives a better drying shrinkage at 28 days curing. In conclusion, the results show that pozzolanas [Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)] can successfully replace cement up to 12% without necessarily affecting the shrinkage ability of the produced concrete. It also shows that Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) and Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA) are more resistance to drying shrinkage than the control.
Study on the Granulation of FLY Ash from Thermal Power StationScientific Review SR
The effect of the type and amount of binding substance on the yield and strength of granules prepared from fly ash was studied. The highest yield of granules was achieved with clayish slip used as binder. The granules obtained are brittle, with compression strength 0,1МРа. The apparent density of the sintered granulates was in the range1200-1500kg/m3 and the total porosity was 55-40%.
Machining Versus Molding Tolerances in Manufacturing Automotive Sealing SystemsScientific Review SR
The automotive industry has been at the forefront of converting traditional metal parts to plastics. The latter surely offer greater design freedom, opportunity for consolidation, fewer assembly operations, reduced secondary finishing, weight reduction, lower total system costs, a range of properties tailored to specific applications, the ability to withstand temperatures, immunity to most chemicals and corrosive environments. They offer processing in many colors, electrical non-conductivity (insulation from electrical shocks), good thermal breaks (“warmth-to-the-touch”), and low sound transmission (tendency to muffle noise). Nonetheless, plastics have only tapped an estimated 15% of their tremendous potential to replace metals. This is particularly to increase with newer high-performance plastics, increasing sophistication in alloying and blending technologies, and use of computer-aided design and engineering (CAD/CAE) systems. The latter enable engineers to visualize complex parts and molding tools more effectively and faster than ever before. This article identifies fundamental steps and requirements to conduct an efficient and successful conversion of metallic parts to plastics, reviewing the replacement design process from concept to production; an under-the-hood rear retainer for Ford Motor Company is detailed as a case study.
Sinthesis and Properties of Marble-Like Glass-Ceramics Using of Ash from Ther...Scientific Review SR
Color marble-like glass-ceramic materials were obtained through thermal treatment of glasses of the system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 by using natural materials with the introduction of waste materials - ash from thermal power plants (TPP). The melting of the glass batch was in corundum crucibles at 1450oC with an isothermal hold of 60 min. The glasses obtained was fritted in distilled water and dried for 6 hours at 100oC, then completely crushed and divided into fractions with grain size of 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm and over 2.5 mm. It was found that the use of ash from TPP lead to higher values of degree of transformation (crystallization) than using base composition. Values of Avramy parameter’s in the range n=1,0 ÷ 1,6 are showed that crystallization of the glass frit is largely heterogeneous and crystal growing starts from the surface. The introduction of ash from TPP to native glasses carry out to significant reduction of energy of crystallization by Ес=289 kJ/mol to Ec=221 kJ/mol. The glass-ceramic materials were obtained through a one stage crystallization - 1050÷1070оС and an isothermal hold of 60 min., colored white, yellow brown to dark brown. The main crystalline phase in glass-ceramics is β-vollastonite with needle habit, size of crystals - ĺ = 40 ÷ 120 μm and d <5 μm in quantities 37 ÷ 42%. As secondary phases depending on the amount of ash have been identified - the anorthite, gehlenite and α-quartz with prismatic habit were appeared. The obtained glass-ceramic materials have a marble-like effect and technical parameters compared with natural granite and marble and have higher values of density, micro hardness, speed grinding, bending strength and chemical resistance. That’s why they can be used in construction such as lining materials.
A Physical Philosophy for Approaching the True and Then the Beautiful: Princi...Scientific Review SR
Physics demands not only the beautiful but also the true. The true is the first, and the beautiful is the second. The philosophy of physics should emphasize the true and then the beautiful. After reviewing three kind of main hypotheses beyond standard model, and based on experimental and observational evidences, three physical principles and three philosophical rules are suggested, namely P1-action principle, P2-duality principle, P3-equivalence principle, and R1-logic harmony, R2-minimum hypotheses, R3-maximum hopes. It is revealed that there are no supersymmetry and dark sectors because the space and time for the existence of unknown particles resemble impossible.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. Scientific Review
42
developed a two-phase, solid-state repairable polymer by mixing a thermoplastic healing agent into a thermosetting
epoxy matrix to produce a homogeneous matrix which contrasts with the discrete particles of uncured epoxy
reported by Zako and Takano [4].
Although not explicitly stated by the authors, [Lee et al, 2004] have considered the possibility of using
nanoparticles dispersed in polymer films to deposit at a damage site in a similar fashion to blood clotting. Later work
by Gupta, et al. [6], using fluorescent nanoparticles, has shown that ligands on the nanoparticles can be selected to
help drive nanoparticles into a crack in a microelectronic thin film layer. The third area of interest is based upon a
biological „bleeding‟ approach to repair, i.e. microcapsules and hollow fibres. Microencapsulation self-curing [7-9]
involves the use of a monomer, dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), stored in urea-formaldehyde microcapsules dispersed
within a polymer matrix. Self-curing materials can be classified broadly into three groups: capsule based, vascular,
and intrinsic [10].
The use of hollow glass fibres embedded in a composite laminate was pioneered by Bleay, et al. [11]. The
ability to „see‟ and become aware of internal damage in composite materials is as critical as in the human body. The
ability to form a „bruise‟ within a hollow fiber self-curing composite material was investigated by Bond and Pang
[12].
3. Bio Stimulated Self-Curing Approaches
There is an opportunity of using nanoparticles which are dispersed in reinforcement films to deposit at a damage
site in a similar fashion to blood clotting. In this work, the nanoparticles are dispersed in reinforcement films within
a multilayer composite. The mechanical properties of the composites refurbished in this manner could potentially
achieve 75%–100% of the undamaged material strength. Later work by Gupta, et al. [6], using fluorescent
nanoparticles, has shown that ligands on the nanoparticles can be selected to help drive nanoparticles into a crack in
a microelectronic thin film layer. By using Fluorescent nanoparticles, it has shown that curing agents on the
nanoparticles can be selected to help drive nanoparticles into a crack in a microelectronic thin film layer. No
refurbishment of mechanical properties was investigated.
When we talk of self-curing method, biological „bleeding‟ approach comes into picture for repair, i.e.
microcapsules and hollow fibres. Microencapsulation self-curing includes the use of a monomer.
When the microcapsules are burst by a progressing crack as shown in Fig 1, the monomer is drained along the
fracture where it comes into interaction with a dispersed particulate catalyst initiating polymerization and thus
repairs. similar to the arteries in a natural system, has been investigated at different length scales in different
engineering materials by various authors, for example, in bulk concrete [13, 14], in bulk polymers [13], and in
polymeric composites.
Fig-1. Ruptured Capsule
3. Scientific Review
43
Fig-2. Self-Curing Process
at a millimeter length scale [15] and at a micrometer length scale – see Figure 2 [11, 12]. The release of active
components was clearly seen to restore a proportion of the loss in mechanical properties arising from micro cracking
within a polymer matrix. When a polymeric material hosts a second solid-state polymer, there is a phase that drifts to
the damage site under the action of heat. A homogenous matrix is harvested by mixing a thermoplastic curing agent
into a thermosetting epoxy matrix. These systems offer the capacity for self-curing.
Benefit of microencapsulation self-curing approach is the simplicity with which they can be merged within a
bulk reinforcement material. The disadvantages are the need for microcapsule rupture and the need for the resin to
meet the catalyst prior to any repair taking place. In fibre reinforced composite material, additional problems arise
due to the size of microcapsules (typically 10-100μm) disrupting the fibre construction, the need for a good
dispersion of the catalyst to provide uniform curing functionality, microcapsules having only partial resin volume,
and the creation of a void in the wake of the crack after consumption of curing resin. Some results Kessler et al,
2003 [8] have indicated specific problems in terms of healing efficiency due to clumping of microcapsules into
woven-roving wells whilst cracks propagate along woven-roving peaks.
The crucial engineering challenge is to appreciate and extract basics of natural systems so that to produce
systems that can feasibly and cost-effectively be applied to various engineering structures. Accelerated
environmental testing of self-curing systems is critically needed. While the massive research on self-curing in retort
to rupture has focused on quasi-static performance, the ultimate utility of self-curing systems is in contesting with
fatigue and/or periodic damage events.
Moderately miniature research has been dedicated to the dynamic aspects of self-curing under fatigue like
conditions. Self-curing reinforcement could extend the concept of self-curing beyond the repair of matrix dominated
failure modes. Self-curing designs will most likely depend on particular distribution of curing agents in large-scale
applications to improve efficiency while reducing the cost and detrimental effects to the matrix material.
Epoxy-based systems have received the most attention in self-curing quasi-static Mode I fracture experiments.
The first successful autonomic self-curing in a thermoset epoxy resin was by White, et al. [7], demonstrating 75%
recovery of virgin fracture toughness of TDCB (Tapered Double Cantilever Beam) specimens with a DCPD-Grubbs‟
catalyst capsule-based healing system. The tapered geometry of the TDCB specimen, was the first basic structure
introduced [16] to study self-healing Thermo setting Polymers.
The method of curing employs hollow fibres fixed within an engineering structure, similar to the arteries in a
natural system, it has been studied that at different length scales in different engineering materials, commercial
hollow fibres were consolidated into lamina and then manufactured into composite laminates, i.e. the self-curing
material acts as the structural fibres. The significant advantage of the hollow fibre self-curing concept is that the
fibres can be positioned to match the alignment of the neighbouring reinforcing fibres thereby reducing Poisson ratio
effects.
The fibres can be placed at any site within the piling order to address specific failure threats. Different curing
resins can be used reliant upon the working requirements of the structure. Similarly a different instigation methods
can also be used to cure the resin and crucially a significant volume of curing agent can be made available. The
drawbacks are the relatively large diameter of the fibres when compared to the reinforcement, the necessity for fibre
fracture, the need for low viscidness resin systems to facilitate fibre and damage infusion and the need for an
4. Scientific Review
44
additional treating stage for fibre infusion. The ability to identify and become aware of internal damage in composite
materials is as important as in the human body.
4. Bio-Imitative Self-Curing Approaches
The diversity in bio-stimulated approaches in composite materials has been already discussed in previous
section. Till few years back, different self-curing approaches were being considered and assessed from an
engineering perspective. Recently the studies have begun into underlying biological methods, mechanisms and
procedures in order to provide a truly bio-imitative self-curing solution. The challenge for the future is the evolution
of „engineering self-curing‟ near a bio-imitative elucidation. To date, this work is still in its beginning.
A proposed measure of self-curing under fatigue loading is the fatigue life extension (λ) defined in terms of
fatigue life (N) by Brown, et al. [17]
λ = NCURED − NCONTROL
NCONTROL
The capsule-based self-curing system demonstrated a fatigue life extension of λ = 2 for a tensile Mode I fatigue
test incorporating a single unloaded thermal rest period of 120◦C for 10 min after a 12.5% reduction in stiffness.
Curing efficiencies (as defined in above equation) [10] on the basis of recovery of compressive strength (σ) as
ηCAI = σCURE− σDAMAGED
σVIRGIN – σDAMAGED
The independent curing materials in engineering structures have been distributed arbitrarily all over the structure
or spaced regularly through the composite laminate structure. In nature the system is personalized for a specific
meaning with the curative medium often being multifunctional. The first reported instance of adapting the location
of self-curing functionality in engineering to match the destruction hazard is by Trask and Bond. In this work the
fundamental failure interfaces were recognized and then the hollow fibre self-curing system was designed for a
specific composite element and operational environment, in this case a space environment. The equation for that is
represented as:
The need for self-curing in the space environment was found to put significant demands on the restoration
means in terms of mechanical properties, process ability and environmental compatibility. The self-curing
mechanism was found to refurbish 100% of the strength when equated to undamaged laminates containing curing
plies. Verberg, et al. [18], have computationally studied a biomimetic “leukocyte” consisting of microencapsulated
nanoparticles that are released by diffusion while the microcapsule is driven along micro vascular channels.
The work which is carried out till now has been Bio stimulated and not bio-imitative, although this is gradually
transforming. The meaning of bio-imitative self-curing utilised in this work is that some methodical study of
biological curing methodologies must be used to power the approach adopted. Clearly, the period for realisation of
self-curing inside engineered structures will be significantly abridged by a comprehensive assessment and study of
the many instances of how the natural world commences the process. Bio mimicry of the multifaceted integrated
microstructures and micro mechanisms institute in biological organisms offers significant scope for the development
in the design of future multifunctional materials. It is suggested that above the yield point, load sharing between the
yielded thread and the other threads permits recovery by a reversible cross-linking mechanism [19, 20].
In composite materials the customary engineering approach is to project the reinforcing fibres with the same
strain to failure response. Perhaps a better damage tolerance strategy would be to implement an amalgam composite
material that mimics the safety policies observed in living creatures. This method, although not exactly self-curing,
would permit the expansion of composite materials with elastic-plastic behaviour. This methodology could be taken
one step further, if the yielded fibres, and maybe the matrix material, could then be „healed‟ to recuperate its novel
stiffness. A composite with the capability to improve from transient overload in the principal loading direction could
be developed. This would upgrade a significant disadvantage of composite materials. The healing potential of
fractured bone in the human body is influenced by a variety of biochemical, biomechanical, cellular hormonal and
pathological mechanisms [21]. In a homogenization method to create an effective elastic-plastic polymer reinforced
matrix, the composite behaviour can be modelled by linearization of the local behaviour through the use of the
tangent or secant stiffness tensors of the phases. The differential equation of equilibrium for an infinitesimal element
of a composite in terms of stresses are given below. These stresses needs to remain balanced even after self-curing to
ensure stability of the composite in use.
5. Scientific Review
45
A list of effective self- healing agents discovered till date is presented below at Table 1. There are other agents
which are being experimented for their feasibility but are yet to be documented.
Table-1. List of self-curing agents
Material Healing
approach
Chemistry/method Healing
measure
Max.
Eff.
Ref.(s)
Epoxy/epoxy sphere
phase/glass FRC
Capsule
based
Meltable epoxy
spheres
Peak fracture
load
100 Zako and Takano
[4]
Mendomer 401/carbon
FRC
Intrinsic DA-rDA reaction Strain energy 94 Park JS, Kim HS
et al.
2MEP4F polymer Intrinsic DA-rDA reaction Fracture
toughness
83 Xiangxu, et al.
[3]
Epoxy/thermoplastic
phase
Intrinsic Meltable secondary
additive
Fracture
toughness
77 Hayes, et al. [5].
2M4F polymer Intrinsic DA-rDA reaction Fracture
toughness
57 Xiangxu, et al.
[3]
Epoxy vinyl ester Capsule
based
PDMS-tin catalyst Fracture
toughness
24 Cho et al.
Mendomer 401/carbon
FRC
Intrinsic DA-rDA reaction Strain energy 94 Plaisted and
Nemat-Nasser
[22]
5. The Leap
Self-curing in fibre reinforced composite materials has been predominantly directed on the potential offered by
the polymer matrices because typical impact impairment is broadly dependent on the medium. However, the
strengthening stage develops majority of the strength and stiffness within any composite material, and it is these
integral properties those would benefit meaningfully from a self-curing ability and dwindle other failure modes.
The curing potential of fissured bone in the human body is subjective by a variety of biochemical,
biomechanical, cellular hormonal and pathological mechanisms. The curative procedure is a persistent state of bone
deposition, desorption, and remodelling. The regular procedure of bone curing is a complex procedure including
blood clotting, development of collagen fibres, mineralization (stiffening) and transformation of the collagen matrix
into bone. This preliminary „woven‟ bone, which can be reflected as arbitrarily organized collagen bundles, is
remodelled and substituted by mature „lamellar‟ bone. The remodelling procedure can take up to 18 months to
complete in which the curing bone is restored to its novel shape, edifice and mechanical strength. This course can be
enhanced by the application of an axial load to the fracture site. This loading helps the formation of bone to align
with the key load path and the rearrangement of bone where it is not required. The remodeling process can take up to
18 months to complete in which the healing bone is restored to its original shape, structure and mechanical strength
[21]. This process can be accelerated through the application of an axial load to the fracture site. This loading
promotes the formation of bone to align with the primary load path and the redistribution of bone where it is not
required [21].
The restoration of fissured synthetic strengthening fibres has yet to be undertaken in an engineering framework.
Likewise, the in-situ development of supplementary fibres to backing added project loads, similar to branch growing
in trees has not been considered. The difficulty with this method is the span compulsory for growth, which are
dubious to be realistic for engineering applications.
Self-curing concepts may lead to improved utility. Longer life, safer self-curing batteries, resealing tires, fade-
resistant fabrics, and anti-tamper electronics are all potential applications for self-curing concepts. Yet what lies
beyond curing? Biological systems again provide a road map for potential research paths. Many critically important
biological materials, for example, bone, regenerate and remodel. In the future, synthetic materials that currently heal
in response to damage may one day respond in a more regulated fashion so that regeneration and remodeling occur
over the lifetime of the material in response to mechanical loading. The system is also reconfigurable in response to
6. Scientific Review
46
circumstances by adjusting the radius of individual vessels by vasoconstriction and dilation in mature tissue, or by
growth in embryonic blood vessels [23].
Mammalian blood clotting has evolved around the chemical reactions of a series of active enzymes and their
inactive precursors known as clotting factors. The intrinsic system takes the form of an enzyme “cascade” or
“waterfall” of reactions involving clotting factors. It was first proposed by Macfarlane Macfarlane [24] and Davie
and Ratnoff [25]. Nature also offers alternative healing strategies to the repair of brittle materials, such as the use of
materials that regain strength after yielding. For example, mussel byssal thread is capable of regaining strength after
yielding [19, 20] whilst lection in abalone [Smith et al, 1999] possesses microstructures that are broken during
loading and reformed during relaxation. In distal byssal threads an initial modulus of 600MPa with a yield point
occurring between 20-30% extensions was reported by Vaccaro, et al. [20].
6. Concluding Remarks
The escalation of composite designers towards self-curing leads to lesser mass structures with increased service
life. Self-curing methods especially for the composites have predominantly been bio stimulated. The detailed study
of natural curing to allow true bio-imitative self-curing is the latest development. New bio-imitative curing agents
are closely connected to vascular networks. Compartmentalization is a substitute strategy that bridges the gap
between self-curing and the more traditional engineering damage tolerance design philosophy and particularly
appropriate to the problem of moisture ingress into damaged composite structures. Post-curing reclamation may
offer a self-curing approach for overloading in principal loading direction, which would be vital step in of direction
self-curing technology, though the behavior of self-curing material under environmental exposure is still a major
topic of discussion.
For this purpose, the current engineering world doesn‟t have supporting model. Foreseeing the endurance of
self-curing composite, it is currently beyond the capability of available analytical tools to predict the life cycle.
However, accelerated efforts are required to switch laboratory demonstrations into successful and practical
applications across a broader cross section of industries. Present approaches to self-curing can be applied to other
material properties. Properties such as conductivity may be restored for utilization in the microelectronics industry,
in which the existing key is typically chip replacement. Conductive curing agents also show potential for restoring
electrical conductivity using Capsule-based or vascular approaches. Balazs and coworkers have both modeled and
experimentally observed nanoparticle segregation to material defects, which may be applied to conductive particles
in conductive substrates.
Up till now Nature has been found to be the best teacher even for engineers and researchers. Bio mimicking is
not a new concept but the challenge remains in absolute understanding of the bio engineering fundamentals to obtain
desired result.
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