Anticonvulsant drugs.pptx
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The document discusses anticonvulsants and summarizes key information about seizures and the synthesis of three anticonvulsant drugs: phenytoin, ethosuximide, and carbamazepine. It describes that phenytoin is synthesized by condensing benzil and urea in ethanol using sodium hydroxide as a base. Ethosuximide is synthesized in multiple steps from methylethylketone and cyanoacetic ester followed by addition of hydrogen cyanide, acidic hydrolysis, and heating to form the final product. Carbamazepine synthesis is also discussed but no specific reaction steps are provided.
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Anticonvulsant notes
This document provides information on anticonvulsant/antiepileptic drugs. It begins by defining epilepsy and describing the main types. It then discusses the classification and mechanisms of action of various anticonvulsant classes, including barbiturates, hydantoins, oxazolidinediones, succinimides, ureas, benzodiazepines, and newer agents. For several examples within each class, it provides details on their chemistry, pharmacology, clinical uses, and adverse effects. The document aims to give an overview of the treatment of epilepsy through the use of anticonvulsant medications.
Anticonvulsant drugs
This document discusses the management of epilepsy. It begins with an introduction to epilepsy, describing the types of seizures and classifications of antiepileptic drugs. It then discusses the structures of common epilepsy drugs, how some are synthesized, and how epilepsy is clinically managed. The document also provides a brief history of antiepileptic drug therapy and discusses some newer drugs that have been released in recent years to treat epilepsy.
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Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants are medications used to treat seizures and epilepsy. They work by enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, inhibiting sodium or calcium channels, or other mechanisms. Common anticonvulsants discussed include carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, ethosuximide, phenobarbital, valproate, and benzodiazepines like diazepam. Each drug has specific indications, mechanisms of action, dosing regimens, side effects, and contraindications.
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Anticonvulsant notes
This document provides information on anticonvulsant/antiepileptic drugs. It begins by defining epilepsy and describing the main types. It then discusses the classification and mechanisms of action of various anticonvulsant classes, including barbiturates, hydantoins, oxazolidinediones, succinimides, ureas, benzodiazepines, and newer agents. For several examples within each class, it provides details on their chemistry, pharmacology, clinical uses, and adverse effects. The document aims to give an overview of the treatment of epilepsy through the use of anticonvulsant medications.
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This document discusses the management of epilepsy. It begins with an introduction to epilepsy, describing the types of seizures and classifications of antiepileptic drugs. It then discusses the structures of common epilepsy drugs, how some are synthesized, and how epilepsy is clinically managed. The document also provides a brief history of antiepileptic drug therapy and discusses some newer drugs that have been released in recent years to treat epilepsy.
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ABDUL MANNAN PTSM PPT.pptx
This document discusses methods of anaesthesia and euthanasia for experimental animals. It defines key terms like anaesthesia, analgesia, tranquilization and provides details on commonly used laboratory anaesthetics like chloralose, urethane, barbiturates and ketamine. It describes factors affecting anaesthetic activity and objectives of euthanasia being painless and stress-free death. Chemical methods of euthanasia include inhalant and injectable agents, while physical methods mentioned are penetrating captive bolt, blow to head, gunshot, cervical dislocation and decapitation.
Electro convulsive therapy
The document discusses the history and development of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). It notes that ECT was first used in the 1500s using camphor, was modernized in the 1930s using camphor for catatonic schizophrenia, and the first official ECT treatment was in 1938 in Rome. It then describes the concept, definition, purpose, methods, mechanisms of action, types, applications of electrodes, techniques, ECT team, indications, contraindications, side effects, frequency, and the roles of psychiatric nurses in the ECT procedure.
ECT Part I
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a psychiatric treatment that uses electric currents to induce seizures as a way to treat certain mental illnesses. It was introduced in the 1930s and 1940s and has been modified since then to be more humane. ECT is used to rapidly treat severe depression, catatonia, mania, and psychosis when other treatments have failed or the condition is life-threatening. While its exact mechanism of action is unknown, ECT causes changes in neurotransmitter systems and hormones in the brain. Potential side effects include short-term memory loss and confusion, but mortality risks are low when administered properly by trained professionals.
Seizures
Seizures are episodes of abnormal motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic activity (or a combination of these) resulting from sudden excessive discharge from cerebral neurons.
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Structural Isomerism.PPT
This document discusses different types of isomerism including structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. Structural isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Types of structural isomerism include chain isomerism, positional isomerism, and functional group isomerism. Chain isomerism involves compounds having the same molecular formula but different carbon chain structures. Positional isomerism involves compounds having functional groups at different positions. Functional group isomerism involves compounds having different functional groups. Stereoisomerism occurs when compounds have the same connectivity of atoms but different arrangements in space.
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Carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbon-oxygen double bond. They are prepared through oxidation reactions of primary alcohols to form aldehydes and secondary alcohols to form ketones. The author thanks the reader for their time.
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This document discusses the preparation and properties of amines. It describes four types of amines based on the number of carbons bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines can be prepared through ammonolysis reactions, where an amine or ammonia displaces a halide on a primary or methyl halide. This produces primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines depending on the starting material. Amines have relatively high melting and boiling points due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. They are basic and can turn litmus blue, with solubility in water depending on the carbon chain length.
Chemical Reactions of Amines.ppt
Primary amines react with alkyl halides to form secondary amines. Primary and secondary amines react with acyl halides and anhydrides to form amides through nucleophilic attack of the amine on the carbonyl group. Benzenesulphonyl chloride reacts with primary and secondary amines to form sulphonamides. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form alcohols, while secondary amines form oily nitrosoamines through the Libermann reaction. Tertiary amines form salts with nitrous acid. Amphetamine is a phenylethylamine used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity.
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Part-2.pptx
1. Here are the steps to name the molecule:
1) Identify the functional group (carbonyl group) which gives the compound the name of a ketone.
2) Name the parent chain (hexane) which contains the carbonyl group.
3) Number the parent chain starting from the end that gives the carbonyl carbon the lowest number.
4) Include the position of the carbonyl group as a prefix.
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2. (a) 3-ethyloctane
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(d)
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- 1. Anticonvulsants By Dr. Nidhi Gupta M.M. University, Mullana, Ambala, India
- 2. Seizure • A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. It can cause changes in your behavior, movements or feelings, and in levels of consciousness. If you have two or more seizures or a tendency to have recurrent seizures, you have epilepsy. • There are many types of seizures, which range in severity. Seizure types vary by where and how they begin in the brain. Most seizures last from 30 seconds to two minutes. A seizure that lasts longer than five minutes is a medical emergency.
- 28. Synthesis of Phenytoin According to reported procedure, it is synthesized by condensation of benzil and urea in presence of base (30% w/v NaOH) using ethanol as solvent which itself acts as CNS stimulant
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