Anticholinergic drugs block the effects of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptors. Atropine is a prototypical anticholinergic drug obtained from deadly nightshade plants. It acts as a competitive antagonist at muscarinic receptors. Atropine increases heart rate and reduces secretions but can cause side effects like dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, and urinary retention. It is used as an antispasmodic, mydriatic for eye exams, and pre-anesthetic to reduce secretions. Many semisynthetic and synthetic derivatives have been developed with fewer side effects for specific conditions like asthma, peptic ulcers, and Parkinson's disease.
Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug
receptors interactions signal transduction mechanisms, G protein–coupled receptors, ion channel receptor, transmembrane enzyme linked receptors,
transmembrane receptor and receptors that regulate
transcription factors, dose response relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying drug action.
The parasympathetic division typically acts in opposition to the sympathetic autonomic nervous system through negative feedback control.
This action is a complementary response, causing a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses.
Overall, the parasympathetic outflow results in the conservation and restoration of energy, reduction in heart rate and blood pressure, facilitation of digestion and absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste products.
These are drugs that produce actions similar to that of Acetylcholine hence known as parasympathomimetics.
They act either by directly interacting with cholinergic receptors or by increasing the availability of Acetylcholine at these sites.
Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug
receptors interactions signal transduction mechanisms, G protein–coupled receptors, ion channel receptor, transmembrane enzyme linked receptors,
transmembrane receptor and receptors that regulate
transcription factors, dose response relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying drug action.
The parasympathetic division typically acts in opposition to the sympathetic autonomic nervous system through negative feedback control.
This action is a complementary response, causing a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses.
Overall, the parasympathetic outflow results in the conservation and restoration of energy, reduction in heart rate and blood pressure, facilitation of digestion and absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste products.
These are drugs that produce actions similar to that of Acetylcholine hence known as parasympathomimetics.
They act either by directly interacting with cholinergic receptors or by increasing the availability of Acetylcholine at these sites.
This presentation deals with the beta blockers commonly used in day-to-day practice alongwith some interesting mnemonics to remember their names & site of action
introduction ,classification of cholinergic receptor ,and its function ,anti cholinergic agents -atropine and its pharmacology ,semi synthetic and synthetic atropine substitutes
Anticholinergic medications (shorthand: "anticholinergics") are drugs that block and inhibit the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at both central and peripheral nervous system synapses.
This presentation deals with the beta blockers commonly used in day-to-day practice alongwith some interesting mnemonics to remember their names & site of action
introduction ,classification of cholinergic receptor ,and its function ,anti cholinergic agents -atropine and its pharmacology ,semi synthetic and synthetic atropine substitutes
Anticholinergic medications (shorthand: "anticholinergics") are drugs that block and inhibit the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at both central and peripheral nervous system synapses.
Cholinergic antagonists and blockers-Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc,LecturerDr. Jibachha Sah
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. Anti-Cholinergic Drugs
• Anticholinergic drugs are agents which block the effects of
acetylcholine on cholinergic receptors but conventionally
antimuscarinic drugs are referred to as anticholinergic drugs.
• They are also called cholinergic blocking or parasympatholytic drugs.
• Drugs that block the nicotinic receptors are ganglion blockers and
neuromuscular blockers.
3. • Anticholinergic drugs include atropine and related drugs—atropine is
the prototype.
• Atropine is obtained from the plant Atropa belladonna.
• Atropine and scopolamine (hyoscine) are the belladonna alkaloids.
• They compete with acetylcholine for muscarinic receptors and block
these receptors—they are muscarinic antagonists
5. Action of Atropine
• The actions of atropine and scopolamine are similar except that
atropine is a CNS stimulant while scopolamine is a CNS depressant
and causes sedation.
6. CVS—Atropine increases heart rate. In large doses, vasodilation and hypotension occurs.
Secretions—Atropine reduces all secretions except milk. Lacrimal, salivary,
nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial and gastric secretions are decreased. Decreased
salivation results in dry mouth and difficulty in swallowing, Sweating is also reduced
Smooth muscle
• GIT – ↓ tone and motility and relieves spasm →may result in constipation.
• Biliary tract – smooth muscles are relaxed; biliary spasm is relieved.
• Bronchi – atropine causes bronchodilatation.
• Urinary bladder – relaxes ureter and urinary bladder and may cause urinary retention
particularly in the elderly men.
7. Eye—On local instillation, atropine produces mydriasis
CNS—In higher doses atropine stimulates the CNS resulting in
restlessness, disorientation, hallucinations and delirium. In contrast,
scopolamine produces sedation and drowsiness.
8. • Pharmacokinetics :
• Atropine and hyoscine are well-absorbed, cross the BBB and are
metabolised in the liver.
• Adverse effects are common but not serious and include blurring of vision,
dry mouth, dry skin, fever, constipation and urinary retention. Skin rashes
may appear. High doses cause palpitation, flushing, restlessness, delirium,
hallucinations, psychosis, convulsions and coma.
• Poisoning is treated with IV physostigmine
9. Uses of Belladonna Alkaloids
1. As antispasmodic
• In diarrhoea and dysentery, atropine relieves colic and abdominal pain.
• In renal and biliary colic—atropine is used with morphine.
10. 2. As mydriatric: Diagnostic for testing error of refraction and
fundoscopic examination of the eye.
3. As pre-anaesthetic medication:
When administered 30 min before anaesthesia, atropine reduces
salivary and respiratory secretions. This will prevent the development
of laryngospasm. It also prevents bradycardia during surgery. Its
bronchodilator action is of additional value. Glycopyrrolate an atropine
substitute, is most commonly used for this purpose.
11. 4. In organophosphorus poisoning Atropine is life saving in OP poisoning and
is also useful in mushroom poisoning.
5. In bronchial asthma, peptic ulcer and parkinsonism: Atropine derivatives
are preferred over atropine.
6. Motion sickness Hyoscine given 30 minutes before the journey prevents
travelling sickness. Transdermal hyoscine patches are available to be applied
behind the ear for a prolonged action.
7. Hyoscine can also be used during labour to produce sedation and
amnesia.
12. Drug Interaction
• When anticholinergics are given with other drugs that also have
anticholinergic property like antihistaminics, phenothiazines, tricyclic
antidepressants— side effects get added up.
13. Atropine Substitute
• Belladonna alkaloids produce a wide range of effects, most of which
are of therapeutic value. But these can also result in various side
effects. Hence several semisynthetic and synthetic derivatives have
been introduced.